張巖
摘要:書面表達(dá)是高考英語試題考查學(xué)生英語綜合運(yùn)用能力的重要題型之一,也是整個(gè)英語試卷的“重頭戲”。要想使所寫的文章得高分,考生就必須認(rèn)真審題,準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨、要求,采集有效的內(nèi)容信息,整理出全面的語言要點(diǎn),講究句式結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,恰當(dāng)使用高級(jí)詞匯,有效使用語句間的連接成分,使通篇結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,行文流暢。在遣詞造句、謀篇布局等方面有“閃光點(diǎn)”。
關(guān)鍵詞:高分策略;謀篇;文辭;詞匯;銜接;書寫
中圖分類號(hào):G632.0 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1992-7711(2014)09-0075
書面表達(dá)是高考英語試題考查學(xué)生英語綜合運(yùn)用能力的重要題型之一,也是整個(gè)英語試卷的“重頭戲”。要想使所寫的文章得高分,考生就必須認(rèn)真審題,準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨、要求,采集有效的內(nèi)容信息,整理出全面的語言要點(diǎn),講究句式結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,恰當(dāng)使用高級(jí)詞匯,有效使用語句間的連接成分,使通篇結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、行文流暢。在遣詞造句、謀篇布局等方面有“閃光點(diǎn)”。
一、謀篇精細(xì)化
俗話說,磨刀不誤砍柴工。要想出色地完成書面表達(dá)題規(guī)定的任務(wù),按要求寫出一篇好文章,首先要認(rèn)真審題。我們應(yīng)考慮以下問題:1. 要寫的是什么體裁的文章;2. 該用什么時(shí)態(tài)來表達(dá);3. 要寫幾個(gè)要點(diǎn);4. 要用哪些詞匯和句型來表達(dá);5. 需要用哪些連接詞匯,使文章讀起來更順暢。更重要的是,要分清所寫的文章應(yīng)該寫幾個(gè)部分,或分成幾個(gè)段落,每一段落圍繞什么主題寫。精細(xì)的布局、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)令人耳目一新。
二、文辭優(yōu)美化
人靠衣裝,文靠句裝。考生文中所采用的語言材料是影響文章得分的決定性因素。要想文章凸顯文采,展示綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力,考生就要能寫出幾個(gè)“出彩”的句子來。這就要求我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中大量地積累有用的習(xí)慣表達(dá)和文辭優(yōu)美的句子,如強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、虛擬句、感嘆句、被動(dòng)句、定語從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)以及各種典型的從句等,寫作時(shí)多種句型交替使用,真正的做到句式多樣、靈活表達(dá)。具體說來,考生可從以下幾方面來嘗試改變句式:
1. 改變句子結(jié)構(gòu),與眾不同
唐山曾在二十世紀(jì)八十年代發(fā)生過一次大地震。
A strong/big earthquake happened in Tangshan in the 1980s. →
A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tang Shan in the 1980s.
你八月十五的來信我今天早晨收到了.
I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning. →
Your letter of August 15th reached/got to me this morning.
2. 改變句子語序,實(shí)現(xiàn)句子形式多樣化
He got excited when he heard the news. →
Hearing the news, he got excited.
The girl went home, because she was hungry and thirsty. →
Hungry and thirsty,the girl went home.
I studied Chinese, English and Physics at school. →
3. 使用強(qiáng)勢句式,增強(qiáng)語句表現(xiàn)力
We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well. →
How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well!
Radio broadcasts didnt begin until 1920. →
It was not until 1920 that radio broadcasts began
He never speaks about his own family. →
Never does he speak about his own family.
三、詞匯高級(jí)化
新的考試評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求我們盡量使用高級(jí)詞匯或短語寫文章。所謂“高級(jí)詞匯”,不一定就是那些很正式文雅的書面詞語,只要運(yùn)用得當(dāng),表意傳神,常用詞語、習(xí)慣用語、固定搭配等等多是“高級(jí)詞匯”。如:我們可以用perfect, excellent, outstanding, pleasant, wonderful favorable, magnificent等來表示“good”;用in ones opinion/view , hold the view that , it is widely shared that等來表示“think”;用wise, bright, smart, intelligent, cute等來表示“clever”。但在寫作時(shí),我們卻可以靈活地選擇新穎的詞匯,以奇制勝。
值得提醒的是,在運(yùn)用較為高級(jí)的詞匯時(shí)要避生就熟,靈活表達(dá),切記生搬硬套。
四、銜接自然化
一篇好的書面表達(dá),不僅需要豐富的詞匯、清楚的邏輯和規(guī)范的表達(dá),還需要有把這些內(nèi)容有機(jī)聯(lián)系起來的語篇銜接手段,即我們常說的關(guān)聯(lián)詞、連接性副詞、介詞和短語。許多學(xué)生能夠?qū)懗鰶]有語法錯(cuò)誤、內(nèi)容也比較充實(shí)的段落,但往往句子之間、段落之間缺乏連貫性和整體性。為使文章主題突出、行文流暢、語言優(yōu)美,應(yīng)注意上下文邏輯關(guān)系的確定和過渡詞的適當(dāng)使用,這對(duì)提高整篇文章的檔次至關(guān)重要。常用的連接詞有:在同一話題上補(bǔ)充說明:whats more, besides, moreover, in addition, furthermore, also, as well等;表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, otherwise, after all等;表示因果關(guān)系:since, as, because, so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that等;表示條件關(guān)系:if, on condition that, so \ as long as, unless等;表示時(shí)間關(guān)系:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, no sooner…than, hardly... when, scarcely...when, recently, since, ever since, from then on, later, soon等;表示順序關(guān)系:above all, first of all, firstly, secondly, second, then, next, finally, in the end;換一種表達(dá)方式:in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等;進(jìn)行舉例說明:for instance, for example, like, such as, 等;用于陳述事實(shí):in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等;對(duì)一個(gè)話題進(jìn)行總結(jié):on the whole, in short, all in all, in general, in a word, in conclusion.
五、書寫規(guī)范化
無論文章的語句結(jié)構(gòu)是多么復(fù)雜,用詞是多么高級(jí)以及行文是多么緊湊連貫,但若卷面潦草、書寫馬虎,則很難讓閱卷教師了解你的文采。閱卷教師會(huì)因此匆忙閱卷,走馬觀花。這樣一來,你的心血就白費(fèi)了,勞動(dòng)就無效了,你的寫作能力也因此得不到閱卷教師的認(rèn)可。因此,書寫規(guī)范,字體工整,大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)正確,盡可能把錯(cuò)誤降到最低程度,是書面表達(dá)多拿分或得高分的前提和保證。
(作者單位:河南省焦作武陟一中 454950)