鄰菲啰啉衍生物及其銪配合物的合成、表征及光物理性能
陳連清,雷小萍,陳貴娣,鐘柔潮,蘭少華,梁瀟,陸儉潔
(中南民族大學 催化材料科學國家民委-教育部共建重點實驗室, 武漢 430074)
摘要為改變銪配合物配體的結(jié)構(gòu),增強其紫外-可見吸收率,尋找紅光效率更高的發(fā)光材料,以乙酰丙酮為第一配體,鄰菲啰啉及其衍生物為第二配體,合成了5個稀土銪配合物,并進行了1H NMR、MS、IR、元素分析等表征,測定了目標配合物的紫外、熒光光譜和電化學性質(zhì).結(jié)果表明:隨著第二配體共軛結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,銪配合物在紫外區(qū)的吸收逐漸增強,熒光發(fā)射峰均約為612 nm,發(fā)光強度隨配體共軛程度的增加而增大;電化學數(shù)據(jù)與銪配合物的發(fā)射波長相匹配,證明強紫外-可見吸收率配體的引入極大地提高了配合物發(fā)光效率.
關鍵詞鄰菲啰啉衍生物;稀土銪配合物;合成;表征;光物理性能
收稿日期2014-04-05
作者簡介陳連清(1979-),男,副教授,博士,研究方向:有機光電材料,E-mail: lqchen@mail.scuec.edu.cn
基金項目國家自然科學基金資助項目(20702064, 21177161);湖北省杰出青年基金資助項目(2013CFA034);人事部留學人員科技活動擇優(yōu)資助項目(BZY13007);武漢市青年科技晨光計劃(201271031422);湖北省高等學校省級教學研究項目(JYS11001);中南民族大學實驗室開放與技改項目(KF2013007)
中圖分類號TQ031.2文獻標識碼A
Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Properties of
Phenanthroline Derivatives and Their Europium Complexes
ChenLianqing,LeiXiaoping,ChenGuidi,ZhongRouchao,LanShaohua,LiangXiao,LuJianjie
(Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission &
Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China)
AbstractIn order to find red fluorescence materials of higher efficiency, the ligand structure of europium (Eu) complexes was changed to enhance its UV-Vis absorption. Five europium complexes were synthesized with acetylacetone as the first ligand, while phenanthroline and its derivatives as the second ligand. The structure of these Eu complexes was characterized by1H NMR, MS, IR and elemental analysis. Their ultraviolet spectrum, fluorescence spectrum and electrochemical properties were also studied. The UV absorption increased with the change of conjugation of the second ligand. The fluorescence emission peak remained at 612 nm but the intensity increased with the increase of ligand conjugation. The electrochemical data of the complexes coincided with photophysical properties, further evidencing that the introduction of the ligand with strong UV-Vis absorption could greatly improve luminous efficiency.
Keywordsphenanthroline derivatives; ternary Eu complexes; synthesis; characterization; photophysical properties
由于稀土離子本身獨特的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì),其發(fā)光具有顏色純、強度大和壽命長等優(yōu)點,使得稀土配合物成為一類具有廣闊應用前景的發(fā)光材料. Eu3+是一種發(fā)光很好的稀土離子,由于其特殊的發(fā)光機制和結(jié)構(gòu)[1-3],屬窄帶發(fā)射,具有很高的發(fā)光效率,其發(fā)射峰位于約612 nm,顯色純度很高的紅光[4,5]. 近年來銪配合物光物理性能的研究備受青睞[6-10]. 由于Eu3+f-f躍遷禁阻,其在紫外區(qū)間吸收很弱,發(fā)光效率很低,常引入具有較大吸光系數(shù)的有機化合物與稀土離子進行配位.因為配體在紫外-可見區(qū)產(chǎn)生的強吸收,將能量通過無輻射躍遷轉(zhuǎn)移給稀土中心離子,實現(xiàn)了配體敏化稀土中心離子發(fā)光,彌補了稀土離子在紫外-可見光區(qū)吸光系數(shù)比較小的缺陷,提高了稀土離子的發(fā)光強度.鑒于此,本文改造了鄰菲啰啉的共軛結(jié)構(gòu),以這些衍生物為配體,合成了5種稀土銪配合物(見圖1),以期增加銪配合物在紫外-可見光區(qū)吸光強度,并對所得化合物進行了一系列結(jié)構(gòu)表征、光物理性能和電化學性質(zhì)研究,為合成更加優(yōu)異的光電材料奠定了一定的理論基礎.
圖1 鄰菲羅啉衍生物及其銪配合物的合成路線 Fig.1 Synthetic route of phenanthroline derivatives ligands and their europium complexes
1實驗部分
1.1儀器和試劑
氧化銪、咔唑、1,10-鄰菲啰啉等(阿拉丁公司),乙醇、三乙胺、濃鹽酸、甲醇、乙酰丙酮(上海國藥集團化學試劑有限公司,均為分析純),使用前未進一步純化.
元素分析儀(VarioEL III CHNS型,美國),GC-Mass(Agilent 6890N-5973N型,美國),質(zhì)譜儀(ZAB 3F-HF型,美國),傅里葉紅外光譜儀(KBr壓片, Nexus 470 FTIR型,日本島津),核磁共振儀(Bruker AVANCE 400 MHz型,德國),紫外-可見光譜分光光度計(Lambda-Bio35,日本島津),熒光分光光度計儀(PE LS-55型,美國),循環(huán)伏安儀(CHI660C型,上海辰華).
1.2鄰菲啰啉衍生物的合成
1.2.1化合物1的合成
將42 mL濃硫酸加入到圓底燒瓶中,冰浴冷卻,依次加入3.0 g 1,10-鄰菲啰啉,2.0 g溴化鉀和21 mL濃硝酸,室溫攪拌后,逐步升溫至120℃,回流反應2 h.冷卻,將所得黃色透明溶液倒入100 g 碎冰中,再加入一定量的無水碳酸鉀中和,使溶液pH = 7,過濾后用氯仿萃取,旋蒸,用乙醇重結(jié)晶,得黃色晶體[4,5],產(chǎn)率為61.5%. IRν(cm-1): 3058 (Ar-H), 1669 (C=O), 1589和1458 (C=N), 1465 (苯環(huán)骨架振動);1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):7.60(m,2H),8.52(m,2H),9.13(m,2H).Anal.calcd for C12H6N2O2:C 68.54,H 2.85,N 13.38;found C 68.76,H 2.74,N 13.35. MS (FAB):m/e210 (M+).
1.2.2化合物2的合成
將2.3 g KOH和20 mL DMF加入到100 mL圓底燒瓶中,室溫攪拌0.5 h,加入1.1 g咔唑,再緩慢滴加0.8 g溴乙烷和5 mL DMF的混合溶液,室溫攪拌9 h,將反應液倒入200mL蒸餾水中,大量白色沉淀析出,過濾,用蒸餾水洗滌2次,無水乙醇重結(jié)晶,真空干燥后得白色針狀晶體[6]. IR ν (cm-1): 1229 (C-N), 1598和1552 (苯環(huán)骨架振動), 3058 (Ar-H);1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.47(t, 3H, -CH3), 4.38(d, 2H, -CH2-),7.36(m, 6H, Ar-H), 8.10(d, 2H, Ar-H). Anal. calcd for C14H13N: C 86.24, H 6.65, N 7.11; found C 86.15, H 6.50, N 7.32. MS (FAB):m/e195 (M+).
1.2.3化合物3的合成
將20 mL DMF和1.53 g 三氯氧磷加到50 mL三口燒瓶中,冰浴攪拌,得白色固體,再滴加1.95g乙基咔唑和6 mL氯仿的混合液,回流16 h,反應結(jié)束后,旋蒸,除去氯仿,剩余物倒入冰水中,加無水碳酸鉀,使溶液pH = 7,用氯仿萃取,無水MgSO4干燥,旋蒸后得粗產(chǎn)物,用V(乙酸乙酯)∶V(石油醚) =1∶3作展開劑過柱,得黃綠色固體[7].IRν(cm-1): 3038(Ar-H), 1699 (C=O), 1590和1447 (苯環(huán)骨架振動), 1224 (C-N);1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.45 (t, 3H, -CH3), 4.47 (q, 2H, -CH2-), 7.44 (t, 1H,Ar-H), 7.58 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 8.09 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.15(d, 1H,Ar-H), 8.67(s, 1H,Ar-H), 10.28(s, 1H, -CHO). Anal. calcd for C15H13NO: C 80.65, H 5.90, N 6.28; found C 80.65, H 5.64, N 6.20. MS (FAB):m/e223 (M+).
1.2.4配體L1和配體L2的合成
將2 g鄰菲啰啉二酮的50 mL甲醇溶液加入到100 mL的圓底燒瓶中,滴加2 mL乙二胺(丙二胺),攪拌15 h,過濾,甲醇洗滌2次,真空干燥后得產(chǎn)物[8].
L1: IRν(cm-1): 3010(Ar-H), 1578(C=N), 1534和1425 (苯環(huán)骨架振動).1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 7.83(t, 2H, Ar-H), 8.54(s, 2H, Ar-H), 9.15(s, 2H, Ar-H), 9.57(d, 2H, Ar-H). Anal. calcd for C14H8N4:C 72.31,H 3.50,N 24.19;found C 72.43, H 3.49, N 24.18. MS (FAB):m/e232 (M+).
L2: IRν(cm-1): 3015(Ar-H), 1589(C=N), 1509和1478 (苯環(huán)骨架振動);1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 2.42(s, 3H, -CH3), 7.63(t, 2H, Ar-H), 8.68(s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.80(s, 2H, Ar-H), 9.56(d, 1H, Ar-H), 9.58(d, 1H). Anal. calcd for C15H10N4: C 73.27, H 4.02, N 22.71; found C 73.29, H 4.17, N 22.82. MS (FAB):m/e246 (M+).
1.2.5配體L3的合成
將0.27 g鄰菲啰啉二酮加至50 mL的圓底燒瓶中,依次加入0.39 g咔唑單醛,1.94 g乙酸銨,10 mL乙酸,攪拌回流4 h,反應結(jié)束后冷卻至室溫,逐滴加入氨水,不停攪拌,出現(xiàn)黃色固體,過濾,水洗,真空干燥,用V(乙醇)∶V(水)=7∶1混合液重結(jié)晶得產(chǎn)物[9].IRν(cm-1):3058(N-H), 1614 (C=N), 1558和1452 (苯環(huán)骨架振動);1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO): 13.75(s, 1H, N-H), 4.43(s, 2H, -CH2-), 7.38(s, 1H, Ar-H), 1.35(s, 3H, -CH3), 7.63(s, 1H, Ar-H), 7.78(s, 1H, Ar-H), 7.89(d, 3H, Ar-H), 8.48(s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.56(d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.92(s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.12(s, 5H, Ar-H). Anal. calcd for C27H19N5: C 78.39, H 4.66, N 16.95; found C 78.40, H 4.63, N 16.91.MS (FAB):m/e413 (M+).
1.2.6配體L4的合成
將10 mL 含0.2 g咪唑DMF溶液加到100 mL的圓底燒瓶中,加入0.05 g 氫化鈉,攪拌后滴加2 mL 含0.11 g溴乙烷DMF溶液,加熱回流12 h,冷卻至室溫,加水,析出黃色固體,抽濾,乙醇重結(jié)晶,真空干燥得產(chǎn)物[10]. IRν(cm-1):1613 (C=N), 2980 (Ar-H), 1558和1438 (苯環(huán)骨架振動);1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3): 9.28(s, 2H, Ar-H), 8.69(d, 1H, Ar-H), 1.28(d, 3H, -CH3), 4.55(d, 2H, -CH2-), 4.80(d, 2H, -CH2-), 1.59(s, 3H, -CH3), 7.30(s, 1H, Ar-H), 7.81(s, 2H, Ar-H), 7.45(m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.60(d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.92(d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.45(s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.22(d, 1H, Ar-H). Anal. calcd for C29H23N5: C 78.78, H 5.30, N 15.92; found C 78.90, H 5.22, N 15.88.MS (FAB):m/e441 (M+).
1.3稀土銪配合物的合成
1.3.1試劑EuCl3·6H2O的制備
將濃鹽酸倒入放有氧化銪的燒杯中,在加熱的條件下使其溶解,把燒杯放入干燥箱中緩慢揮發(fā),最終得到白色晶體EuCl3·6H2O.
1.3.2銪配合物的合成
將乙酰丙酮和配體(L, L1, L2, L3, L4)溶于20 mL乙醇,放入燒瓶中,再將EuCL3·6H2O乙醇溶液滴加到配體中,用三乙胺調(diào)節(jié)溶液pH至中性,反應4 h,有白色固體析出[11],抽濾,乙醇洗滌,真空干燥.
Eu(acac)3(L): IRν(cm-1): 1589(C=O), 1515(C=C), 1498(C=N);1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 12.76(s, 2H), 11.25(s, 2H), 11.15(d, 2H), 9.98(d, 2H, Ar-H), 5.98(s, 3H, =CH-), 1.75(s, 18H, -CH3). Anal. calcd for C27H29N2O6Eu: C 51.25, H 4.92, N 4.45; found C 51.33, H 5.01, N 4.39. MS (FAB):m/e630 (M+).
Eu(acac)3(L1):IRν(cm-1): 1590 (C=O), 1523 (C=C), 1467 (C=N);1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 12.86(s, 2H), 11.45(s, 2H), 11.12(s, 2H), 10.01(s, 2H, Ar-H), 5.95(s, 3H, -CH-), 1.59(s, 18H, -CH3).Anal. calcd for C29H29N4O6Eu: C 50.93, H 4.20, N 8.31; found C 51.27, H 4.10, N 8.12. MS (FAB):m/e682 (M+).
Eu(acac)3(L2):IRν(cm-1): 1588 (C=O), 1517 (C=C), 1458 (C=N).1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 12.97(s, 1H), 12.79(s, 1H), 11.70(s, 1H), 11.59(s, 1H), 10.95(s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.87(s, 2H), 6.02(s, 3H, -CH-), 4.62(s, 2H, -CH2-), 1.76(s, 18H, -CH3). Anal. calcd for C30H31N4O6Eu: C 51.62, H 4.50, N 8.09; found C 51.76, H 4.44, N 8.28. MS (FAB):m/e696 (M+).
Eu(acac)3(L3):IRν(cm-1): 1593 (C=O), 1515(C=C), 1525 (C=N).1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3): 7.36(s, 1H), 7.47(s, 1H), 7.53(s, 1H), 7.73(d, 3H), 8.14(s, 1H), 8.33(d, 1H), 8.79(s, 1H),8.90 (s, 5H), 12.31(s, 1H), 5.89(s,3H, -CH-), 5.19(q, 2H, -CH2-), 2.23(t, 3H, -CH3), 1.78(s, 18H, -CH3). Anal. calcd for C43H41N4O6Eu: C 59.88, H 4.78, N 6.50; found C 59.74, H 4.69, N 6.57. MS (FAB):m/e862 (M+).
Eu(acac)3(L4):IRν(cm-1):1594(C=O), 1519 (C=C),1545(C=N).1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 7.36(s, 1H), 7.52(s, 1H), 7.58(s, 1H), 7.76(d, 3H), 8.17(s, 1H), 8.29(d, 1H), 8.69(s, 1H), 8.90(s, 5H), 5.98(s, 3H, -CH-), 5.10(q, 2H, -CH2-), 4.88(q, 2H, -CH2-), 2.33(t, 3H, -CH3), 1.97(t, 3H, -CH3), 1.78(s, 18H, -CH3). Anal. calcd for C45H45N4O6Eu C 60.62, H 5.10, N 6.25; found C 60.78, H 4.98, N 6.16. MS (FAB):m/e890 (M+).
2結(jié)果與討論
2.1產(chǎn)物結(jié)構(gòu)表征
從紅外光譜可找到配體acac中烯酮式C=O和C=C的特征吸收峰,配合物Eu(acac)3(L), Eu(acac)3(L1), Eu(acac)3(L2), Eu(acac)3(L3), Eu(acac)3(L4)中相應的吸收峰均有紅移;第二配體L,L1,L2,L3,L4中C=N雙鍵的特征吸收峰略有紅移(見表1).結(jié)果表明中心離子Eu和第一配體acac和5種第二配體均發(fā)生了配位,成功合成了銪配合物.每個配合物分別給出了各自的分子離子峰,元素分析結(jié)果和核磁氫譜數(shù)據(jù)符合預期的分子結(jié)構(gòu).
表1 5種銪配合物及其配體的紅外和質(zhì)譜數(shù)據(jù)
2.2銪配合物的光物理性能
相同條件下配合物和配體在CH2Cl2的紫外吸收和熒光發(fā)射光譜分析結(jié)果見表2.由紫外吸收數(shù)據(jù)可見5個配體的紫外吸收依次增強,而這5種相對應的銪配合物在紫外區(qū)均有很強的吸收,和配體趨勢一樣,紫外-可見吸收強度也是依次增強.這是由于鄰菲啰啉衍生物具有較大的吸收系數(shù),在紫外-可見區(qū)能產(chǎn)生很強的吸收,通過非輻射躍遷把能量轉(zhuǎn)移給中心離子Eu3+,實現(xiàn)了配體敏化Eu3+發(fā)光,彌補了Eu3+在紫外-可見光區(qū)吸光系數(shù)比較小的缺陷,提高了Eu3+的發(fā)光強度[11].
表2 5種銪配合物及其配體的光物理性能
5個配體的熒光光譜結(jié)果見圖2,圖2顯示,Eu(acac)3(L),Eu(acac)3(L1),Eu(acac)3(L2),Eu(acac)3(L3),Eu(acac)3(L4)在約612 nm具有很強的熒光發(fā)射峰,歸屬為5D0→7F2能級間的躍遷.其發(fā)射峰值在約612 nm,為Eu3+的特征紅色熒光,故滿足紅色發(fā)光材料要求的發(fā)射峰值.第二配體L,L1,L2,L3,L4的空間結(jié)構(gòu)由簡單變復雜,由表2的熒光強度值(Fluorescence Intensity)可見,雖然其最大發(fā)射峰位置幾乎不因配體的不同而改變,但熒光強度隨著配體的共軛程度的增加而增大.圖2中可見熒光強度逐漸增大,因為復雜的空間結(jié)構(gòu)降低了銪配合物在固態(tài)下的相互作用,使分子單獨發(fā)光,銪配合物的電子傳輸能力獲得提高[12].
λ/nm 圖2 銪配合物在二氯甲烷中的熒光光譜 Fig.2 The PL spectra of Eu complexes in the CH 2Cl 2 solution
2.3銪配合物的電化學性質(zhì)
采用傳統(tǒng)的三電極,工作電極為玻碳電極,參比電極為飽和甘汞電極,對電極為鉑絲,溶劑為CH2Cl2,銪配合物濃度為10-3mol/L,電解液四丁基高氯酸銨的濃度為0.1 mol/L,掃描速度為60 mV/s,用循環(huán)伏安法檢測化合物的電化學性質(zhì)[13],結(jié)果見表3和圖3.
圖3研究了5種銪配合物的電化學性質(zhì),表3可找到銪配合物的氧化還原電位.5種銪配合物的HOMO和LUMO軌道能級是通過下列公式計算:HOMO/LUMO(eV)=-(4.8+Eonset),且HOMO和LUMO之間的能隙即:ΔE= HOMO-LUMO,計算出各銪配合物的HOMO和LUMO能值,獲得了兩者間的能隙值.根據(jù)表3中銪配合物的HOMO和LUMO能級數(shù)據(jù),分別計算出5個銪配合物的熒光發(fā)射波長為 608, 602, 614, 605, 617 nm,與它們對應的熒光光譜的最大發(fā)射波長為612, 613, 612, 612, 612 nm,數(shù)據(jù)較為吻合.故根據(jù)循環(huán)伏安法測得的電勢計算發(fā)射波長和實際測試的發(fā)射波長基本相符合,進一步證明了引入強紫外-可見吸收配體極大地提高了配合物發(fā)光效率.
表3 銪配合物的電化學性質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)
圖3 銪配合物在二氯甲烷溶液中的循環(huán)伏安曲線 Fig.3 The cyclic voltammetry curves of Eu complexes in the CH 2Cl 2 solution
3結(jié)語
通過改變鄰菲啰啉的共軛結(jié)構(gòu),增強了其紫外-可見吸收率,合成了5種鄰菲啰啉衍生物的銪配合物,并采用1H NMR、MS、IR、元素分析等方法進行了表征. 通過紅外數(shù)據(jù),判定了中心銪原子與配體間的相互作用;通過對配合物紫外和熒光光譜數(shù)據(jù)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)銪配合物隨著第二配體結(jié)構(gòu)共軛程度增加,在紫外區(qū)的吸收逐漸增強;5種銪配合物發(fā)射波長均在612 nm處,發(fā)紅光,歸屬于Eu3+的5D0→7F2電偶極躍遷導致,其發(fā)射峰位置不因配體的不同而改變,但發(fā)光強度隨配體共軛程度增加而增大;電化學數(shù)據(jù)與5種銪配合物的發(fā)射波長相匹配,證明了引入強紫外-可見吸收配體極大地提高了配合物發(fā)光效率,對尋找更加優(yōu)異的發(fā)紅光材料提供了一定的理論指導.
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