蘇國強
摘要:在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,“主謂一致”是重要的語法項目,也是學(xué)習(xí)的難點和高考的熱點之一。因此,掌握好該語法點,對于面臨高考的中學(xué)生來說是非常必要的。
關(guān)鍵詞:高考英語;主謂一致;用法
中圖分類號:G632.0 文獻標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1992-7711(2014)09-0147
在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,“主謂一致”是重要的語法項目,也是學(xué)習(xí)的難點和高考的熱點之一。因此,掌握好該語法點,對于面臨高考的中學(xué)生來說是非常必要的。
一、有生命意義的集體名詞作主語時,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式
常用的名詞有:police,cattle,folk/folks等。如:
There were over 100 police on duty at the demonstration.
注:1. 有些集體名詞作主語時,如將其看作一個整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù);如將其作為個體成員看,謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。常用的名詞有:family,class,army,committee,team,等。如:
My family is a large one.
My family are watching TV now.
2. 表示“某國人”的名詞(如Chinese,Japanese,English, British,F(xiàn)rench等)作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
The Chinese usually use chopsticks for meals,while the British use knives and forks.
但是,有些單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞(如Chinese,Japanese等)作主語時,如果指具體的某個人,其謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù),如:
That Japanese is a singer.
3. 有些表示某類別的總稱的集體名詞(如machinery,clothing,luggage,furniture等)作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。如:
My luggage was sent by air.
二、以“-s”結(jié)尾的表示“學(xué)科”、“疾病名稱”等名詞作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)
常用的名詞有:politics,maths,physics,AIDS等。如:
Maths is my favourite subject.
三、表示某些由兩部分組成的物體的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式
常用的名詞有:trousers,chopsticks,scissors,glasses,gloves,shoes slippers等。如:
My trousers were bought in Shanghai.
但是,當(dāng)這些名詞前有pair時,謂語動詞常與pair的數(shù)一致。
This pair of trousers was bought in Shanghai,but those two pairs of gloves were bought in Beijing.
四、國名、地名、組織機構(gòu)名稱、書刊和雜志名等名詞作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)
The United States is a developed country.
五、表示“時間、距離、錢額”等復(fù)數(shù)的名詞作主語時,常被看作一個整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù)
Ten years is a moment in history.
如果將以上復(fù)數(shù)名詞作為個體看待時,謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。
Ten years have passed since I came to work in this school.
六、由“名詞+ and +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語,表示同一種事物或同一人時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)
七、由“every/each/no +單數(shù)名詞+ and + every/each/no +單數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)
Every hour and every minute is important.
八、“名詞/代詞+or+名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,謂語動詞一般與or后面的名詞/代詞一致
He or I am going to attend the meeting.
九、“名詞+介詞短語”作主語時,謂語動詞一般與名詞的數(shù)一致
常用的介詞和短語介詞有:with,along with,like,besides,as well as,but,except,including等。
Nobody but Tom and Mary was in the classroom.
十、由“either...or...;neither...nor...;not only...but also...”連接的名詞/代詞作主語時,謂語動詞常與最靠近的主語一致
Are either you or I wrong?
在英語口語中,甚至在正式英語中,“neither...nor... ;either...or...”連接的名詞/代詞作主語時,也可采取概念一致的原則,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Neither the cats nor the dog have been fed.
十一、不定代詞all, some,any作主語時,如果指代可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果指代不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。none作主語時,如果指代不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù);如果指代可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)均可。either和neither作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù),但在非正式語體中也可用復(fù)數(shù)
All have gone home after school except a naughty boy who remains in the classroom.
十二、“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作主語時,謂語動詞與名詞的數(shù)一致
Three quarters of the surface of the earth is covered by water.
十三、“The +形容詞”表示類人時,謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式
常用的形容詞有:rich,poor,living,dead,young,old,aged,disabled等。如:
In the old society, the poor were forced to sell their children.
如果該形容詞指抽象概念,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。如:
The new is always weak at first.
十四、動詞不定式、動名詞和從句做主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式
Swimming in rivers in summer is a splendid sport,but to swim in rivers in winter needs great willpower.
Who he is doesn't concern me.
但是,當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)主語從句或由and連接兩個動詞不定式或動名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)意義一致的原則來決定。如:
What we need here is money.
What we need here are workers.
(作者單位:甘肅省靖遠(yuǎn)縣第二中學(xué) 730600)