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鹽酸石蒜堿對(duì)TPC-1細(xì)胞增殖和周期的影響*

2022-03-04 09:10黃霜林琳袁琳張峰源姜旭淦陳盛霞
中國病理生理雜志 2022年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:培養(yǎng)液細(xì)胞周期孵育

黃霜, 林琳, 袁琳, 張峰源, 姜旭淦, 陳盛霞

鹽酸石蒜堿對(duì)TPC-1細(xì)胞增殖和周期的影響*

黃霜, 林琳, 袁琳, 張峰源, 姜旭淦, 陳盛霞△

(江蘇大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,江蘇 鎮(zhèn)江 212013)

探討鹽酸石蒜堿(LH)對(duì)甲狀腺乳頭狀癌TPC-1細(xì)胞增殖和周期的影響及其機(jī)制。體外培養(yǎng)TPC-1細(xì)胞,用不同濃度(1.25、2.5、5、10、20、40、60、80和100 μmol/L)的LH處理TPC-1細(xì)胞48 h,CCK-8法檢測LH作用TPC-1細(xì)胞的IC50。參照IC50,將對(duì)數(shù)生長期TPC-1細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分為7組:空白對(duì)照(control)組、溶劑對(duì)照(DMSO)組、1 μmol/L LH組、2 μmol/L LH組、4 μmol/L LH組、NAC(3 mmol/L)組和LH(4 μmol/L)+NAC(3 mmol/L)組。用CCK-8法、平板集落、EdU實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測LH對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖的影響;透射電子顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞線粒體超微結(jié)構(gòu);流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞周期、活性氧(ROS)水平及線粒體膜電位變化;Western blot法檢測MAPK家族蛋白(p38 MAPK、ERK1/2、JNK、p-p38 MAPK、p-ERK1/2和p-JNK)的水平;免疫熒光檢測p-p38 MAPK、p-JNK和p-ERK1/2在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的定位。(1) LH抑制TPC-1細(xì)胞增殖,抑制率與LH濃度及作用時(shí)間呈正比,LH作用48 h的IC50為2.314 μmol/L; (2) 4 μmol/L LH處理后TPC-1細(xì)胞線粒體超微結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化,LH呈濃度依賴性地使線粒體膜電位去極化(<0.05);(3) LH處理后TPC-1細(xì)胞S期比例顯著升高,G0/G1期比例顯著降低(<0.05);(4) LH處理后的TPC-1細(xì)胞ROS水平相較對(duì)照組顯著升高(<0.01);(5)LH處理后TPC-1細(xì)胞p38 MAPK、ERK1/2、JNK、p-p38 MAPK、p-ERK1/2和p-JNK蛋白水平均顯著升高,尤以磷酸化蛋白升高顯著,具有一定的藥物濃度依賴性,且p-p38 MAPK和p-ERK1/2在TPC-1細(xì)胞中都出現(xiàn)不同程度的入核現(xiàn)象;(6)NAC能抑制部分MAPK通路的激活。LH在體外能抑制TPC-1細(xì)胞的增殖,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞線粒體超微結(jié)構(gòu)受損、線粒體膜電位去極化、細(xì)胞S期阻滯和細(xì)胞ROS水平升高,其作用機(jī)制可能是通過ROS累積誘導(dǎo)激活部分MAPK通路而發(fā)揮作用。

鹽酸石蒜堿;TPC-1細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞增殖;細(xì)胞周期;活性氧

天然產(chǎn)物及其衍生物是新藥新型結(jié)構(gòu)的重要來源。在腫瘤領(lǐng)域,1981~2002年間天然小分子來源的新抗癌藥物保持在62%[1]。鹽酸石蒜堿(lycorine hydrochloride,LH)是從石蒜堿科植物石蒜的鱗莖中提取的異喹啉類環(huán)形生物堿,具有廣泛的藥理作用。研究表明,其具有消炎、抗病毒、抗肝纖維化、抗腫瘤、保護(hù)心血管和抗真菌(如白色念珠菌)等多種生物學(xué)功能[2-9]。然而,LH對(duì)乳頭狀甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞增殖、周期的影響及其作用機(jī)制尚不清楚。本項(xiàng)工作以甲狀腺乳頭狀癌細(xì)胞系TPC-1細(xì)胞為模型,探討LH對(duì)乳頭狀甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞增殖、周期和線粒體的影響,并對(duì)其機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究,為LH治療甲狀腺乳頭狀癌提供參考數(shù)據(jù)。

材料和方法

1 細(xì)胞

甲狀腺乳頭狀癌TPC-1細(xì)胞由江蘇大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院毛朝明主任技師惠贈(zèng),常規(guī)培養(yǎng),液氮保存。

2 主要試劑及儀器

胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,F(xiàn)BS)和RMPI-1640基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)液購自BI;LH(純度≥98%)、二甲基亞砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)和-乙酰半胱氨酸(-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC)購自MCE;RIPA裂解液、PMSF、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)檢測試劑盒、EdU細(xì)胞增殖檢測試劑盒、抗熒光淬滅劑、Hochest 33342染液、Triton X-100和線粒體膜電位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP)檢測試劑盒(JC-1)均購自碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8)和細(xì)胞周期檢測試劑盒購自聯(lián)科生物;p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)、ERK1/2和JNK抗體購自萬類生物公司;p-p38 MAPK、p-ERK1/2和p-JNK抗體購自CST;HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗兔Ⅱ抗和HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗鼠Ⅱ抗購自康為世紀(jì);ECL顯色液購自Millipore;細(xì)胞爬片購自NEST。LH溶解于DMSO中,配制成50 mmol/L的儲(chǔ)存液,實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)稀釋成100 μmol/L的工作溶液。NAC用PBS溶解,配制成100 mmol/L的儲(chǔ)存液,實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)稀釋成3 mmol/L的工作溶液。

3 主要方法

3.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)TPC-1細(xì)胞用含10% FBS的RMPI-1640培養(yǎng)液(完全培養(yǎng)液)在37 ℃、5% CO2及飽和濕度條件下培養(yǎng)。當(dāng)細(xì)胞生長至80%左右時(shí),胰酶消化,用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)中細(xì)胞均在37 ℃、5% CO2及飽和濕度條件下培養(yǎng)。

3.2CCK-8法檢測LH的IC50取對(duì)數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度為3×107/L,每孔100 μL接種96孔板,每組3個(gè)復(fù)孔,過夜培養(yǎng)。次日,棄去培養(yǎng)液,根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[4]及前期的濃度篩選,加入含不同濃度(1.25、2.5、5、10、20、40、60、80和100 μmol/L)LH的培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)48 h,吸棄培養(yǎng)液,無菌PBS清洗3次,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8試劑和90 μL完全培養(yǎng)液,培養(yǎng)箱孵育2 h,用酶標(biāo)儀在450 nm和630 nm測定吸光度()。用GraphPad Prism 8計(jì)算LH作用于TPC-1細(xì)胞48 h的IC50,確定后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)LH的濃度。

3.3實(shí)驗(yàn)分組按給予不同干預(yù)因素將細(xì)胞分為:(1)空白對(duì)照(control)組:完全培養(yǎng)液;(2)溶劑對(duì)照(DMSO)組:含0.01% DMSO的完全培養(yǎng)液;(3)1 μmol/L LH組:含1 μmol/L LH的完全培養(yǎng)液;(4)2 μmol/L LH組:含2 μmol/L LH的完全培養(yǎng)液;(5)4 μmol/L LH組:含4 μmol/L LH的完全培養(yǎng)液;(6)NAC組:含3 mmol/L NAC的完全培養(yǎng)液;(7)LH+NAC組:含4 μmol/L LH和3 mmol/L NAC的完全培養(yǎng)液。

3.4CCK-8法測定細(xì)胞活力同3.2處理細(xì)胞,設(shè)置組別同3.3,每組3個(gè)復(fù)孔,于培養(yǎng)0、24、48、72和96 h后吸棄培養(yǎng)液,分別加入10 μL CCK-8試劑和90 μL完全培養(yǎng)液,培養(yǎng)箱孵育2 h,用酶標(biāo)儀在450 nm和630 nm測定值。

3. 5平板集落實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測細(xì)胞增殖在6孔板中接種1 000個(gè)TPC-1細(xì)胞,放置培養(yǎng)箱過夜孵育。次日,吸棄培養(yǎng)液,用無菌PBS清洗3次,設(shè)置組別為control組、DMSO組、1 μmol/L LH組、2 μmol/L LH組和4 μmol/L LH組,每3 d更換1次培養(yǎng)液。培養(yǎng)7 d,有可見集落形成時(shí),棄去培養(yǎng)液,用PBS小心清洗3次。加1 mL 4%多聚甲醛固定30 min后,加結(jié)晶紫染液于室溫染色15 min。光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察,拍照并計(jì)數(shù)細(xì)胞集落數(shù)。

3.6EdU檢測細(xì)胞增殖同3.2處理細(xì)胞,設(shè)置組別同3.5,每組3個(gè)復(fù)孔。培養(yǎng)48 h后,加入100 μL EdU工作液(20 μmol/L)孵育2 h,清洗3次,4%多聚甲醛室溫固定15 min;用含3% BSA的PBS洗滌3次,每次5 min;加入100 μL通透液,室溫孵育15 min;再洗滌3次,每次5 min;每孔加入100 μL點(diǎn)擊反應(yīng)液,室溫避光孵育30 min;洗滌3次,每次5 min;每孔加入1× Hoechst 33342溶液100 μL,室溫避光孵育10 min;洗滌3次,每次5 min。用倒置熒光顯微鏡檢測分析。

3.7流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測MMP取對(duì)數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞3×105個(gè)接種6孔板,設(shè)置組別同3.5。培養(yǎng)48 h后,無菌PBS輕柔清洗3次,每孔加入1 mL胰酶消化2 min后終止,收集細(xì)胞懸液,離心棄上清。PBS洗滌1次。加入0.5 mL完全培養(yǎng)液和0.5 mL JC-1染色工作液重懸,顛倒混勻。細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中孵育20 min,離心棄上清,加入1 mL預(yù)冷的JC-1染色緩沖液(1×)洗滌3次,離心棄上清,沉淀加入300 μL JC-1染色緩沖液重懸后,用流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行檢測分析。

3.8流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞周期同3.7處理細(xì)胞,設(shè)置組別同3.5,培養(yǎng)48 h后,棄去培養(yǎng)液,PBS輕柔清洗2次,每孔加入1 mL胰酶消化2 min,加入培養(yǎng)液終止消化并收集細(xì)胞懸液,離心棄上清。用PBS再洗滌1次,離心棄上清。每個(gè)檢測樣本加入1 mL PI和10 μL破膜劑,漩渦震蕩5~10 s混勻。室溫避光孵育30 min。選擇最低上樣速度,在流式細(xì)胞儀上進(jìn)行細(xì)胞周期檢測。

3.9細(xì)胞ROS水平檢測同3.7處理細(xì)胞,設(shè)置組別同3.3,培養(yǎng)48 h后,棄去培養(yǎng)液,PBS清洗3次,加入用無血清培養(yǎng)液配制的5 μmol/L的H2DCFDA染色液,37 ℃避光孵育30 min。孵育結(jié)束,棄去培養(yǎng)液,PBS清洗2次,每孔加入1 mL無血清培養(yǎng)液,立即用熒光顯微鏡觀察拍照;或胰酶消化重懸細(xì)胞,離心棄上清,500 μL無血清培養(yǎng)液重懸,立即用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測分析。

3.10Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)分析MAPK家族蛋白表達(dá)水平同3.7處理細(xì)胞,設(shè)置組別同3.3,培養(yǎng)48 h收集細(xì)胞,用RIPA裂解液提取蛋白,核酸蛋白儀測定其濃度后,加入5×上樣緩沖液煮沸變性,用12% SDS-PAGE進(jìn)行分離,再用350 mA恒流、90min將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)印至PVDF膜,5% BSA封閉2 h,Ⅰ抗4 ℃過夜孵育;次日,TBST洗膜3次,每次15 min,HRP標(biāo)記的Ⅱ抗室溫孵育1 h,TBST洗膜3次后ECL顯色,檢測MAPK家族p38 MAPK、ERK1/2和JNK蛋白表達(dá)及活化水平的變化。利用ImageJ圖像分析軟件進(jìn)行分析,以目的條帶與GAPDH的灰度值比值作為目的蛋白表達(dá)的相對(duì)水平。

3.11免疫熒光檢測磷酸化p38 MAPK、ERK和JNK蛋白的分布細(xì)胞爬片輕放入24孔板中,加入1.5×104個(gè)對(duì)數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,設(shè)置組別為DMSO組和4 μmol/L LH組,培養(yǎng)48 h后,用PBS洗滌3次,每次3 min;用預(yù)冷甲醛固定細(xì)胞15 min,PBS洗滌3次,每次3 min;用0.25% Triton X-100于4 ℃通透5 min,PBS洗滌3次,每次3 min;5% BSA室溫封閉1 h,棄去液體;每孔加入500 μL p-JNK抗體(1∶500)、p-p38 MAPK抗體(1∶1 000)或p-ERK抗體(1∶300),放入濕盒中,4 ℃過夜孵育;次日,棄掉Ⅰ抗,用PBS清洗細(xì)胞爬片5次,每次5 min;每孔加入300 μL Cy3標(biāo)記的羊抗兔熒光Ⅱ抗(1∶200),室溫避光孵育2 h,PBS洗滌5次,每次5 min;每孔加入300 μL Hochest 33342染液,避光孵育10 min,PBS洗滌5次,每次5 min;濾紙吸干爬片多余液體,滴加5 μL熒光淬滅劑于載玻片上封片;4 ℃避光保存,熒光顯微鏡觀察結(jié)果。

4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

所有實(shí)驗(yàn)獨(dú)立重復(fù)3次。用GraphPad Prism 8軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示。組間均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié)果

1 鹽酸石蒜堿對(duì)TPC-1細(xì)胞增殖的影響

CCK-8實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,LH作用細(xì)胞48 h的IC50為2.314 μmol/L(圖1A)。根據(jù)IC50確定后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)LH的濃度分別為1、2和4 μmol/L。LH能夠顯著地呈時(shí)間和濃度依賴性抑制TPC-1細(xì)胞的活力(圖1B)。平板集落實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示(圖1C),LH處理組細(xì)胞集落數(shù)減少,各組細(xì)胞集落數(shù)分別為227.3±143.2(1 μmol/L LH組)、10.0±7.0(2 μmol/L LH組)、2.3±1.5(4 μmol/L LH組)、696.3±117.3(control組)和645.3±189.9(DMSO組);且顯微鏡下集落細(xì)胞群隨LH濃度增加而變小,細(xì)胞固縮深染,各組細(xì)胞集落面積分別為(8 522.0±2 022.0) μm2(1 μmol/L LH組)、(1 302.0±74.5) μm2(2 μmol/L LH組)、(417.2±20.4) μm2(4 μmol/L LH組)、(68 608.0±34 108.0) μm2(control組)和(74 184.0±19 901.0) μm2(DMSO組)。EdU結(jié)果(圖1D)顯示,與control組和DMSO組比較,LH處理組EdU陽性細(xì)胞率下降,其中4 μmol/L LH組EdU陽性細(xì)胞率顯著下降(<0.05)。

Figure 1.Lycorine hydrochloride (LH) inhibited the proliferation of TPC-1 cells. A: IC50 of LH for TPC-1 cells after 48 h of treatment; B: CCK-8 was used to determine the effects of LH on the viability of TPC-1 cells; C: the effect of LH on plate colony formation (scale bar=100 μm); D: Hoechst 33342 and EdU staining (scale bar=100 μm). Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control group; #P<0.05,##P<0.01 vs DMSO group; △P<0.05,△△P<0.01 vs 1 μmol/L LH group; &P<0.05,&&P<0.001 vs 2 μmol/L LH group.

2 LH對(duì)TPC-1細(xì)胞線粒體超微結(jié)構(gòu)及MMP的影響

透射電鏡結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組TPC-1細(xì)胞線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)完整,輪廓清晰;4 μmol/L LH處理48 h后,線粒體數(shù)量減少,線粒體完整性被破壞,表現(xiàn)為外膜缺損、嵴排列不規(guī)則、部分線粒體出現(xiàn)溶解以及基質(zhì)模糊不清、線粒體變小,見圖2A。JC-1染色后流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞MMP的變化,結(jié)果顯示,LH以劑量依賴性的方式去極化MMP,各組相對(duì)MMP分別為(6.18±0.31)% (1 μmol/L LH組)、(7.11±0.94)%(2 μmol/L LH組)、(10.62±1.87)% (4 μmol/L LH組)、(1.64±0.94)% (control組)和(1.85±0.79)% (DMSO組),去極化的膜電位增加(<0.05),見圖2B。

Figure 2.Effects of lycorine hydrochloride (LH) on mitochondrial ultrastructure and mitochondrial membrane potential of TPC-1 cells. A: the ultrastructure of the cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy (scale bar=1 μm). In control group,the mitochondrial structure was intact and the outline was clear. The integrity of mitochondria in 4 μmol/L LH group was destroyed,which was manifested as dissolution of mitochondria in the outer membrane defect with irregular ridge arrangement and matrix blurring. B: the mitochondrial membrane potential of TPC-1 cells treated with different concentrations of LH was measured by flow cytometry. Mean±SD. n=3. **P<0.01 vs control group; ##P<0.01 vs DMSO group; △P<0.05 vs 1 μmol/L LH group; &&P<0.01 vs 2 μmol/L LH group.

3 LH對(duì)TPC-1細(xì)胞周期的影響

不同濃度的LH處理TPC-1細(xì)胞48 h后,細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生改變。隨著LH濃度的升高,S期細(xì)胞比例增加,G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例降低;其中2 μmol/L LH組和4 μmol/L LH組S期細(xì)胞比例顯著增加(<0.01),G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例顯著降低(<0.05);且2 μmol/L LH組和4 μmol/L LH組相較于1 μmol/L LH組,S期細(xì)胞比例也顯著增加(<0.05),見圖3。

Figure 3.Effect of lycorine hydrochloride on the cell cycle of TPC-1. A: control group; B: DMSO group; C: 1 μmol/L lycorine hydrochloride group; D: 2 μmol/L lycorine hydrochloride group; E: 4 μmol/L lycorine hydrochloride group. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control group; #P<0.05,#P<0.01 vs DMSO group; △△P<0.01 vs 1 μmol/L LH group.

4 LH對(duì)TPC-1細(xì)胞ROS生成的影響

熒光顯微鏡和流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測結(jié)果顯示,與control組和DMSO組相比,各LH組ROS水平顯著增高(<0.01),且ROS的含量與LH濃度呈正比,其中2 μmol/L LH組和4 μmol/L LH組ROS升高更為顯著,因此選用最高濃度4 μmol/L作為后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的LH組,見圖4。

Figure 4.Effect of lycorine hydrochloride (LH) on ROS production in TPC-1 cells. A: the content of ROS was observed by immunofluorescence (scale bar=100 μm); B: the content of ROS was detected by flow cytometry; C: statistics of relative mean fluorescence intensity (RMFI). Mean±SD. n=3. **P<0.01 vs control group; ##P<0.01 vs DMSO group; △△P<0.01 vs 1 μmol/L LH group; &P<0.05 vs 2 μmol/L LH group.

5 Western blot法檢測細(xì)胞MAPK通路的變化

Western blot結(jié)果顯示,隨著LH濃度的增加,p38 MAPK總蛋白和磷酸化蛋白(圖5A)、JNK總蛋白和磷酸化蛋白(圖5B)以及ERK1/2總蛋白和磷酸化蛋白(圖5C)水平均發(fā)生改變,p38 MAPK、JNK和ERK1/2隨著LH濃度的增加而被逐漸激活,磷酸化水平呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(<0.05)。

6 免疫熒光檢測MAPK通路中磷酸化蛋白質(zhì)的分布情況

免疫熒光結(jié)果顯示,DMSO組p-p38 MAPK、p-JNK和p-ERK1/2蛋白大部分分布于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,而LH組的p-p38 MAPK和p-ERK1/2較多出現(xiàn)在細(xì)胞核中,胞質(zhì)中相對(duì)較少,但p-JNK仍大部分位于胞質(zhì)中,且LH組比DMSO組MAPK通路的磷酸化蛋白熒光強(qiáng)度高,見圖6。

Figure 5.Effect of lycorine hydrochloride (LH) on p38 MAPK (A),ERK1/2 (B) and JNK (C) protein levels. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control group; #P<0.05,##P<0.01 vs DMSO group; △P<0.05,△△P<0.01 vs 1 μmol/L LH group; &P<0.05,&&P<0.01 vs 2 μmol/L group.

Figure 6.Intracellular localization of p-p38 MAPK,p-JNK and p-ERK1/2 detected by immunofluorescence (scale bar=100 μm).

7 NAC和LH共處理對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖及MAPK通路的影響

活性氧清除劑NAC和LH共處理TPC-1細(xì)胞后,與LH組相比,NAC+LH組ROS含量顯著降低(<0.01),見圖7A、B;TPC-1細(xì)胞的活力顯著增加(<0.01),見圖7C;且能部分降低MAPK通路蛋白的表達(dá)水平,p38 MAPK總蛋白和磷酸化蛋白、JNK總蛋白和磷酸化蛋白以及ERK1/2磷酸化蛋白水平顯著降低(<0.05),見圖7D~F。

Figure 7.Effects of co-treatment with NAC and LH on ROS content,cell viability,and p38 MAPK,ERK1/2 and JNK protein levels in TPC-1 cells. A: the content of ROS was detected by immunofluorescence (scale bar=100 μm) and flow cytometry; B: statistics of relative mean fluorescence intensity (RMFI); C: the viability of TPC-1 cells pretreated with NAC was determined by CCK-8 assay; D: analysis of relative expression of proteins related to p38 MAPK; E: analysis of relative expression of proteins related to JNK; F: analysis of relative expression of proteins related to ERK1/2. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control group; ##P<0.01 vs NAC group; △P<0.05,△△P<0.01 vs LH group.

討論

2020年全球腫瘤統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果顯示,全球甲狀腺癌發(fā)病率為58.6萬例,發(fā)病率排第九[10]。據(jù)預(yù)測,2030年甲狀腺癌將取代直腸癌成為第四大腫瘤[11]。甲狀腺癌中最常見的病理類型是甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC),約占80%,且PTC近年來的發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢[12]。雖然PTC在各型甲狀腺癌中惡性程度較低,對(duì)手術(shù)治療反應(yīng)良好,治愈率高[13];但是PTC侵襲性強(qiáng),容易發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,影響患者預(yù)后[14-15]。甲狀腺激素抑制療法治療時(shí)有短期副作用和長期副作用[16-17]。因此,尋找有效而低毒的化療藥物很有必要。

近年來LH的抗腫瘤作用也受到了國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的關(guān)注。目前研究顯示,LH對(duì)食管癌、黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、腎癌、卵巢癌和胃癌有抑制作用[2-7]。如LH可能通過SAPK/JNK/GSK-3β信號(hào)通路阻滯細(xì)胞在G1期,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[8];LH通過誘導(dǎo)卵巢癌細(xì)胞G2/M期阻滯抑制其生長[4];LH通過上調(diào)泛素E3連接酶FBXW7,降低MCL1蛋白的穩(wěn)定性,使細(xì)胞周期阻滯在S期,觸發(fā)胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖抑制[5]。由此可見,LH會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞周期紊亂,進(jìn)而抑制腫瘤發(fā)生。但LH是否影響乳頭狀甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期,目前尚未見報(bào)道。本研究結(jié)果顯示,LH能顯著抑制TPC-1細(xì)胞增殖,細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生變化且停滯在S期,表明LH可能通過阻滯TPC-1細(xì)胞在S期,進(jìn)而抑制其增殖。

MAPK通路調(diào)控多種細(xì)胞生理病理過程,包括細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、炎癥和應(yīng)激反應(yīng)等,其主要包括ERK1/2、p38 MAPK、JNK和ERK5這4條主要的信號(hào)通路[18-20]。已有研究表明,ROS產(chǎn)生的氧化損傷釋放的端粒片段和細(xì)胞損傷物質(zhì)會(huì)促進(jìn)p38 MAPK的激活,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞端??s短、細(xì)胞周期阻滯和細(xì)胞增殖阻滯[19,21]。紫草素可促使多種癌細(xì)胞ROS的積累,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞MMP喪失,JNK和p38 MAPK通路激活,進(jìn)而癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激損害后自噬、凋亡增強(qiáng)[22]。本研究也同樣觀察到,LH作用TPC-1細(xì)胞后,ROS含量升高,細(xì)胞周期S期阻滯,細(xì)胞活力降低,MMP呈濃度依賴性下降,同時(shí)線粒體超微結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,MAPK通路被激活且呈濃度依賴性。由此推測,LH對(duì)TPC-1細(xì)胞的作用,可能是因TPC-1細(xì)胞對(duì)ROS的清除能力下降,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激損傷,激活MAPK通路,并引起細(xì)胞周期阻滯和細(xì)胞增殖受阻。

腫瘤細(xì)胞中ROS累積升高也可通過其他途徑導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡。例如,順鉑可通過提升CNE-2Z細(xì)胞ROS水平,上調(diào)氯通道ClC-3蛋白水平,從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,用NAC抑制細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生ROS后,可緩解順鉑誘導(dǎo)的ClC-3蛋白表達(dá)和凋亡,而下調(diào)ClC-3蛋白表達(dá)對(duì)ROS水平影響不大[23]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,用NAC抑制TPC-1細(xì)胞ROS生成后,細(xì)胞增殖率升高,僅p38 MAPK總蛋白、JNK磷酸化蛋白及ERK1/2磷酸化蛋白表達(dá)水平降低,MAPK通路的激活被部分抑制,表明除了氧化應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致ROS升高而激活MAPK通路外,還存在其他靶點(diǎn)參與了MAPK通路的激活,有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

綜上所述,我們的體外實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,LH可濃度和時(shí)間依賴性地抑制TPC-1細(xì)胞增殖;LH濃度依賴性地升高細(xì)胞ROS水平,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞S期阻滯,線粒體超微結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變且MMP呈濃度依賴性下降;同時(shí),細(xì)胞MAPK家族蛋白被激活,且用ROS清除劑NAC作用后,MAPK家族蛋白的激活受到部分抑制。該研究為LH治療乳頭狀甲狀腺癌提供了一定的體外基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。

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Effects of lycorine hydrochloride on proliferation and cell cycle of TPC-1 cells

HUANG Shuang,LIN Lin,YUAN Lin,ZHANG Feng-yuan,JIANG Xu-gan,CHEN Sheng-xia△

(,,212013,)

To investigate the effects of lycorine hydrochloride (LH) on the proliferation and cell cycle of thyroid papillary carcinoma TPC-1 cells and its mechanism.The TPC-1 cells were treated with LH at different concentrations (1.25,2.5,5,10,20,40,60,80 and 100 μmol/L) for 48 h,and IC50of LH for TPC-1 cells was detected by CCK-8 method. According to the IC50,TPC-1 cells at logarithmic growth stage were randomly divided into 7 groups: blank control (control) group,solvent control (DMSO) group,1 μmol/L LH group,2 μmol/L LH group,4 μmol/L LH group,NAC (3 mmol/L) group and LH (4 μmol/L)+NAC (3 mmol/L) group. The effects of LH on cell proliferation were detected by CCK-8,plate colony and EdU assays. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy,and the changes of cell cycle,reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of MAPK family proteins (p38 MAPK,ERK1/2,JNK,p-p38 MAPK,p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK) were measured by Western blot. The intracellular localization of p-p38 MAPK,p-JNK and p-ERK1/2 was observed by immunofluorescence.(1) The proliferation of TPC-1 cells was inhibited by LH,and the inhibitory rate was proportional to the concentration and action time of LH. The IC50of LH at 48 h was 2.314 μmol/L. (2) Mitochondrial ultrastructure of TPC-1 cells changed after 4 μmol/L LH treatment,and LH depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential in a concentration-dependent manner (<0.05). (3) The proportion of S phase in TPC-1 cells after LH treatment were significantly increased,and the proportion of G0/G1phase was significantly decreased (<0.05). (4) The level of ROS in TPC-1 cells treated with LH was significantly higher than that in control group (<0.01). (5) After LH treatment,the protein levels of p38 MAPK,ERK1/2,JNK,p-p38 MAPK,p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK were increased,especially the phosphorylated proteins,with a certain drug concentration dependence. Moreover,p-p38 MAPK and p-ERK showed different degrees of nuclear translocation in TPC-1 cells. (6) Partial MAPK pathway activation was inhibited by NAC pretreatment.,LH inhibits the proliferation of TPC-1 cells,damages the ultrastructure of mitochondria,depolarizes mitochondrial membrane potential,and induces S-phase arrest and ROS increase. The mechanism may be related to ROS accumulation induction and partial MAPK pathway activation.

Lycorine hydrochloride; TPC-1 cells; PCell proliferation; Cell cycle; Reactive oxygen species

R736.1; R730.23

A

10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2022.02.013

1000-4718(2022)02-0292-11

2021-07-13

2022-01-12

[基金項(xiàng)目]科技部基礎(chǔ)平臺(tái)資助項(xiàng)目(No. 2019-194-30)

Tel: 0511-86102011; E-mail: chensxia@ujs.edu.cn

(責(zé)任編輯:林白霜,羅森)

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