李彩娟, 趙自剛
細胞自噬促進血管平滑肌細胞向合成表型轉(zhuǎn)化的作用與機制*
李彩娟, 趙自剛△
(河北北方學(xué)院微循環(huán)研究所,河北 張家口 075000)
自噬;血管平滑肌細胞;表型轉(zhuǎn)化
血管平滑肌細胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)具有兩種不同表型,即分化表型(收縮表型)和去分化表型(合成表型)。VSMCs來自中胚層,由低分化合成表型發(fā)育至高分化收縮表型。在成熟動脈,生理狀態(tài)下的VSMCs處于分化靜止狀態(tài),穩(wěn)定在具有成年特性的收縮表型,主要維持血管的收縮功能[1]。相對于終末分化的細胞,VSMCs具有顯著的可塑性。在多種因素刺激下,VSMCs可發(fā)生表型轉(zhuǎn)化,即從收縮表型轉(zhuǎn)化為合成表型[2],收縮能力下降,表現(xiàn)出高增殖、高分泌和高遷移的特性[1],從而參與多種心血管疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
自噬是一種進化的高度保守機制,是細胞將自身受損的細胞器或錯誤折疊的蛋白包裹、吞噬、進而運輸?shù)饺苊阁w降解,實現(xiàn)自身物質(zhì)代謝更新的生物學(xué)過程[3],能夠促進能量再循環(huán)利用,維持細胞內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)的營養(yǎng)平衡[4],同時維持血管的正常結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。正常水平的細胞自噬增加可以保護VSMCs,促進細胞存活;自噬減少可加速細胞衰老,導(dǎo)致組織結(jié)構(gòu)改變以及血管收縮和舒張功能障礙。但是,自噬過度激活在引起VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化的同時,也會引起細胞損傷甚至死亡,從而加速血管疾病的惡化[5]。本文結(jié)合自噬相關(guān)信號通路,綜述自噬影響VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化的作用。
1.1磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB/Akt)/哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)自噬抑制信號通路PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路與自噬的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[6]?;罨腜I3K引起Akt構(gòu)象變化,協(xié)同被激活的3-磷酸肌醇依賴性蛋白激酶(3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase,PDK)磷酸化Akt上的Ser473和Thr308位點,p-Akt轉(zhuǎn)移至細胞質(zhì)或細胞核,進一步負調(diào)控下游蛋白mTOR、核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)等,抑制自噬[7]。mTOR作為磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶3型催化亞基(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3,PIK3C3)的上游因子,作用于紫外線抵抗相關(guān)基因(ultraviolet radiation resistance-associated gene,)編碼的自噬相關(guān)蛋白UVRAG與PIK3C3復(fù)合物的底物,直接磷酸化Ser550和Ser571位點,增強PIK3C3活性,且伴隨著新型溶酶體再生調(diào)節(jié)因子磷脂酰肌醇3-磷酸(phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate,PtdIns3P)產(chǎn)生,隨后自溶酶體小管裂變,引起自噬溶酶體重組,導(dǎo)致溶酶體再生,防止自噬體生成,抑制細胞自噬[8]。mTOR包括2種復(fù)合物,即mTOR復(fù)合物(mTOR complex,mTORC)1和mTORC2。前者通過促進蛋白質(zhì)、脂質(zhì)和細胞器的生物合成、抑制細胞自噬,而后者可以調(diào)節(jié)細胞骨架和細胞存活。mTORC1抑制自噬的作用與抑制自噬起始復(fù)合物Unc-51樣自噬激活激酶1(Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1,ULK1)-自噬因子FIP200-自噬相關(guān)基因(autophagy-related gene,ATG)13-ATG101復(fù)合體活性有關(guān);mTORC1激活亦可通過直接抑制ULK1磷酸化而抑制自噬[9]。還有研究顯示,激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路可抑制低氧環(huán)境下大鼠肺動脈平滑肌細胞(pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells,PASMCs)自噬[10]。這些研究均提示,PI3K/Akt/mTOR是抑制自噬的重要信號通路之一。
1.2AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)自噬激活信號通路AMPK正向調(diào)節(jié)ULK1-FIP200-ATG13-ATG101復(fù)合體的活性,還可抑制mTORC1的活性與功能,促進自噬形成;另一方面,由Vps34、beclin-1、ATG14、AMBRA1 (activating molecule in beclin-1-regulated autophagy protein 1)和其他亞基形成的Class III PI3K復(fù)合物創(chuàng)建了一個富含PtdIns3P的膜域,直接或間接地驅(qū)動ATG蛋白,加速自噬體形成過程(起始、成核、延伸和包裹4個步驟)中的成核環(huán)節(jié),AMPK能增強該復(fù)合體的自噬功能并促進其形成,其中ATG9參與了吞噬體膜的募集,AMPK能夠磷酸化ATG9,從而增加其向自噬小體形成位點的募集。可見,與mTORC1不同,AMPK激活正向調(diào)節(jié)自噬活性。
1.3NF-κB自噬激活信號通路當氧化應(yīng)激或炎性刺激作用于細胞,NF-κB抑制蛋白IκBα磷酸化并降解,NF-κB的DNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域和核定位序列暴露,使其能夠穩(wěn)定地移位到細胞核并調(diào)節(jié)靶基因,誘導(dǎo)許多因子(如IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β、caspase-3等)的轉(zhuǎn)錄[11],進而介導(dǎo)多種細胞過程[12]。研究顯示,NF-κB作為蛋白質(zhì)聚集的中樞感受器,錯誤折疊蛋白非典型途徑激活NF-κB,上調(diào)選擇性自噬激活蛋白Bag3和HspB8表達,重新定位于蛋白質(zhì)聚集體,依賴NF-κB清除蛋白質(zhì)聚集體;一旦-基因缺失,細胞不會發(fā)生自噬且積累更多的蛋白質(zhì)聚集體[13]。此外,NF-κB信號通路參與了細顆粒物引起人正常氣道上皮細胞自噬的過程[14]。這些研究體現(xiàn)了NF-κB在自噬發(fā)生過程中的重要作用。
1.4絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinases,MAPKs)自噬激活信號通路MAPKs家族成員有c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)1/2/3、細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)1/2、ERK3/4、ERK7/8、p38 MAPK等。當特定刺激因素順序磷酸化MAPK激酶激酶(MAPK kinase kinase,MAPKKK)和MAPK激酶(MAPK kinase,MAPKK)時下游p38會被激活進而激活MAPK,然后磷酸化beclin-1的Ser90位點,誘導(dǎo)自噬發(fā)生[15]。氧化應(yīng)激可以激活JNKs,使其從細胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移到細胞核,其含有的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子叉頭框蛋白O(forkhead box O,F(xiàn)oxO)正向調(diào)控自噬,當下調(diào)FoxO1時LC3-II隨之下降,p62增多,導(dǎo)致自噬減弱[16];JNK激活可以誘導(dǎo)靶基因高表達,上調(diào)自噬[17],JNK磷酸化抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2,使beclin-1從beclin-1-Bcl-2復(fù)合體中分離,誘導(dǎo)自噬發(fā)生[18]。激活的ERK1/2降低了溶酶體相關(guān)膜蛋白1(lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1,LAMP1)和LAMP2的表達,影響自噬體與溶酶體的結(jié)合,進而阻礙了自噬體降解,促進LC3表達,上調(diào)自噬[19]。
不同于機體其他終末分化的細胞,VSMCs的分化表型可在多種因素刺激下轉(zhuǎn)化為合成表型,其特征為VSMCs的骨橋蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase 2,MMP2)等合成標志蛋白的表達增加,細胞外基質(zhì)(如彈力蛋白、膠原等)合成分泌增多,收縮標志蛋白如α-平滑肌肌動蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、MYH11 (myosin heavy chain 11)、SM22等表達下降,血管舒縮功能障礙。VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化與心血管疾病密切相關(guān),其中血管鈣化是心血管疾病的風(fēng)險預(yù)測因子和常見病理變化。研究表明,血管鈣化與MMP2、彈性蛋白水平和VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān),鈣化動脈組織中MMP2表達升高,在大鼠體內(nèi)miR-29b-3p表達下調(diào)導(dǎo)致血管鈣化的原因之一也是靶向MMP2蛋白所致[20]。在動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)發(fā)展的3個獨立階段(內(nèi)皮功能障礙、平滑肌增殖和結(jié)構(gòu)破壞)中,血管平滑肌很可能在細胞外基質(zhì)糖蛋白信號的控制下受到纖維連接蛋白的刺激而發(fā)生表型轉(zhuǎn)化[21]。在高血壓的發(fā)生發(fā)展中,血管壁硬化既是高血壓的誘導(dǎo)因素又是高血壓的影響結(jié)果。在這一個復(fù)雜過程中,VSMCs及血管內(nèi)皮細胞均可產(chǎn)生膠原蛋白,形成細胞外基質(zhì),導(dǎo)致血管壁硬化進而引起高血壓;此外,合成表型的VSMCs增殖和分泌功能顯著增強,成為血管壁硬化的發(fā)生基礎(chǔ)[22]。因此,深入了解VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化對防治心血管疾病有重要意義。
自噬被認為是平滑肌細胞表型轉(zhuǎn)化和細胞應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過程中的關(guān)鍵決定因素。血管損傷后,VSMCs表型從基礎(chǔ)收縮狀態(tài)改變?yōu)樵鲋澈铣蔂顟B(tài),收縮表型蛋白表達下調(diào)和合成表型蛋白表達上調(diào)[23]。
3.1PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路與VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化PI3K/Akt途徑對血管生成具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。研究顯示,衰老VSMCs的PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路顯著激活,且增殖指數(shù)、丙二醛濃度及超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶活性顯著升高,端粒酶活性顯著降低,而VSMCs合成表型標志蛋白OPN和MMP2也作為細胞衰老相關(guān)蛋白,表達上調(diào);雷帕霉素抑制mTOR表達或沉默均可影響增殖指數(shù)的變化,延緩VSMCs衰老,維持VSMCs收縮表型,進而延緩高血壓、AS、動脈鈣化等血管衰老相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展[24]。糖尿病患者AS病變快速發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素在于體內(nèi)晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)堆積及其與AGEs受體間相互作用導(dǎo)致的VSMCs分化。VSMCs分化之前需要發(fā)生表型轉(zhuǎn)化,研究顯示,隨著AGEs孵育濃度的增加,VSMCs收縮表型蛋白α-SMA表達下降,自噬標志物L(fēng)C3的mRNA和蛋白表達均明顯增加;自噬抑制劑顯著降低了AGEs增加VSMCs內(nèi)LC3 mRNA和蛋白表達的作用,說明AGEs可誘發(fā)VSMCs發(fā)生自噬,進而引起VSMCs從收縮表型轉(zhuǎn)化為合成表型。AGEs引起VSMCs合成表型優(yōu)勢表達的同時,鈣激活的K+通道蛋白KCa3.1和自噬蛋白LC3表達顯著升高,而PI3K特異性阻斷劑LY294002可抑制這一效應(yīng),這表明AGEs通過PI3K/Akt信號通路促進VSMCs自噬,引起VSMCs從收縮表型轉(zhuǎn)化為合成表型[25]。腹主動脈瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm,AAA)典型的組織學(xué)變化是動脈壁結(jié)構(gòu)破壞及VSMCs收縮功能障礙,而VSMCs收縮表型對于維持血管壁的正常彈性和壓力均具有重要的作用。灌注活性彈力蛋白酶AAA模型大鼠腹主動脈組織p-Akt和p-mTOR蛋白水平明顯高于灌注失活彈力蛋白酶大鼠,AAA形成過程中伴隨著Akt-mTOR通路激活,LC3-I向LC3-II轉(zhuǎn)換增加,自噬底物蛋白p62聚積,提示自噬下游過程被阻斷,14 d后AAA模型大鼠腹主動脈組織SM22α和α-SMA蛋白低表達,OPN蛋白高表達;吸煙能夠增加AAA發(fā)病率,香煙主要成分尼古丁通過激活A(yù)kt-mTOR信號通路加速AAA血管擴張,而褪黑素對AAA的保護作用與抑制VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān),且褪黑素治療降低了p-Akt和p-mTOR蛋白水平,表明褪黑素治療的機制為抑制Akt-mTOR通路、恢復(fù)自噬功能進而抑制VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化[26]。上述研究表明,PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路活化通過調(diào)節(jié)自噬參與了VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化的過程,抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路活化有利于維持VSMCs的收縮功能。
3.2AMPK信號通路與VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化AMPK信號通路在VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。在腹腔注射鏈脲佐菌素聯(lián)合高脂飼料長期喂養(yǎng)誘導(dǎo)的糖尿病小鼠VSMCs老化模型上,益氣活血藥人參三七川芎提取物提高了血管組織p-AMPK/AMPK蛋白比值,降低了OPN和MMP2的蛋白表達;體外實驗應(yīng)用shRNA轉(zhuǎn)染,在降低人主動脈血管平滑肌細胞(human aortic smooth muscle cells,HASMC)內(nèi)AMPK活性的同時,顯著降低了SM22α和α-SMA表達,上調(diào)了MMP2和OPN表達,進一步證實人參三七川芎提取物延緩糖尿病血管衰老的機制是通過調(diào)控AMPK通路、維持VSMCs收縮表型來發(fā)揮作用的[27]。也有研究顯示,血小板源性生長因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)通過激活A(yù)MPK信號通路誘導(dǎo)VSMCs自噬,進而增強了VSMCs遷移和增殖潛能,上調(diào)VSMCs合成表型標志蛋白表達,降低收縮表型標志蛋白表達,促進VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化,說明PDGF誘導(dǎo)的自噬是促進VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化的關(guān)鍵因素之一[28]。此外,PDGF受體β(PDGF receptor-β,PDGFR-β)亦可作為VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化的刺激因子。
3.3NF-κB信號通路與VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化NF-κB信號通路活化引起的自噬激活參與了VSMCs的表型轉(zhuǎn)化。針對SD大鼠血管內(nèi)穿孔誘導(dǎo)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)模型的研究顯示,SAH后24 h,VSMCs收縮表型標志蛋白α-SMA減少,而VSMCs合成表型標志蛋白胚胎平滑肌肌球蛋白重鏈(SMemb)增加,提示VSMCs發(fā)生表型轉(zhuǎn)化;但SAH前48 h腦室內(nèi)注射siRNA減弱了NF-κB誘導(dǎo)的自噬,且增強α-SMA表達;SAH后1 h腹膜內(nèi)給予沉默信息調(diào)節(jié)因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)激活劑白藜蘆醇保留了VSMCs的收縮表型,顯著緩解神經(jīng)功能障礙,SIRT1抑制劑EX527可消除siRNA和白藜蘆醇的作用,提示PDGFR-β通過SIRT1/NF-κB通路調(diào)節(jié)SAH大鼠VSMC表型[29]。miRNAs作為廣泛的VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子,通過調(diào)控VSMCs表型相關(guān)基因表達而調(diào)節(jié)VSMCs的表型轉(zhuǎn)化。螢光素酶分析顯示,在用miR-29b抑制劑治療時,SIRT1的3'-UTR活性顯著增加,然而,在miR-29b模擬物存在時,該活性被逆轉(zhuǎn);抑制miR-29b逆轉(zhuǎn)了PDGF-BB誘導(dǎo)的VSMCs中NF-κB激活,證明miR-29b在PDGF-BB介導(dǎo)的VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化中的作用是通過靶向SIRT1進而激活NF-κB引起的[30]。Notch途徑可以調(diào)控VSMCs的生長和遷移,是決定細胞命運的關(guān)鍵因素。NF-κB復(fù)合體解離之后NF-κB信號通路激活,Notch3信號元件的減少,使VSMCs轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檠装Y狀態(tài),促進VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化[31]。氧化應(yīng)激引起細胞內(nèi)ROS水平升高,激活NF-κB信號通路,可促進VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化。有研究顯示,導(dǎo)管素相關(guān)抗菌肽(cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptides,CRAMP)通過抑制ROS激活NF-κB信號通路產(chǎn)生的IL-6自分泌,進一步抑制VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化,從而在AS發(fā)展中發(fā)揮的潛在保護作用[32]。高脂血癥誘導(dǎo)的趨化因子CCL5/CCR5軸激活也是血管重塑、引起AS的關(guān)鍵路徑,CCL5介導(dǎo)的VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化參與了這一過程;抑制NF-κB信號通路可顯著降低CCR5表達及CCR5誘導(dǎo)的VSMCs增殖和合成表型形成[33]。這再次提示NF-κB信號通路在VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化過程中的重要地位。
3.4MAPKs信號通路與VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化MAPKs信號通路介導(dǎo)的VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化在各種疾病的發(fā)展進程發(fā)揮一定的作用。去泛素化酶圓柱瘤蛋白(cylindromatosis,CYLD)在先天性心臟病引起動脈型肺動脈高壓(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)患者的PASMCs及野百合堿聯(lián)合主動脈腔靜脈分流誘導(dǎo)PAH大鼠的PASMCs中高表達,證實增殖合成表型PASMCs表達高水平的CYLD,而收縮表型PASMCs表達低水平的CYLD;進一步研究顯示,CYLD通過激活p38 MAPK和ERK信號通路來調(diào)節(jié)PASMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化和增殖,從而介導(dǎo)肺血管重塑[34],表明MAPKs介導(dǎo)的PASMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化參與了PAH的發(fā)展進程。蛋白質(zhì)印跡和免疫組織化學(xué)方法發(fā)現(xiàn)層粘連蛋白通過p38 MAPK信號通路保持主動脈平滑肌細胞的收縮狀態(tài),而且在細胞早期階段刺激細胞由合成表型轉(zhuǎn)化為收縮表型,而纖連蛋白通過ERK信號通路介導(dǎo),促進主動脈平滑肌細胞由收縮表型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹铣杀硇停?5],從而參與血管結(jié)構(gòu)重塑。氧化應(yīng)激是AS重要的發(fā)病機制之一,ROS抑制劑peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2)水平和H2O2水平在人AS頸動脈組織中高于正常頸動脈組織。伴隨著MAPK信號通路激活,頸動脈平滑肌細胞(carotid vascular smooth muscle cells,CAVSMCs)中PRDX2上調(diào),顯著降低了ROS水平,并抑制CAVSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化。在相關(guān)MAPK抑制劑治療實驗中,PRDX2下調(diào)促進了p38 MAPK、p-JNK和ERK信號通路激活,證實MAPKs信號通路與VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化呈正相關(guān)[36]。已有研究證明,前列腺素D2可通過ERK信號通路顯著誘導(dǎo)VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化;炎癥反應(yīng)在促進AS發(fā)生的過程中,TNF-α促進了收縮表型VSMCs向合成表型轉(zhuǎn)化,同時TNF-α刺激提高了環(huán)加氧酶2(cyclooxygenase 2,COX2)水平,而抑制COX2表達顯著影響了TNF-α誘導(dǎo)的表型轉(zhuǎn)化,其機制與抑制COX2介導(dǎo)的ERK信號通路活化有關(guān)[37]。三萜類化合物的抗AS作用可能與抑制ERK1/2信號通路進而影響VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)[38]。另有研究證實,甲狀腺激素T3可以抑制VSMCs鈣化,鈣化組ERK1/2蛋白表達顯著增高,而應(yīng)用ERK阻滯劑PD98059與單獨使用T3抑制劑MMI阻斷T3保護作用相似,證明其保護作用與ERK信號通路介導(dǎo)的VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)[39];β-淀粉樣蛋白1-40在增強VSMCs炎癥反應(yīng)及p-p38 MAPK、p-ERK1/2和p-JNK蛋白水平的同時,促進了VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化,MAPKs相應(yīng)抑制劑提高了VSMCs中α-SMA表達,降低了OPN表達,說明β-淀粉樣蛋白1-40誘導(dǎo)VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化的作用是通過激活MAPKs通路實現(xiàn)的[40]。應(yīng)當指出,上述研究表明MAPKs活化參與了VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化,但目前沒有文獻支持自噬在這一過程中的作用,今后應(yīng)進一步關(guān)注MAPKs是否通過調(diào)控自噬進而促進VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化。
VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化參與了多種心血管疾病的發(fā)展進程。正常水平的自噬可以抵御環(huán)境變化對細胞所帶來的損害,但過度自噬誘導(dǎo)了細胞主動性死亡。更為重要的是,自噬參與了VSMCs的表型轉(zhuǎn)化過程,且自噬程度不同對VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化的調(diào)控效果不同,適度自噬有助于維持VSMCs表型和收縮功能,過度自噬在引起細胞凋亡、影響細胞存活的同時,促進VSMCs由收縮表型向合成表型的轉(zhuǎn)化,進而降低VSMCs收縮功能。VSMCs自噬受PI3K/Akt/mTOR、AMPK、NF-κB、MAPKs等多種信號通路調(diào)節(jié),且PI3K/Akt/mTOR、AMPK、NF-κB等信號通路參與了自噬調(diào)節(jié)VSMCs表型轉(zhuǎn)化的過程。因此,精準把握自噬引起的表型轉(zhuǎn)化,有助于防止VSMCs的異常增殖,改善VSMCs的收縮功能,有望成為治療心血管疾病的靶點。應(yīng)當指出,目前的實驗研究多從細胞自噬小體的多少及標志蛋白的表達高低來界定不同病理過程中的自噬程度,但在臨床研究中還沒有明確的生物標志物,這也是當前開展自噬臨床研究的難點之一。因此,應(yīng)當加強不同疾病進程中自噬程度變化特點的相關(guān)研究,加強自噬生物標志物的臨床研究,進一步明確自噬的病理生理意義,并以此加強靶向自噬藥物的研發(fā),從而為靶向自噬防治相關(guān)疾病提供扎實的基礎(chǔ)。
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Role and mechanism of autophagy in promoting transformation to synthetic phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells
LI Cai-juan,ZHAO Zi-gang△
(,,075000,)
The important role of autophagy and phenotypic transformation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during cardiovascular diseases has
extensive attention. Autophagy of VSMCs is regulated by various signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR,AMPK,NF-κB,and MAPKs. More importantly,PI3K/Akt/mTOR,AMPK and NF-κB pathways participate in the autophagy-regulated phenotypic transformation of VSMCs. Therefore,accurate understanding of the relationship between phenotypic transformation and autophagy,and the mechanism of autophagy-induced phenotypic transformation of VSMCs,may provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of vasomotor diseases.
Autophagy; Vascular smooth muscle cells; Phenotypic transformation
R541.6; R363
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2022.02.021
1000-4718(2022)02-0358-06
2021-09-09
2021-12-24
[基金項目]河北省自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(No. H2020405012)
Tel: 0313-4029223; E-mail: zzghyl@126.com
(責(zé)任編輯:林白霜,羅森)