呂吉爾
摘? ? 要:英語(yǔ)概要寫(xiě)作的主旨句體現(xiàn)考生對(duì)文本的整體理解能力和高度概括能力。主旨句概括全文的主旨大意,同時(shí)限定文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu),是由所給短文的主題詞和對(duì)該主題的看法構(gòu)成的一個(gè)完整句子。寫(xiě)好概要主旨句的訣竅在于找準(zhǔn)文本的話題以及對(duì)該話題的看法。
關(guān)鍵詞:概要寫(xiě)作;主旨句;逆向思維
在高考英語(yǔ)概要寫(xiě)作中,主旨句體現(xiàn)考生總覽篇章的閱讀能力,屬于比概括要點(diǎn)更高的思維層次。有無(wú)主旨句關(guān)乎概要寫(xiě)作的得分檔次,因?yàn)楦呖奸喚碓u(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)主旨句也有賦分。因此,在平時(shí)的概要寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中,教師有必要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)主旨句,寫(xiě)好主旨句。
一、定義和作用
所謂主旨句(thesis statement),即概括說(shuō)明篇章話題和內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的句子[1]123。它與概括說(shuō)明段落大意的主題句(topic sentence)十分相似。兩者的差異在于,前者針對(duì)全文,后者針對(duì)某個(gè)段落。
主旨句的作用是限定篇章話題,提供發(fā)展線索,規(guī)定寫(xiě)作順序。因此,主旨句要陳述篇章的具體話題,給讀者提供篇章的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)。主旨句的表述要清楚易懂,能夠讓讀者明白文章的走向[1]123。此外,主旨句還可列出副話題,或列出主話題或副話題的細(xì)分部分,從而指示出篇章的組織結(jié)構(gòu),以便展開(kāi)討論和解釋[2]59。例如:
Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.
該主旨句內(nèi)容明確具體,既給出了主話題(美國(guó)土著對(duì)現(xiàn)代美國(guó)文化的影響),又列出了副話題(語(yǔ)言、藝術(shù)、食物和政府)。
主旨句的項(xiàng)目順序應(yīng)與這些項(xiàng)目在篇章中的順序一致[3]51。例如:
Although the extreme weather of my hometown is often unbearable, I enjoy the rural setting and friendly people there.
由該主旨句可推知,該篇章其余部分的呈現(xiàn)順序應(yīng)如下面所示:
1. Unbearable weather of my hometown
2. Two positive aspects of life there
(1) Rural setting
(2) Friendly people
二、內(nèi)容和構(gòu)成
從上面例句可以看出,主旨句的內(nèi)容包含兩個(gè)方面,一個(gè)是篇章中討論的中心人物或中心事物,另一個(gè)是作者或他人對(duì)篇章中心人物或中心事物的態(tài)度、信念或觀點(diǎn)。主旨句是指出并解釋整篇文章內(nèi)容的完整句子,通常是一個(gè)句子。它的特點(diǎn)是可以進(jìn)一步敘述、說(shuō)明或議論[4]。因此,簡(jiǎn)單陳述某個(gè)事實(shí)的句子不可用作主旨句。試比較:
a1. Mary is a college student.
a2. Mary is the best student in our class.
b1. I had classes this morning.
b2. I will never forget the English class I had this morning.
上述例句中,a1、b1句不宜做主旨句,而a2、b2句則可用作主旨句。
主旨句所包含的內(nèi)容及其所起作用決定了主旨句的構(gòu)成。一個(gè)完整的主旨句是由兩個(gè)或三個(gè)部分組成,可用下式表示:
篇章主題(名詞)+ 斷言(動(dòng)詞)+ 展開(kāi)部分(任選)[3]49
其中,“展開(kāi)部分”通常是由because, so, to, although, even, though, while引導(dǎo)的語(yǔ)句。例如:
Beijings weather is hot and humid in the summer. (篇章主題 + 斷言)
Current child abuse laws should be modified to mandate stricter punishments, support better communication within the community, and more clearly define childrens rights. (篇章主題 + 斷言 + 展開(kāi)部分)
When studying a foreign language, there are several ways to improve your use of the language. (展開(kāi)部分 + 斷言 + 篇章主題)
三、問(wèn)題和改進(jìn)
在主旨句的撰寫(xiě)方面,常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題有以下一些[2]68,應(yīng)加以避免。
1.表述過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)
例句:A college education is a good investment.
改進(jìn):A college education is a good investment for four reasons.(改進(jìn)后的句子更加具體,便于展開(kāi)討論)
2.成了簡(jiǎn)單告知
例句:I am going to write about sports injuries.
改進(jìn):Avoid sports injuries by taking a few simple precautions.(改進(jìn)后的句子主題更加明確,且含對(duì)策提示)
3.僅僅陳述有關(guān)話題的顯見(jiàn)事實(shí)
例句:The Internet is a communication superhighway.
改進(jìn):The explosion of the Internet has had more positive consequences than negative ones.(改進(jìn)后的句子有了明確的觀點(diǎn))
4.僅僅陳述某一爭(zhēng)議的兩面
例句:There are advantages and disadvantages to using nuclear power.
改進(jìn):Although there are some advantages, using nuclear power has many disadvantages and should not be part of our countrys energy plan.(改進(jìn)后的句子清楚地給出了作者的看法)
四、步驟和訣竅
鑒于高考概要寫(xiě)作題是根據(jù)所給短文來(lái)寫(xiě)概要,與一般文章寫(xiě)作順序不同,我們可從逆向思維角度出發(fā)來(lái)寫(xiě)概要的主旨句,即在提取并表達(dá)了短文要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上概括出主旨句。根據(jù)主旨句的構(gòu)成特點(diǎn),我們可按以下兩個(gè)步驟來(lái)寫(xiě):
(1)找出短文的話題(即篇章主題詞);
(2)給出對(duì)該話題的看法(即做出斷言)。
由于高考概要寫(xiě)作只用60個(gè)詞左右的篇幅答題,主旨句不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng),因此可將主旨句中可任選的“展開(kāi)部分”省略不寫(xiě),以求簡(jiǎn)短[5],因?yàn)椤案乓敝械拿總€(gè)句子表達(dá)的是短文的要點(diǎn),本身就是主旨句的“展開(kāi)部分”。
話題通常用單詞或短語(yǔ)表示,而主旨句必須是個(gè)句子。在提煉主旨句時(shí),可先找出或確定短文的話題,寫(xiě)出關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ),然后再根據(jù)短文的要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容及順序拓展成主旨句。例如:
Seasons → Every season has its own special characteristics.
Cheating → Our school has decided to take a firm stand on cheating.
Saving money → People in China save money for three reasons.
Speed reading → Speed reading helps students to improve their reading comprehension in several ways.
A tourist delight → Xian is a tourist delight for its many places of historical interests.
People who live in this residential quarters → People who live in this residential quarters are alike in religion, occupation and politics.
寫(xiě)好主旨句的一個(gè)實(shí)用小技巧是,可先用“The author thinks that ...”來(lái)開(kāi)句,完成一個(gè)包含作者見(jiàn)解的句子,然后把“The author thinks that”去掉,剩下的部分就是一個(gè)可能的主旨句[6]。例如:
The author thinks that a vegetarian diet is one of the best ways to live a healthy life.
The author thinks that governments must restrict the use of chemicals in agriculture and food production.
五、鑒別和判斷
閱讀下列句子,判斷哪些是寫(xiě)得好的主旨句,哪些是寫(xiě)得不好的主旨句,哪些僅僅簡(jiǎn)單陳述事實(shí),不宜用作主旨句。分別用Y、N、F標(biāo)識(shí)之。
① Chinese is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
② The sport of cross-country running has allowed me to get in better shape and meet some interesting people.
③ Some people prefer digital cameras, while others like traditional ones.
④ To be a successful student, good study habits are more important than intelligence.
⑤ There are several advantages of owning a car, but there are also many disadvantages.
⑥ Half of the one-child families in China want a second child.
⑦ Using public transport would be one of the best ways to solve the traffic and pollution problems in cities around the world.
⑧ While traveling, staying in a hotel offers more comfort, but sleeping in a tent is less expensive.
⑨ The United States became an independent nation in 1776.
⑩ Health is achieved through a combination of exercise, proper diet, relaxation, and strong social relationships.
(參考答案:①F;②Y;③N;④Y;⑤N;⑥F;⑦Y;⑧N;⑨F;⑩Y)
參考文獻(xiàn):
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[2]OSHIMA A, HOGUE A. Writing academic English (fourth edition) [M]. New York: Pearson Education, 2006.
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[5]SAYID W M. Students thesis statement in essay writing class[J]. English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, 2017, 10 (2): 276.
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