朱紅梅
摘 要: 寫(xiě)作教學(xué)需要與語(yǔ)法教學(xué)相結(jié)合,保證學(xué)生寫(xiě)好簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句,挑戰(zhàn)長(zhǎng)難句,再由句子過(guò)渡到篇章。在教學(xué)過(guò)程中,教師應(yīng)該由淺入深,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在打好基礎(chǔ)的前提下,逐步提升,直至學(xué)以致用,靈活應(yīng)對(duì)。本文通過(guò)一堂實(shí)踐課證明其訓(xùn)練效果,培養(yǎng)師生的務(wù)實(shí)精神。
關(guān)鍵詞: 寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練 魔力棒之法器 務(wù)實(shí)精神
書(shū)面表達(dá)是高考英語(yǔ)試題中考查考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)綜合運(yùn)用能力的一個(gè)重要題型,而且占分比值比較高,書(shū)面表達(dá)的成敗在一定程度上影響到高考英語(yǔ)的成敗,所以在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中,我們非常重視書(shū)面表達(dá)的訓(xùn)練。通過(guò)對(duì)歷年高考英語(yǔ)閱卷情況和平時(shí)大大小小的英語(yǔ)考試進(jìn)行分析,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)很多考生在做書(shū)面表達(dá)題時(shí),寫(xiě)了一大堆東西,但廢話很多、錯(cuò)誤百出,失分超乎想象。很多考生也很委屈,說(shuō)他們確實(shí)接受了正規(guī)的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練,也掌握了不同題型所特有的寫(xiě)作思路、立意和寫(xiě)作方法,甚至還背誦了好詞好句和不同類(lèi)型的寫(xiě)作模板,可還是達(dá)不到預(yù)期的效果。我一直在探究這樣的問(wèn)題——對(duì)于語(yǔ)言能力強(qiáng)的考生來(lái)講,熟練掌握寫(xiě)作方法,熟練駕馭好詞好句,加上好的心理素質(zhì)和人文素養(yǎng),他們就可以做到在寫(xiě)作中妙筆生花,精彩不斷。但對(duì)于大多數(shù)普通考生來(lái)講,我們應(yīng)該更多地考慮如何幫助他們打好基礎(chǔ),煉就精確表達(dá)句子的能力,幫助考生樹(shù)立信心,輕松地學(xué)會(huì)謀篇布局的技巧,提高語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力?;谶@樣的考慮,我先設(shè)計(jì)了一堂學(xué)寫(xiě)句子的課。這是一堂“變戲法”課,我告訴學(xué)生用我手中神奇的法器,就可以讓一句看似非常簡(jiǎn)單的句子變得多姿多彩。這是一堂突破常規(guī)的寫(xiě)作課,我想通過(guò)我手中的“魔術(shù)棒”,讓學(xué)生由淺入深地學(xué)得一些語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的技巧,也讓他們快樂(lè)地認(rèn)識(shí)到要成為“寫(xiě)作高手”并非難事。
一開(kāi)始上課,我就提出了這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題:How to make a different sentence? 要求學(xué)生在課快要結(jié)束時(shí)再回答。然后要求學(xué)生訓(xùn)練表達(dá)由五個(gè)中文關(guān)鍵詞組成的句子,前提條件是必須在我的“魔術(shù)棒”的指揮下,尤其突出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化。當(dāng)學(xué)生看到這幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞時(shí),都覺(jué)得很簡(jiǎn)單,也非常好奇。我幽默地跟他們說(shuō),假設(shè)這個(gè)女孩就是我,彼此會(huì)更親切。下面展示的就是我的“戲法”課。
所有這堂課上訓(xùn)練的句子均以下列五個(gè)詞為中心,也就是說(shuō),句子的主干基本不變:
* 這個(gè)
* 女孩
* 教
* 我們
* 英語(yǔ)
一、“魔力棒之法器”一&二: Tense (時(shí)態(tài))& Voice(語(yǔ)態(tài))
* The Present Indefinite一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. Active Voice(主動(dòng)):
2. Passive Voice(被動(dòng)): We(給學(xué)生主語(yǔ)提示,以下同)
學(xué)生很快就領(lǐng)會(huì)了“法器”的作用,迅速完成了寫(xiě)句子的任務(wù)。學(xué)生積極性很高,充滿了自信,紛紛搶答,課堂氛圍很好。以下每一環(huán)節(jié)都同此步驟。
1. The girl teaches us English.
2.We are taught English (by the girl).
* The Past Indefinite一般過(guò)去時(shí) (last year/in 2012)
1. Active Voice: The girl taught us English(last year/in 2012).
2. Passive Voice:We were taught English(last year/in 2012).
*The Future Indefinite一般將來(lái)時(shí) (next year/in 2014)
1.Active Voice:The girl will /is going to/is to teach us English(next year/in 2014).
2.Passive Voice:We will /are going to/are to be taught English(next year/in 2014).
* The Past Future Indefinite一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) (He told us that...)
1. Active Voice: (He told us that) the girl would /was going to/was to teach us English.
2. Passive Voice: (He told us that) we would /were going to/were to be taught English.
* The Present Continuous現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (now)
1. Active Voice: The girl is teaching us English (now).
2. Passive Voice: We are being taught English (now).
* The Future Continuous 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) (tomorrow morning)
1. Active Voice: The girl will be teaching us English (tomorrow morning).
2.Passive Voice:We will be being taught English (tomorrow morning).
* The Present Perfect現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (for 2 years/so far/up till now)
1. Active Voice: The girl has taught us English (for 2 years/so far).endprint
2. Passive Voice: We have been taught English (for 2 years/so far).
* The Future Perfect將來(lái)完成時(shí) (for 3 years by 2014)(by:到……為止)
1. Active Voice: The girl will have taught us English (for 3 years by 2014).
2. Passive Voice: We will have been taught English (for 3 years by 2014).
* The Past Perfect過(guò)去完成時(shí) (for 1 years by 2012)
1. Active Voice: The girl had taught us English (for 1 year by 2012).
2. Passive Voice: We had been taught English (for 1 year by 2012).
* The Present Perfect Continuous現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (since she graduated)
Active Voice: The girl has been teaching us English.(告訴學(xué)生此時(shí)態(tài)通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
學(xué)生通過(guò)這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的訓(xùn)練,比較系統(tǒng)地復(fù)習(xí)到了動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、第三人稱(chēng)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞加“s”的知識(shí)點(diǎn),通過(guò)層層推進(jìn),又比較輕松地領(lǐng)悟到了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞隨著時(shí)間語(yǔ)境的變化而變化的規(guī)律,但句子主干不變。大多數(shù)學(xué)生通過(guò)“魔力棒之法器”的引導(dǎo),能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)精確地表述,學(xué)習(xí)興致更高了。
二、“魔力棒之法器”三: Mood(語(yǔ)氣)
* The Indicative Mood陳述語(yǔ)氣 (Take “the Present Indefinite一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”for example)
1. Positive(肯定):The girl teaches us English.
2. Negative(否定):The girl doesnt teach us English.
* The Imperative Mood祈使語(yǔ)氣
(Causative verb 使役動(dòng)詞 )(let):Let the girl teach us English.
(Causative verb 使役動(dòng)詞 ):可以用make,have,get表述
*The Subjunctive Mood虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1. 如果她沒(méi)?。╪ow):The girl would teach us English (if she were not ill now).
2. 如果她沒(méi)病(last year):The girl would have taught us English (if she had not been ill last year.)
* Question疑問(wèn)句(Take “the Present Indefinite一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”for example)
1.general question一般疑問(wèn)句:Does the girl teach us English?
2. tag question附加疑問(wèn)句: The girl teaches us English,doesnt she?
3.special question特殊疑問(wèn)句(how often):How often does the girl teach us English?
4.alternative question選擇疑問(wèn)句(English or French):Which does the girl teach us, English or French?
* Modal Verb情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1.或許:The girl may teach us English.
2.能夠:The girl can teach us English.
3.想必以前:The girl must have taught us English (before).
在學(xué)生被引導(dǎo)到這一步時(shí),我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們非常喜歡我的“魔力棒”,感嘆這五個(gè)中心詞有這么多的神奇變化。我鼓勵(lì)他們,只要掌握好這些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),根據(jù)要求提示進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作,做到準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地使用語(yǔ)法、詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu),清楚連貫地表達(dá)自己的意思,就已經(jīng)成功了一半。接下來(lái)我設(shè)計(jì)了比上述復(fù)雜的情景,旨在讓學(xué)生挑戰(zhàn)長(zhǎng)句表達(dá)能力,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生通過(guò)基本句式的訓(xùn)練階段后,已經(jīng)在心理上做好了進(jìn)入比較高級(jí)訓(xùn)練階段的準(zhǔn)備,也就是長(zhǎng)難句訓(xùn)練,直至到達(dá)語(yǔ)篇訓(xùn)練的階段。
三、“魔力棒之法器”四:Modification(修飾)
(Take “the Present Indefinite一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”for example)
我給了學(xué)生下列修飾詞,主干還是那五個(gè)中心詞:年輕,20歲,叫Mary,所有人,每天,無(wú)錫中學(xué)。令我高興的是,學(xué)生非常迅速、流暢、連貫地反饋出了下列表述:The young girl of 20 called Mary/who is called Mary teaches all of us English every day in Wuxi High School. 我感覺(jué)到這種腳踏實(shí)地、循序漸進(jìn)的教學(xué)引導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練模式,對(duì)提升學(xué)生靈活掌握寫(xiě)作技巧、熟練運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力是非常有效的。訓(xùn)練在下一階段將有更高地提升,學(xué)生也在期盼更具挑戰(zhàn)的“魔法器”。endprint
四、“魔力棒之法器”五:Conjunction(連詞)
* Simple sentence簡(jiǎn)單句(Take “the Present Indefinite一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”for example)
英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ):
The girl teaches us both English and French.
* Compound sentence并列句(Take “the Present Indefinite一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”for example)
But(教英語(yǔ),不教法語(yǔ)):
The girl teaches us English,but(she) doesnt teach us French.
* Subordinate clause從屬句
當(dāng)我走進(jìn)教室:
The girl was teaching us English when I entered the classroom.
五、“魔力棒之法器”六:Others(其他)
* Elliptical sentence省略句
……但這個(gè)男孩沒(méi)有。
The girl teaches us English, but the boy does not.
*Order語(yǔ)序
1. Natural order自然語(yǔ)序(never):The girl has never taught us English.
2. Inversion倒裝語(yǔ)序 (never):Never has the girl taught us English.
* Parenthesis插入語(yǔ)
我認(rèn)為:(讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)插入語(yǔ)放在不同位置有著不同的說(shuō)話效果)
The girl ,I think,will teach us English.
I think that the girl will teach us English.
The girl will teach us English,I think.
*Transformation of Sentences句子的轉(zhuǎn)換
舉例:As soon as the girl had taught us English, she went back home.
1. On/upon:On /upon finishing teaching us English, she went home.
2. Hardly…when/No sooner…than:
Hardly (No sooner) had the girl finished teaching us English when(than)she went home.
* Emphasis強(qiáng)調(diào) (Take “the Present Indefinite一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”for example)
1.It is/was... that/who...(強(qiáng)調(diào)the girl:)It is the girl who/that teaches us English.
2.確實(shí)(do):She does teach us English.
訓(xùn)練到這里,我和學(xué)生一樣激動(dòng),因?yàn)槲乙炎寣W(xué)生堅(jiān)信寫(xiě)作不再枯燥,學(xué)生寫(xiě)作時(shí)不再會(huì)覺(jué)得無(wú)從入手,找不到詞或結(jié)構(gòu),或不再會(huì)讓一篇書(shū)面表達(dá)中出現(xiàn)太多雷同的句子。他們可以借助我的這些“魔法器”潤(rùn)色他們的寫(xiě)作,使文字錯(cuò)落有致,特別鮮明、與眾不同。事實(shí)證明,學(xué)生非常輕松自然地就完成了下一環(huán)節(jié)。
六、“魔力棒之法器”七:Complex sentence(綜合)
給學(xué)生的提示:It is the ( 年輕)girl(名叫)Mary who(在舞臺(tái)上唱歌)when(當(dāng)我們昨天走進(jìn)大廳) that( )taught ( ) us( )English( )French(三年)by 2014.
當(dāng)我問(wèn)他們此句寫(xiě)作難不難的時(shí)候,他們異口同聲地回答到:不難。臉上洋溢著自信。顯然,學(xué)生通過(guò)上述一步一步地訓(xùn)練、引導(dǎo),掌握了許多基本語(yǔ)言規(guī)則,順其自然地就運(yùn)用了剛才操練過(guò)的結(jié)構(gòu),非常到位地完成了長(zhǎng)難句的寫(xiě)作。
It is the young girl named Mary who was singing on the stage when we entered the hall yesterday that will have taught us both English and French for 3 years by 2014.
自始至終,我這堂課的訓(xùn)練都沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)一開(kāi)始設(shè)定的五個(gè)中文關(guān)鍵詞,“戲法課”在我的“魔力棒”的指揮下得到了升華和認(rèn)可,真的很神奇。課結(jié)束前,我請(qǐng)學(xué)生回答了這個(gè)問(wèn)題:“How to make a different sentence?”課后我還布置了訓(xùn)練題,學(xué)生比較順利地完成了任務(wù)。
我的體會(huì)是寫(xiě)作教學(xué)需要與語(yǔ)法教學(xué)相結(jié)合,保證學(xué)生寫(xiě)好簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句,挑戰(zhàn)長(zhǎng)難句,再由句子過(guò)渡到篇章。教師要有足夠的耐心,切忌好高騖遠(yuǎn),加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生基本功的訓(xùn)練,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成寫(xiě)作的好習(xí)慣,通過(guò)日常積累、仿句訓(xùn)練、糾錯(cuò)訓(xùn)練等,逐步提高寫(xiě)作能力,最終達(dá)到自然運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的境界。我堅(jiān)信只有求真務(wù)實(shí)、穩(wěn)步提升,才能做到事半功倍。讓我們從教一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句開(kāi)始。endprint