胡維 劉科 朱毅 張傳濤
摘要:鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌是一種全球耐藥機(jī)會(huì)性革蘭陰性細(xì)菌,常引起生物被膜相關(guān)感染。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌極易黏附在導(dǎo)管等醫(yī)療植入物和生物表面,形成生物被膜。由于生物被膜的存在,導(dǎo)致了鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌不易被清除,是導(dǎo)致鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌泛耐藥或多重耐藥的原因之一。因此,目前亟需開(kāi)發(fā)預(yù)防和治療鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜的新方法。本文就近幾年鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜的預(yù)防和治療作一綜述,以期為鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜相關(guān)感染的防治提供新思路。
關(guān)鍵詞:鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌;生物被膜;預(yù)防;治療
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R378 ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Advances in the prevention and treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms
Hu Wei, Liu Ke, Zhu Yi, and Zhang Chuan-tao
(Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072)
Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii is a globally drug-resistant opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium that frequently causes biofilm-associated infections. Acinetobacter baumannii can easily adhere to medical implants and biological surfaces such as catheters to form biofilms. Due to the existence of biofilm, the removal of Acinetobacter baumannii is particularly difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new methods to prevent and treat Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm. This article reviews the prevention and treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm infection in recent years, in order to provide new ideas for biofilm prevention and treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii.
Key words Acinetobacter baumannii; Bioflims; Prevention; Treatment
鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌是一種革蘭陰性致病菌,能產(chǎn)生多種毒力因子,如孔蛋白OmpA、細(xì)菌莢膜、生物被膜等[1]。在所有由革蘭陰性菌引起的醫(yī)院獲得性感染中,2%~10%為鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染[2]。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染范圍廣泛,包括各種生物界面感染如傷口感染、心內(nèi)膜炎、腦膜炎以及各種醫(yī)療導(dǎo)管感染如尿路感染、呼吸機(jī)感染等。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染最常見(jiàn)于肺部感染,主要發(fā)生在入住重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室并通過(guò)呼吸機(jī)呼吸的患者中,鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌引起的呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎的死亡率為28%~68%[3]。我國(guó)2014—2020年耐藥菌監(jiān)測(cè)報(bào)告顯示,革蘭陰性菌占總耐藥菌比例的70%,其中鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌位列前5[4]。
生物被膜是微生物群體以及他們自身所分泌的細(xì)胞外聚合物的復(fù)合物[5]。生物被膜可以保護(hù)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌使其生存于極其惡劣的環(huán)境中,并且極易黏附在醫(yī)療植入物和生物界面上,形成感染定植,最終難以去除。此外,生物被膜的存在使鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌在醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)中或者水槽排水管等處駐留,導(dǎo)致了耐藥性的傳播[6]。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜相關(guān)感染和抗生素耐藥性日益上升的趨勢(shì)已成為最嚴(yán)重的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題之一。因此,本文就近幾年國(guó)內(nèi)外鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜的防治作一綜述。
1 生物被膜的形成、結(jié)構(gòu)及其影響
細(xì)菌生物被膜的形成受自身群體感應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)[7]和所處環(huán)境以及細(xì)菌屬性的影響[8]。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的群體感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)由雙組分AbaI/AbaR系統(tǒng)組成,其通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)AHL信號(hào)的表達(dá)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)生物被膜的形成[9-10]。此外,鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜形成過(guò)程與多重耐藥性和毒力因子的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),如OmpA、Bap、I型菌毛、cus基因簇、AdeFGH、胞外多糖多聚-β-1和6-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖等[11]。
細(xì)菌生物被膜主要由兩個(gè)部分組成,一個(gè)是其內(nèi)部的細(xì)菌群落,另一個(gè)是由細(xì)菌群落分泌的細(xì)胞外聚合物。內(nèi)部微細(xì)菌群落因分布在生物被膜不同區(qū)域,其獲得的氧氣和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不同,導(dǎo)致代謝狀態(tài)也不同。在生物被膜的內(nèi)部深處常常存在“持留細(xì)胞”,能夠在抗生素存在壓力情況下存活,并導(dǎo)致了細(xì)菌耐受性[12]。細(xì)胞外聚合物是由細(xì)菌群落分泌的蛋白質(zhì)、細(xì)胞外多糖、細(xì)胞外DNA和其他微量成分組成的。生物被膜基質(zhì)成分的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)與其特定的作用相結(jié)合,產(chǎn)生了整體生物被膜的機(jī)械韌性。這些特性使細(xì)胞外聚合物能夠保護(hù)常駐細(xì)胞免受干燥、化學(xué)擾動(dòng)和殺死捕食者[13]。細(xì)菌的生物被膜是一個(gè)天然保護(hù)屏障,既有助于細(xì)菌抵抗抗生素毒性,又給細(xì)菌提供了一個(gè)緊密安全的場(chǎng)地,促使耐藥基因更加快捷地傳播[14]。
鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌經(jīng)常引起生物被膜相關(guān)感染,這些感染對(duì)抗生素治療具有極強(qiáng)的耐藥性[8]。在多項(xiàng)臨床鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌分離株的研究中,約90%以上的分離株產(chǎn)生生物被膜,并且約占一半比例的菌株擁有強(qiáng)生物被膜形成能力,擁有更強(qiáng)生物被膜形成者具有更廣泛的多重耐藥特性[15-18]。
2 生物被膜的防治策略
近些年來(lái),多重耐藥的鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染率一直呈上升趨勢(shì),而生物被膜的形成為其重要的耐藥機(jī)制之一,因此亟須積極開(kāi)發(fā)針對(duì)生物被膜的治療手段。生物被膜的防治主要分為預(yù)防生物被膜的形成和破壞已經(jīng)形成的成熟生物被膜兩個(gè)方面。
2.1 亞抑制濃度抗生素
抗生素是治療細(xì)菌感染的傳統(tǒng)治療方法,多黏菌素和替加環(huán)素是治療碳青霉烯類(lèi)耐藥鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌最好的選擇[19]。但是近年來(lái)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌對(duì)多黏菌素耐藥率日漸上升[20]。多項(xiàng)非劣性薈萃分析表明,替加環(huán)素與各種感染的死亡率增加有關(guān)[21-22],但目前替加環(huán)素試驗(yàn)中死亡率增加的根本原因尚不確定,所以臨床醫(yī)生傾向于使用小劑量的替加環(huán)素。尋找替代替加環(huán)素和多黏菌素的有效抗生素顯得尤為迫切。近年來(lái)針對(duì)抗生素的亞抑制濃度研究顯示,亞抑菌濃度的阿奇霉素、替加環(huán)素、米諾環(huán)素、多黏菌素、阿米卡星、美羅培南、甲氧芐啶和磺胺甲惡唑的聯(lián)合使用均有抑制鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜形成的作用[23-27],其中亞抑制濃度的米諾環(huán)素效果最顯著,能夠抑制96%的生物被膜產(chǎn)生,其作用機(jī)制目前尚未闡明[25]。亞抑制濃度的替加環(huán)素處理鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌后生物被膜形成下降與生物被膜蛋白表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),其可能的機(jī)制是下調(diào)外排泵的表達(dá),尤其是AdeFGH[24]。亞抑制濃度的甲氧芐啶和磺胺甲惡唑通過(guò)抑制Csu Pilus的表達(dá)來(lái)防止生物被膜的形成,其機(jī)制可能為抑制葉酸合成[27]。而對(duì)于其他抗生素,則有很大部分在亞抑制濃度下能夠誘導(dǎo)細(xì)菌的生物被膜產(chǎn)生,亞抑制濃度的抗生素抑制生物被膜形成的能力給醫(yī)療植入物的感染帶來(lái)了預(yù)防的希望。
阿奇霉素和多黏菌素對(duì)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌成熟生物被膜具有很強(qiáng)的清除作用[28-29],抗生素組合比單獨(dú)使用具有更強(qiáng)的生物被膜清除和殺菌作用,美羅培南加舒巴坦或舒巴坦加替加環(huán)素在治療48 h后顯示出強(qiáng)于單獨(dú)用藥100倍的殺菌效果,并且組合使用能更好地清除生物被膜[30]。亞胺培南和利福平單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合治療具有明顯的抗生物被膜作用,兩種抗生素組合顯示出良好的協(xié)同作用[31]。多黏菌素與頭孢他啶聯(lián)合使用,對(duì)AbaI/AbaR群體感應(yīng)缺陷的鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌菌株形成的穩(wěn)健生物被膜顯示出協(xié)同抗生物被膜作用[32]。近期開(kāi)發(fā)了一系列新型膜活性抗菌劑2-氨基噻唑磺胺肟類(lèi)化合物,其中一種苯甲酰衍生物在濃度為1 μg/mL時(shí),抑制率為73.8%,表明其能根除已建立的生物被膜。同時(shí)該化合物能有效干擾細(xì)胞膜,抑制乳酸脫氫酶,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)容物流出[33]。該研究表明,2-氨基噻唑磺胺肟類(lèi)化合物可能是開(kāi)發(fā)新型抗菌藥物的一個(gè)有希望的開(kāi)端。
2.2 抗菌肽
抗菌肽是屬于生物體內(nèi)固有的免疫物質(zhì),因其具有廣譜抗菌和免疫調(diào)節(jié)等作用,被視為細(xì)菌感染治療的替代品??咕膐ctominin、SAAP148、兩親性多肽ZP3、天然抗菌肽bicarinalin和BP100治療所需濃度低,有很強(qiáng)的抗生物被膜和殺滅鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌作用,并且對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞無(wú)明顯毒副作用[34-37]。在肽庫(kù)中鑒定并合成的兩種肽N10和NB2組合使用可以比單獨(dú)使用更好地阻止鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌形成生物被膜[38]。富含脯氨酸的肽Bac7(1-35)能明顯抑制鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的生長(zhǎng),亞抑制濃度的Bac7(1-35)被內(nèi)化到鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌中,抑制細(xì)菌運(yùn)動(dòng)和生物被膜形成,而不誘導(dǎo)耐藥性[39]??咕呐c抗生素的不同組合可以改善部分抗菌肽治療濃度高的困境,并且具有良好的協(xié)同作用,例如抗菌肽WAM-1和LL-37和亞胺培南、阿米卡星、環(huán)丙沙星組合使用都顯示出協(xié)同作用[40],蜂毒肽和多黏菌素或者亞胺培南有協(xié)同治療作用[41]??咕腍p1404有毒性,研究者通過(guò)取代Hp1404的14個(gè)C末端殘基的氨基酸來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)抗菌肽,以降低毒性并提高抗菌活性,結(jié)果顯示模擬肽同樣具有良好的殺菌和抑制生物被膜形成作用,細(xì)胞毒性比Hp1404更低[42]。黃蜂肽AMPsAgelaia-MPI和Polybia-MPII對(duì)多重耐藥鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌黏附和血管支架上的生物被膜形成具有很好的抑制作用,并可以治療成熟的生物被膜[43]??咕牡姆N類(lèi)豐富、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、作用迅速、選擇性強(qiáng)和不易引起耐藥的特點(diǎn)使其成為抗生素治療的理想替代品。但由于產(chǎn)量低、細(xì)胞毒性、體內(nèi)穩(wěn)定性差等使其在臨床應(yīng)用面臨一定程度的困難。合成抗菌肽類(lèi)似物,提高合成效率,降低毒性,降低生產(chǎn)成本是推進(jìn)其在臨床防治生物被膜的關(guān)鍵。
2.3 噬菌體
噬菌體在本質(zhì)上屬于病毒,特異性強(qiáng),能靶向殺滅細(xì)菌,無(wú)毒副作用,不會(huì)破壞機(jī)體平衡。噬菌體AB7-IBB1、AB7-IBB2以及AB3及其內(nèi)溶素LysAB3對(duì)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜有顯著降解和殺菌作用[44-46]。此外,噬菌體組合治療顯示出強(qiáng)烈的抗生物被膜活性,并且其適應(yīng)過(guò)程將適應(yīng)噬菌體的宿主范圍增加了近3倍[47]。噬菌體和抗生素的聯(lián)合使用顯著減少了生物被膜生物量和持久的細(xì)菌清除作用[48]。
2.4 天然產(chǎn)物、中藥
近年隨著生物被膜研究的增多,許多天然產(chǎn)物已被證明對(duì)生物被膜有確切的治療作用。熊果酸及其酰胺衍生物對(duì)多黏菌素耐藥的鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌有良好的抗菌和抗生物被膜治療效果,其MIC范圍為78~156 μg/mL,在其亞抑制濃度下可抑制和根除>70%的生物被膜形成[49],較低的MIC值提示我們有望進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展體內(nèi)研究。甘草次酸、熊果酸和樺木酸、棕櫚油酸和肉豆蔻油酸被證明通過(guò)干擾AHL的信號(hào)來(lái)抑制鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜的形成和對(duì)生物被膜進(jìn)行破壞[50-51]。另外一些天然產(chǎn)物已被證明主要作用于其他生物被膜毒力因子而發(fā)揮抗生物被膜作用,猴桃和丁香的極性提取物表現(xiàn)出有效的抗生物被膜活性,顯著降低了生物被膜細(xì)胞外聚合物中蛋白質(zhì)、細(xì)胞外DNA和胞外多糖的含量[52]。α-山竹素下調(diào)bfmR、pgaA、pgaC、csuA/B、ompA、bap、katE和sodB基因的表達(dá),從而對(duì)生物被膜的形成以及相關(guān)的毒力特征造成了影響,但它無(wú)法分解成熟的生物被膜[53]。桃金娘醇是一種雙環(huán)單萜,廣泛存在于多種植物中,桃金娘醇通過(guò)抑制鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌菌株的生物被膜相關(guān)毒力因子(如細(xì)胞外多糖、細(xì)胞表面疏水性、抗氧化劑、群聚和抽搐運(yùn)動(dòng)),發(fā)揮抗生物被膜作用。并且桃金娘醇增加了阿米卡星、環(huán)丙沙星、慶大霉素和甲氧芐啶對(duì)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的敏感性[54]。傳統(tǒng)中藥烏梅、黃連、五倍子和黃芩能抑制鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜形成[55]。中藥、植物提取物和天然產(chǎn)物都是很好的抗菌藥物來(lái)源,研究其內(nèi)在的作用機(jī)制以及治療濃度有利于更好地將其作用于臨床。目前這方面的大部分研究都是基于體外進(jìn)行,當(dāng)做體內(nèi)研究時(shí),這些藥物的熱穩(wěn)定性、水溶解性和生物利用度等問(wèn)題又將是進(jìn)一步的挑戰(zhàn)。
2.5 小分子化合物
合成或者鑒定新的具有抗生物被膜作用的化合物,可以借助現(xiàn)代各種化合物數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、分子對(duì)接等技術(shù)手段,同時(shí)也可以從相似作用機(jī)制開(kāi)發(fā)舊化合物的新用途。最近幾年virstatin被認(rèn)為通過(guò)阻止其毒力因子、毒素共同調(diào)節(jié)菌毛的表達(dá)來(lái)削弱霍亂弧菌的毒力。Nait等[56]證明100 μmVirstatin同樣可以通過(guò)抑制菌毛的產(chǎn)生發(fā)揮顯著的抗鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜作用。Raorane等[57]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在16種鹵代吲哚中,5-碘吲哚能迅速抑制鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生長(zhǎng),限制生物被膜的形成和運(yùn)動(dòng),而且它還能以驚人的速度殺死細(xì)菌。越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,吲哚及其衍生物對(duì)多重耐藥細(xì)菌具有抗菌和抗生物被膜活性[58]。篩選更大的吲哚衍生物數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),有利于開(kāi)發(fā)我們治療耐藥菌及其生物被膜的新藥物。乳酸鋅、氟化亞錫和呋喃酮這3種生物被膜抑制劑在亞最小抑制濃度下能抑制多種耐藥鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜的形成。這些生物被膜抑制劑與抗生素聯(lián)合使用時(shí),多黏菌素在與乳酸鋅和氟化亞錫的聯(lián)合中分別出現(xiàn)拮抗和無(wú)差異,其他生物被膜抑制劑與替加環(huán)素或碳青霉烯類(lèi)抗生素聯(lián)合使用時(shí),部分為協(xié)同,部分為相加效應(yīng)[26]。Vijayakumar等[59]證明5-羥甲基糠醛通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),包括多糖和蛋白質(zhì)等的產(chǎn)生和下調(diào)毒力基因來(lái)抑制初始生物被膜的形成和清除成熟生物被膜。OmpA是介導(dǎo)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌耐藥性和免疫調(diào)節(jié)的關(guān)鍵毒力因子,同時(shí)也作為一種關(guān)鍵蛋白來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜的形成[8],一些研究針對(duì)篩選抑制OmpA表達(dá)的化合物發(fā)現(xiàn),生物被膜的形成能夠很明顯地被這些化合物抑制[60-61]。這些研究大部分為體外研究,離發(fā)現(xiàn)一種新的化合物或者說(shuō)老藥新用時(shí),還有一段很長(zhǎng)的路要走。
2.6 新型分子材料
近些年來(lái),隨著現(xiàn)代分子材料技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,打破了傳統(tǒng)藥物的使用概念。新型藥物賦形劑如聚合物納米粒子、水凝膠、微球、金屬納米粒子和脂質(zhì)體等,每種分子材料都可以不同的方式結(jié)合藥物發(fā)揮作用。在最近幾年的研究中報(bào)道了氧化鋁納米顆粒、納米銀、含EDTA的納米乳、姜黃素?fù)诫s的光激發(fā)磺胺嘧啶銀納米脂質(zhì)體、殼聚糖修飾的Fe3O4納米、納米復(fù)合材料(銀納米粒子涂有SH-PEG-NOTA并負(fù)載亞胺培南)抑制多重耐藥鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的生物被膜形成、黏附以及破壞作用[62-67]。將真菌合成的納米銀涂覆在中心靜脈置管上顯示出顯著的抗生物被膜功效[68]。工程納米水結(jié)構(gòu)用來(lái)沖洗傷口,可以顯著減少鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌并明顯減少生物被膜面積[69]。這些新型分子材料可能是由于其分子量小,能很容易地通過(guò)肽聚糖屏障,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致菌細(xì)胞破壞[70]。新型材料的出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)大了我們解決生物被膜的途徑,不僅因?yàn)槠涑叽缧【哂袣⒕饔?,而且還能負(fù)載其他藥物達(dá)到定向治療的目標(biāo)。
2.7 酶
一些酶制劑可以通過(guò)降解鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的細(xì)胞壁或細(xì)胞外聚合物來(lái)達(dá)到破壞生物被膜的目的。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌內(nèi)源性溶菌酶樣蛋白Ablysin是針對(duì)細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁的新型肽聚糖水解酶,在該酶的作用下鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌細(xì)菌細(xì)胞隨著濃度(250~2000 μg/mL)依賴(lài)性破裂,并伴隨著相關(guān)生物被膜的消除[71]。經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)乙醇脫氫酶的基因是一種已知的細(xì)菌群體感應(yīng)分子,在大部分鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌臨床分離株中明顯上調(diào)。通過(guò)添加乙醇脫氫酶的抑制劑雙硫侖和活化劑?;撬嶙C明,前者顯著抑制細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)和生物被膜形成;后者導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)和生物被膜產(chǎn)生的劑量依賴(lài)性增加。通過(guò)找到關(guān)鍵作用的酶,相應(yīng)地根據(jù)其作用施加抑制劑或激活劑這也為生物被膜的治療提供了思路。群體猝滅還可以通過(guò)AHL內(nèi)酯酶對(duì)群體信號(hào)的酶促降解來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。在Chow等[72]的研究中,首次展示了使用重組群體猝滅酶來(lái)破壞人類(lèi)細(xì)菌病原體鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的生物被膜形成。酶是人體化學(xué)反應(yīng)的重要調(diào)節(jié)劑,其穩(wěn)定性差,目前尚不能排除對(duì)其他生理反應(yīng)帶來(lái)影響。
2.8 其他
醫(yī)療環(huán)境中的生物被膜大部分黏附在醫(yī)療植入物上,異型鉗形鈀(Ⅱ)復(fù)合物涂層骨科植入物阻礙鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌的AbaI/AbaR群體感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)和生物被膜發(fā)育,可能是由于該復(fù)合物抑制了關(guān)鍵的群體感應(yīng)介導(dǎo)的毒力因子,如菌毛介導(dǎo)的表面運(yùn)動(dòng)和多糖的產(chǎn)生[73]。光動(dòng)力滅活是一種有吸引力的治療多藥耐藥細(xì)菌感染的方法,通過(guò)添加生物或化學(xué)分子可以進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)陰離子光敏劑如赤蘚紅B的光敏效果,聯(lián)合乙酸和殼聚糖可以增強(qiáng)赤蘚紅介導(dǎo)的光動(dòng)力滅活根除鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌浮游細(xì)胞和生物被膜細(xì)胞[74]。此外,疫苗和抗體的研發(fā)也可以作為耐藥菌治療的一種新手段。在一項(xiàng)小鼠模型和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中證明單獨(dú)使用單克隆抗體TRL1068即可產(chǎn)生破壞生物被膜的功效。此外,TRL1068與亞胺培南的聯(lián)合治療與單獨(dú)使用抗生素相比,顯示導(dǎo)管黏附細(xì)菌顯著減少[75]。
3 小結(jié)與展望
目前,鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染在醫(yī)院環(huán)境中較為常見(jiàn),多重耐藥的鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染尤見(jiàn)于重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房住院的危重患者中,鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌通過(guò)形成生物被膜而難以被消滅。本文將近幾年的一些預(yù)防和治療鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌生物被膜的研究進(jìn)行了歸納和總結(jié),包括亞抑制濃度抗生素、抗菌肽、噬菌體、酶、中藥、天然化合物和新型分子材料等,通過(guò)其抑制生物被膜的形成或破壞成熟的生物被膜來(lái)以期達(dá)到更有效地控制鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染的目的。但是這些研究大部分是體外實(shí)驗(yàn),是否能夠用于臨床還需要進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。另外,本文中提到的一些如光動(dòng)力療法、群體猝滅酶等新技術(shù)或者聯(lián)合治療為今后的研究提供了思路。
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收稿日期:2022-07-04
作者簡(jiǎn)介:胡維,女,生于1987年,在讀碩士研究生,主要研究方向?yàn)橹嗅t(yī)呼吸與老年病方向, E-mail: 358816474@qq.com
通訊作者, E-mail: Zhangchuantao@cdutcm.edu.cn