孫麗仙
摘要:本文闡述了課堂互動的概念及理論依據(jù);初中英語課堂交際不暢的原因以及讓課堂互動得以持續(xù)的五個策略:降低要求、善于等待、窮追不舍、欲擒故縱和滲透其中。
關(guān)鍵詞:課堂互動;互動策略;教師;學(xué)生
一、初中英語課堂交際的問題診斷
目前初中英語教學(xué)雖然“以學(xué)生為中心”。但是我們的英語課堂教學(xué)缺乏真正意義上的交際,究其根源主要有教師缺乏互動策略,缺乏交際手段。課堂互動不暢,究其原因有其三:
1.對外語學(xué)習(xí)本質(zhì)缺乏認識
語言交際是外語學(xué)習(xí)的終極目標,也是外語學(xué)習(xí)的重要手段。“語言交際”既是目的,又是手段,這正是對外語學(xué)習(xí)本質(zhì)的基本認識。因為我們教師總想多講一些;總想急于求成;總想簡單完事。結(jié)果,沒能在互相談話中學(xué)習(xí)新知識;沒能在互相談話中滲透語言規(guī)則;更談不上在互相談話中享受語言樂趣。
2.對外語課堂交際性的無知
教師的無知扼殺了學(xué)生創(chuàng)造力。無知是指教師的下意識和不經(jīng)意。教師在下意識中泯滅了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣;在不經(jīng)意處忽視了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力?;蚴且髧栏瘢辉S學(xué)生雷池一步;或是急急匆匆,不許學(xué)生“不務(wù)正業(yè)”;或是忙于進度,不許學(xué)生“吊兒郎當”。如此種種,都會扼殺興趣,沉悶課堂,中斷交際,使課堂互動難以持續(xù)。
3.對互動策略缺少手段
由于缺少互動策略,我們的教師不知如何因勢利導(dǎo),對一些互動中的閃光點,視而不見;對一些發(fā)散思維,擱置一邊。這種現(xiàn)象在課堂上,屢見不鮮。所以,作為語言教師,我們不學(xué)會課堂互相策略,便無法駕馭學(xué)生,無法掌控課堂,無法獲取學(xué)生的喜歡和愛戴;當然也無法獲取優(yōu)異成績。
二、課堂互動的概念及理論依據(jù)
互動,源于英語單詞:interaction. Longman Dictionary的解釋是:If people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together. 課堂互動是指師生雙方或?qū)W生之間在教學(xué)過程中相互交流思想和情感,傳遞信息并相互影響的過程。簡而言之在課堂上教師與學(xué)生在互相談話中習(xí)得英語,在互相配合中學(xué)習(xí)英語。
建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論認為:學(xué)習(xí)是一個積極主動的意義建構(gòu)過程,而非被動地接受外在信息。學(xué)習(xí)者以自己原有的經(jīng)驗系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)有選擇的感知外在信息,建構(gòu)自己的理解,原有經(jīng)驗不是從記憶中被直接提取和利用,而是與新經(jīng)驗之間產(chǎn)生沖突和相互作用,因而發(fā)生改變和重組。學(xué)習(xí)既是學(xué)習(xí)者個人的建構(gòu)活動, 同時也是學(xué)習(xí)共同體的合作建構(gòu)過程;個體的意義建構(gòu)活動是在人際互動和一定的社會文化環(huán)境中進行的。建構(gòu)主義的學(xué)習(xí)觀是:1.學(xué)習(xí)是意義的形成,這種意義具有個人性;2.學(xué)習(xí)是以學(xué)習(xí)者的自身原有經(jīng)驗為基礎(chǔ)的;3.學(xué)習(xí)是發(fā)生于具體的情境之中;4.學(xué)習(xí)需要中介(mediation),語言和制品的使用起到重要的中介作用;5.學(xué)習(xí)具有社會性,學(xué)習(xí)者通過人際互動與協(xié)商來建構(gòu)知識。
三、課堂交際中的互動策略
以七下 Unit5 Im watching TV period 3 為例,來說明課堂交際中的互動策略。
策略一:降低要求
學(xué)生能否流暢表述,全看平臺高低?!敖档鸵蟆?,學(xué)生容易踏上臺階;放低平臺,教師也方便駕馭。因為熟悉的句型自然容易上口。因此,每每課堂伊始,教師總要給出5-8分鐘,讓學(xué)生在低平臺上熱熱身、亮亮相;調(diào)動他們情緒,集中他們注意力,拉近師生距離,漸進課堂角色。
案例呈現(xiàn):
T: Good morning, class.
Ss: …
T: How are you, boys and girls?
Ss: …
T: .... Well, who is on duty today?
S1: I am. Today is March16th. And it is Friday. We are very happy today because we can go
home this afternoon.
T: And you can see your parents, too.
(出示圖片)
T: Look at this picture, what can you see in the picture?
Ss: I can see many people in the picture.
T: What are they doing?
Ss: …waiting for a bus at the bus stop.
T: I think so.
T: Which bus are they waiting for?
Ss: …the number 77 bus.
Ss: Maybe they are waiting for a taxi.
T: Yes. Maybe they are not waiting for a bus, but for a taxi. You are so creative.
俗話說,“良好的開端是成功的一半”。所以,課堂開始,教師要做到:低平臺、慢節(jié)奏;步步為營、不慌不忙、從容應(yīng)對。一般說,初中英語課總是從上堂課的舊內(nèi)容引出,從零開始。但是,必須得以新臉孔(新圖片或新物件)出現(xiàn);在陌生情景中開始互動。好比在昨天的面包上涂了一層奶油。
策略二:善于等待
教師要“善于等待”,敢于讓路。由于讓路,使小圖片變成大空間。由于等待,使學(xué)生想象力豐富呈現(xiàn)。
案例呈現(xiàn):
T: Well, lets look at the second picture. What are they doing?
S: People are shopping at the mall.
S: …going to the movies at the mall.
S3: … playing computer games at the mall.
T: Yes, indeed.
S4: …eating dinner in the restaurant at the mall.
T: Really? Good answer!
S5: Women are buying new clothes at the clothes store.(學(xué)生在閑聊)
T: Ah, just like me. I like buying new clothes at the mall. Anything else?(教師也在閑聊)
S6: Many women are trying on new clothes in the clothes store.
S7: …many people are having fun at the mall.
S8: …many women are dancing at the mall.
T:(疑惑)Women are dancing at the mall? Where…?
S8: They are dancing in the square in the evening.
T: Oh yes. I see. There are always many women dancing there.(教師故作被學(xué)生征服狀!)So the mall is a good place for people to do many things because there is a movie theater, some restaurants, many clothes stores and more. Right?
圖片上的畫異常簡單,并沒有如此多彩的內(nèi)容。然而,學(xué)生的想象力和創(chuàng)造力鮮活了圖畫的生命,其關(guān)鍵在于教師敢于將時間和空間讓位給學(xué)生;關(guān)鍵在于教師善于等待。教師千萬不要沖在前面,千萬不要包辦代替,千萬不要脫口而出?;卮鸨仨氁獜膶W(xué)生嘴里引導(dǎo)出來(elicit)。
策略三:窮追不舍
“窮追不舍”就是連續(xù)追問。每當學(xué)生有反常的回答,教師要看個究竟,不忙否定。為了看個明白,窮追不舍為上策!而要達到這種境界,教師需要極強的應(yīng)變能力,否則對學(xué)生的反?;卮饡胧植患?。
案例呈現(xiàn):
S: Many people are swimming /learning to swimming /at the
swimming pool.
S: Many parents are helping their children at the pool in the picture.
S: Many kids are playing with water/ playing with balls/toys.
at the swimming pool.
T: Anything else?
S: … showing their swimming skills.
T: Creative!
S: Some kids are drinking water.
T: (好奇地追問)Why do they drink water there? The water at the swimming pool is so dirty.
S: Because their swimming skills are not good. (妙?。?/p>
T: Oh, I see. You mean they are not good at swimming. And they have to drink some dirty water.
由于教師的靈活應(yīng)變,成功追問,使課堂充滿了靈動性,達到了超于預(yù)設(shè)的效果。
策略四:欲擒故縱
“欲擒故縱”是一成語。意思是:為了更好地控制局面,故意放對方一步。這里借此說明一個道理:有時為使課堂互動得以持續(xù),教師必須故意放學(xué)生一步,使課堂互動得以持續(xù)。學(xué)會這個法寶就學(xué)會了課堂互動的持續(xù);就學(xué)會了對互動局面的控制;就學(xué)會了應(yīng)付突如期來的尷尬和無奈。
案例呈現(xiàn):
S1: Many students are sleeping at the library.
T: (好奇地)Sleeping at the library? Why are they sleeping at the library?(妙哉!與其否定,不如追問)
S2: Because they have lots of homework to do, and they are tired.
T: You mean they are sleeping because they are tired?(注意:此時教師并沒有中斷交際!)
S3: Because it is quiet at the library.
T: You mean because it is quiet at the library, so they can sleep.(教師在使“欲擒故縱”計,放學(xué)生一步)Any more ideas?
S4:In the picture, many people are writing letters to their pen pals at the library.
T: That is possible. Some are writing letters to their pen pals.(所以,互動得以持續(xù))
S5: In the picture, many people are listening to music at the library.(反常回答)
T: I dont think it is good to listen to music while students are reading. Yes?(但互動沒有中斷?。?/p>
S5: Maybe they want to relax themselves.
T: I think so.(教師先于肯定)Sometimes, when I am tired, I like to listen to music to relax myself.(又用“欲擒故縱”策略)
But can we listen to music at the library, class?(向?qū)W生求援)
Ss: No, we cannot.(得到學(xué)生附和,教師力量壯大)
T: No, we can never listen to music even if we want to relax ourselves. Right?
Ss: Yes.(已將局面控制住;但絲毫沒有挫傷學(xué)生互動積極性)
其實,學(xué)生時時處處無不在揣摩教師心理。過于嚴厲,勢必扼殺了學(xué)生創(chuàng)造力;過于寬松,勢必課堂互動失控。只有寬嚴適度,長期磨合,課堂氣氛才能適度寬松、適度焦慮。欲擒故縱能幫你扭轉(zhuǎn)動局面。
策略五:滲透其中
“滲透其中”的含義是,在舊知識中嵌入新語言點。做到不動聲色;做到新舊知識不露痕跡。優(yōu)秀教師往往先從上堂課的舊知識開始搭起腳手架:舊中有新,新中有舊,新舊結(jié)合,循環(huán)往復(fù),逐漸上升。在師生互動中,閑聊昨日往事,閑聊今日正事,閑聊明日樂事。來來去去,課堂思維層層升高。
案例呈現(xiàn):
T: Well, different people are doing different things in different places because different people like doing different activities.
Listen and answer: How many activities are mentioned in these conversations? And what are they? (Listen)
T: How many activities…?(教師又開始搭建腳手架)
Ss: Five. They are shopping, eating lunch, doing homework, playing basketball and reading.
T: Wonderful! In Conversation1, what are they doing?
S1: They are talking on the phone.
T: Yes. Who is wanted on the phone?
S2: Maybe Tinas mother …
T: You mean Tinas mother is answering the phone.(教師沒有完全否定答案!)
But who is the girl calling? Does she want to talk to Tinas mother?
S3: No. I dont think she wants to talk to her. Tina is wanted.
T: Good! Tinas mother is not wanted on the phone. But Tina is wanted to answer the phone.
T: Do you think Tina is at home?
S4: No, she is at the mall.
T: What is she doing there?
S5: She is eating lunch with her friend.
T: Who is wanted on the phone in the second conversation?
S6: Mike …
T: Is Mike answering the phone?
S7: No, he is still at school.
T: What is he doing at school?
S8: He is playing basketball at school.
T: Now, who is wanted in the third conversation?
S9: Lisa is wanted on the phone. (來來回回,幾個回合,搭好了腳手架)
T: Where is Lisa?
S10: She is reading at the library.
在“明知故問”中,復(fù)習(xí)已學(xué)知識,在“廢話連篇”中滾雪球。幾個回合,腳手架已經(jīng)搭成。教學(xué)任務(wù)順利完成;學(xué)生高興,教師欣慰,何樂而不為?
五、結(jié)束語
課堂互動是架設(shè)在師生間的一座橋梁,是教師完成教學(xué)任務(wù)必不可少的關(guān)鍵。沒有學(xué)生參與的課堂,不能謂教學(xué);沒有對話的課堂,不能謂有效;沒有互動的課堂教學(xué),不能謂成功。我們要善于創(chuàng)造條件,把握關(guān)鍵,使課堂至始至終在互動,這樣才能既享受課堂教學(xué)過程的樂趣,又能享受順利完成教學(xué)任務(wù)即成功的樂趣,讓課堂真正成為學(xué)生的樂園。
參考文獻:
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[3]教育部.英語課程標準(實驗稿)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2001.