朱明艷 李佳新
(東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),黑龍江哈爾濱150030)
淺析英語幽默中的同音異義類隱喻
朱明艷 李佳新
(東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),黑龍江哈爾濱150030)
現(xiàn)代隱喻理論把隱喻看做是認知現(xiàn)象。英語中同音異義類隱喻可以引起很多幽默,使枯燥的英語學(xué)習(xí)增添了幾分樂趣。文章充分地分析了用于英語幽默中的同音異義類隱喻,同音異義類隱喻在新舊事物間起到了橋梁作用,以輕松的幽默形式加深了對不熟悉事物的認識。英語中產(chǎn)生幽默效果的同音異義類隱喻的有音同形異異義類隱喻,音異形同異義類隱喻和完全音同形同異義類隱喻。
幽默;音同形異異義詞;音異形同異義詞;完全音同形同異義詞;隱喻認知
隱喻被提到新高度,就不再是一種語言現(xiàn)象,而是一種思維和行為現(xiàn)象,是一種人類用已有經(jīng)驗說明或理解新經(jīng)驗的認知活動,是人類認識新世界、新事物的工具。
音同異義類隱喻在日常生活中及交際等領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用。英國作家劉易斯·卡羅爾在作品《Alice's Adventures in Wonderland》中大量而又巧妙地運用了幽默,其中就是利用讀者的音同形異異義類隱喻寫的幽默語篇。
“Mine is a long and a sad tale!”said the Mouse,turning to Alice and sighing.
“It is a long tail,certainly,”said Alice,looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail;“but why do you call it sad?”
從上面的這段話我們不難看出,愛麗絲的困惑來自于把tale當做了tail。愛麗絲用一個象征單位[[TAIL]/[teil]]來喻說了另一個象征單位[[TALE]/[teil]],故而產(chǎn)生了一段令老鼠迷惑的幽默對話。
下面是一則發(fā)自丈夫內(nèi)心的抱怨,然而正是音同異義類隱喻使對話產(chǎn)生了幽默的效果。
The things my wife buys at auctions are keeping me baroque(broke).
baroque(奇形怪狀的)與broke(破產(chǎn))可以被進行音同形異異義類隱喻。我們既可從字面意思來理解,又可體會其更深的含義。用一個象征單位[[BAROQUE]/[br?uk]]來喻說了另一個象征單位[[BROKE]/[br?uk]],生動地表達出了這位男士對于妻大手大腳花錢敢怒不敢言的心態(tài)。
英語幽默中的音異形同異義類隱喻所占比例不是很高,但是仍對英語幽默起到了不容忽視的作用。下面的幽默僅供更好地理解音異形同異義類隱喻。
The arrogant Mr.Giraffe and the loving and tender Ms.Monkey somehow got married to each other.But half a month later,Mr.Giraffe wanted a divorce.One morning,he got up early and wrote a letter to his wife then left.It read:“which guy is like me?When I want to give you a kiss,I have to bow first.I want a divorce,I can't live like this!”
After getting up and reading the letter,Ms.Monkey was very angry.She grunted to herself to show her irritation:“When did I ask you to play music with a bow?You are such a heartless man.Sure,that's just what I want.Who've seen anyone who had to climb up a tree when she wants a kiss?”
此幽默的產(chǎn)生原因在于用一個象征單位[[BOW]/[b?u]]“用弓拉琴”來喻說了另一個象征單位[[BOW]/[b?u]]“彎腰,低頭,鞠躬”。音異形同異義詞[[BOW]/[b?u]]和[[BOW]/[bau]]在書面語言中容易讓人產(chǎn)生誤會,進而給閱讀和領(lǐng)會增添了樂趣。
由于完全音同形同異義類隱喻產(chǎn)生的英語幽默占有很大的比例。下文一對母女的對話實屬經(jīng)典幽默之談,正是音同形同異義類隱喻所產(chǎn)生的幽默效果。
Amy:Mom,Auntie kissed me yesterday.
Mother:How nice!Did you kiss her back,dear?
Amy:Of course not,I kissed her face.
母親口中的back是副詞詞性,意指“回復(fù),還,往回”,而女兒通過完全音同形同異義類隱喻的理解是名詞詞性的back“背部,背面,后面”。因而Amy回應(yīng)母親說“我吻了她的正面(面部)”。
下文是一則女孩以機靈的回答來安撫男孩混沌迷惑的心的幽默,采用的手段就是充分利用了完全音同形同異義類隱喻。
Boy:Some girls think I’m handsome and some girls think I’m horrible.What do you think,Mary?
Girl:A bit of both.
Boy:What do you mean?
Girl:Pretty ugly.
男孩問女孩:“你覺得我?guī)涍€是丑?”女孩的回答先是設(shè)下一懸念地回答:“都有點兒?!苯酉聛淼膒retty ugly中pretty既可作“漂亮”解釋又可作“非?!苯忉?,通過音同形同異義類隱喻勾勒出一精靈古怪的女孩兒形象。
英語中同音異義類隱喻是在已有認知經(jīng)驗上幫助認識新事物的,描述和認識全新的未知事物,必須依賴我們已知和懂得的概念及其語言表述來做到由表及里,由此及彼,有時還要發(fā)揮出乎意料的想象力和創(chuàng)造力。這就說明了同音異義類隱喻在新舊事物間起到了橋梁作用,有著不容忽視的效果。同時,也以輕松幽默的形式加深了我們對不熟悉事物的認識。由此來看,在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,充分利用英語幽默中的同音異義類隱喻有助于積極有效地學(xué)習(xí)英語。
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On Homonymic Metaphor in English Humors
Zhu Mingyan,Li Jiaxin
(Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin Heilongjiang 150030)
Homonymic metaphor is a modern way of speaking.Metaphor is regarded as a cognitive phenomenon according to modern metaphorical theories.Homonymic metaphor in English language can cause a lot of humors which adds some amusement to tedious English learning.Homonymic metaphor in English humors was analyzed in detail.Homonymic metaphor serves as a bridge between old and new things,which can deepen the understanding toward unfamiliar things in an easy and humorous way.The homonymic metaphor which can cause humors in English includes homophone metaphor,homograph metaphor and perfect homonymic metaphor.
humor,homophone,homograph,perfect homonym,metaphorical cognition
H033
A
1672-3805(2011)05-0073-02
2011-06-12
朱明艷(1984-),女,東北石油大學(xué)華瑞學(xué)院外語系英語教研室助教,東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)人文社會科學(xué)學(xué)院英語語言文學(xué)專業(yè)碩士;研究方向:認知語言學(xué)