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例析英語(yǔ)議論文的批判性閱讀教學(xué)

2020-03-04 11:05魏之寧魏玉平
關(guān)鍵詞:批判性閱讀批判性思維

魏之寧 魏玉平

摘? ? 要:對(duì)英語(yǔ)議論文開(kāi)展批判性閱讀有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的批判性思維品質(zhì)和審辯能力。教學(xué)中師生應(yīng)該研讀語(yǔ)篇,審視作者的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)及其論證過(guò)程,整合閱讀教學(xué)策略,開(kāi)展分析、判斷、推論、評(píng)價(jià)、闡釋和探究等批判性閱讀活動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)深度學(xué)習(xí)。

關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)議論文;批判性閱讀;批判性思維

古人云:“疑是思之始、學(xué)之端。”在閱讀教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的批判性思維能力十分重要,因?yàn)榕行运季S是人們?yōu)檫x擇信什么和做什么(知識(shí)、信息、觀點(diǎn)、理念、理論、質(zhì)疑、求證、建議、評(píng)估等)而進(jìn)行審視、聯(lián)想、綜合、分析、闡釋和評(píng)估的高階思維。

英語(yǔ)議論文是中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言和文化知識(shí)的重要文體。師生通過(guò)分析語(yǔ)篇的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)及其內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu),理解文本所揭示的主題意義,借助與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的關(guān)聯(lián),習(xí)得文化知識(shí),豐富語(yǔ)言知識(shí),發(fā)展語(yǔ)言技能,提升思維品質(zhì),增強(qiáng)文化意識(shí),提高學(xué)習(xí)能力。英語(yǔ)議論文批判性閱讀,基于師生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的充分解析與研讀,分清主次詳略,明確先后順序,梳理因果關(guān)系,在與文本的深度對(duì)話中對(duì)主題意義或核心論點(diǎn)以及相關(guān)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行有理有據(jù)的解釋、分析、評(píng)價(jià)、推論、闡釋和交流,從自主質(zhì)疑到一般認(rèn)同,從局部分析到整體把握,從信息接收到創(chuàng)新建構(gòu),以此提升師生的批判性思維能力。

下面,以“The paradox of choice”為例(例文詳見(jiàn)浙江教學(xué)月刊社網(wǎng)站www.jxyk.com“資料下載”中的“原文選登”)分析英語(yǔ)議論文的批判性閱讀教學(xué)。例文節(jié)選自社會(huì)心理學(xué)家巴里·施瓦茲(Barry Schwartz)的論著“The paradox of choice—Why more is less”。 語(yǔ)篇篇幅不長(zhǎng),結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,立論鮮明,論據(jù)源自生活,論證充分,思維嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)言?xún)?yōu)美、流暢。

一、猜測(cè)核心詞匯? ?解讀標(biāo)題含義

T: English argumentation is an analysis, comment, or presentation of a question or event. Lets refer to the two basic writing methods, the Inductive Method(歸納法) and the Deductive Method(演繹法).

T: Now, please read the first or last paragraph, try to guess and explain the meaning of the title “The paradox of choice”.

運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x策略,大多數(shù)學(xué)生在閱讀后自主圈定了語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)尾——In this age of unlimited variety, rather the opposite is true: “good enough” is the new “best choice”,他們獨(dú)立審視和思考標(biāo)題“The paradox of choice”并提出自己的見(jiàn)解,如 “選擇的疑惑”“選擇的策略”“反論選擇”“選擇的困惑”等。

T: Which is the closest explanation after we refer to the definition of paradox? Please think it over.

之后,教師呈現(xiàn)不同詞典對(duì)paradox一詞的解釋?zhuān)篴 statement containing two opposite ideas that make it seem impossible or unlikely, although it is probably true;A paradox is a statement in which it seems that if one part of it is true, the other part of it cannot be true.

師生討論和辨析后得出了對(duì)標(biāo)題的正確解讀:“選擇的悖論”或“對(duì)選擇的反論”。

【簡(jiǎn)析】Paradox是語(yǔ)篇的核心詞匯,也是難點(diǎn)詞匯。通過(guò)對(duì)英語(yǔ)釋義的解讀與辨析,學(xué)生能夠自主判斷標(biāo)題的意義,表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。在學(xué)生讀前進(jìn)行閱讀策略指導(dǎo)是頗為必要的,因?yàn)橛行褂脤W(xué)習(xí)策略有助于提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的效果和效率,幫助學(xué)生發(fā)展自主學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣和能力。此環(huán)節(jié)旨在滲透文法指導(dǎo),運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x策略,幫助學(xué)生排除困難,自主閱讀、猜測(cè)、辨析、解讀和判斷文本的核心概念和標(biāo)題含義。

二、梳理語(yǔ)篇布局? 概述文本要義

T: Please read through the passage, discuss in groups and analyze the layout of the argumentative writing.

學(xué)生通讀語(yǔ)篇,在10分鐘內(nèi)借助小組互動(dòng)討論,分析語(yǔ)篇布局,培養(yǎng)質(zhì)疑意識(shí)。其后,有三個(gè)小組認(rèn)為語(yǔ)篇由以下三部分組成:

Part 1. Para 1—the current situation

Part 2. Paras 2-5—analysis of causes

Part 3. Para 6—tips or suggestions

一個(gè)小組認(rèn)為語(yǔ)篇由以下兩部分組成:

Part 1. Paras 1-5—the causes of this paradox of choice

Part 2. Para 6—the solutions to it

此時(shí),教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生總結(jié)議論文的構(gòu)成要素:

1.論點(diǎn)(是什么):thesis, argument or point of discussion.

2.論據(jù)(為什么):grounds of argument.

3.論證(怎么做):demonstration or proof.

由此可以看出,三部分的語(yǔ)篇布局更為合理。

然后,教師要求學(xué)生再讀文本,5分鐘內(nèi)用一句話概述語(yǔ)篇信息。部分學(xué)生表述如下:

S1: Larger and larger selection makes poorer and poorer decisions, which leads to peoples dissatisfaction.

S2: Its really very difficult for us to face far too many options, and there has never been more choices, so it is a big question.

S3: This paradox of choice is caused by too much more selection with rapid development of technology in the modern age, which makes us puzzled in making a good choice.

T: Well done! Which do you prefer and how do you like it?

S4: I like the third one, for its beyond the essay. Quite wise!

【簡(jiǎn)析】文本閱讀是學(xué)生的個(gè)性化行為。在分析語(yǔ)篇布局環(huán)節(jié),教師在學(xué)生有不同結(jié)論時(shí)有意識(shí)地滲透有關(guān)語(yǔ)篇布局的基本知識(shí),幫助學(xué)生形成語(yǔ)篇意識(shí),借助生生互動(dòng)和師生互動(dòng),提煉、總結(jié)、歸納議論文的構(gòu)成三要素,習(xí)得語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí)。學(xué)生再讀文本,對(duì)語(yǔ)篇中的某些論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概述。在三個(gè)學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言輸出后,教師要求學(xué)生對(duì)已呈現(xiàn)的個(gè)體表述進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),讓課堂評(píng)價(jià)不流于形式,將日常課堂評(píng)價(jià)上升到“作為學(xué)習(xí)的評(píng)價(jià)”,在學(xué)習(xí)中評(píng)價(jià),在評(píng)價(jià)中學(xué)習(xí),做到 “以評(píng)促學(xué)”。

三、闡述段落論點(diǎn)? ?探究語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)

T: What conclusion can you draw after digesting the three topic sentences in the grounds of argument?

教師分別列出論據(jù)部分的三個(gè)段落主題句,要求學(xué)生咀嚼、思辨和闡述自己的理解或觀點(diǎn)。

1. First, a large selection almost makes you fall apart.

2. Second, a broader selection leads to poorer decisions.

3. Finally, a large selection leads to dissatisfaction.

T: Lets turn to the grounds of argument and pay attention to the effectiveness and the cause of the paradox of choice. The author sums up his thesis with three sentences and provides supporting details about his argument afterward.

T: How do you paraphrase or restate the three topic sentences in the passage?

S1: Much more choice almost makes you at a loss or confused.

S2: Many more options bring about your worse decisions.

S3: Far too many options make you feel dissatisfied.

T: Quite well done! Paraphrasing goes well with certain situations or context. And how do you like the way of expressing?

S1: I like it for it is easy for us to comprehend the proofs clearly.

S2: In order of the effects on peoples decisions, the author is very wise to list them, and we should learn and follow it.

T: The author presents relevant evidence that supports his argument and convinces the readers. Lets turn to the essay and analyze the cohesive devices and logic coherence.

每一篇好的文本都有其明確的主題,主題之下又有其對(duì)應(yīng)的若干下級(jí)意義,這些下級(jí)意義與主題之間必然存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系,如從因到果、從主到次、從整體到部分、從抽象到具體、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)、從具體到一般等,語(yǔ)篇的這種內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系就是結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí)[1]?;诖?,教師引領(lǐng)學(xué)生從語(yǔ)法銜接和詞匯銜接兩方面對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行探究。

T: How does the author express his idea or opinion grammatically? Now, please scan the passage and try to find the Grammatical Cohesion(語(yǔ)法銜接) in it.

約5分鐘后,師生在文中找尋、發(fā)現(xiàn)、歸類(lèi),得出以下結(jié)論。

1. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ龋篿n contrast, but, instead, rather the opposite

2. 表示時(shí)間、程序或重要程度:first, second, finally, afterward, in the past, nowadays, today, never, the next day, on day two, in this age of unlimited variety, before, and so on, when, without a second thought, the more … the more ...

3. 表示因果關(guān)系:so, and therefore

4. 表示概括或結(jié)論:also, and vice versa

T: Linking words in grammatical cohesion play an important part in manner of English writing and we should follow the style in our writing practice and try to express ourselves clearly.

T: Now, as to the title “The paradox of choice”, lets read through the passage and sum up how the author expresses most choice diffe-

rently in Lexical Cohesion(詞匯銜接).

Ss: “A large selection”“a broader selection”“l(fā)arge selection”“far too many options”“option floods”“with such a wide range”“this extremely complicated variety”“200 options”“in this age of unlimited variety”“There has never been more choice.”

T: Here, restatement(重述) is used a lot in order to avoid repetition(重復(fù)) and for emphasis(強(qiáng)調(diào)).

【簡(jiǎn)析】對(duì)語(yǔ)篇寫(xiě)作手法,尤其是銜接方法的探究在英語(yǔ)議論文閱讀理解過(guò)程中是十分必要的。教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探究、解析文體特征,賞析語(yǔ)篇中精彩語(yǔ)段的表意手段,從語(yǔ)法銜接與詞匯銜接兩個(gè)層面剖析文本的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu),一方面,可以幫助學(xué)生積累語(yǔ)篇知識(shí),另一方面,有助于學(xué)生梳理文脈,對(duì)“悖論”進(jìn)行細(xì)致的分析和理解。

四、審視論據(jù)信息? ?推斷寫(xiě)作意圖

T: Now, lets come to the authors proofs, pay attention to the beginning words such as “First, Second, Finally, So” to find the evidence and evaluate the authors view of point. Why does the author hold the view that more is less?

S1: I quite agree with the authors opinion: Think carefully about what you want before you inspect existing offers. The proof appears in the third paragraph, the experiment on the 24 varie-

ties and 6 ones shows that with a wide range, it is really hard for people to make a decision when they face too many offers. The authors point comes from the experiments, its convincing indeed.

S2: ...

S3: ...

T: Quite right! You can never make a perfect decision facing so many options. So,“Good enough” is the new “best choice.”

【簡(jiǎn)析】美國(guó)批判性思維學(xué)者理查德·保羅和琳達(dá)·埃爾德在《批判性思維指南》一書(shū)中指出,批判性思維是為了提高思維能力而分析、評(píng)估思維的過(guò)程,也就是說(shuō)它是以提高思維能力為目的而對(duì)自己的思維進(jìn)行的分析與評(píng)估[2]。通過(guò)定位段首詞如“First, Second, Finally, So”,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系,提升學(xué)生在有效時(shí)間內(nèi)快速把握篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。審視文中論據(jù)的具體信息,求證并推斷作者三個(gè)例證中的情感態(tài)度以及字里行間所隱藏著的真正含義及寫(xiě)作意圖,批判性地解讀、領(lǐng)會(huì)和評(píng)估作者的觀點(diǎn)、建議或勸告——“為什么多了反而就變成少了呢?”在評(píng)價(jià)中思辨,自主建立邏輯關(guān)聯(lián),形成自己的看法或見(jiàn)解,從而提升批判性思維品質(zhì)。

五、建立生活關(guān)聯(lián)? ?評(píng)價(jià)中心論點(diǎn)

T: The last sentence is the authors conclusive suggestion. Comparatively, there goes an old Chinese saying “The more, the better”. It is true in ancient China,especially at wars, but is it really true in life all the time or in any situation? Lets have a discussion in groups and then present your opinions based on your experiences in life.

G1: We dont think the more is the better. Faced with too many options, its difficult for us to make a good choice or a wise decision.

G2: As the author suggests, you can never make a perfect decision. So, sometimes more choices will make you fall apart. I hold that the more, the worse.

G3: As for the homework in our study life, we hold that the more homework we do, the less efficient it will be, for too much work is repeated and it is really a waste of time and energy. Thats our advice to some of our teachers.

...

T: Yes! I cant agree more, especially Group 3 is fixed on our study life. I hope all of us can make a wise or perfect decision when we make a choice. Thank you!

【簡(jiǎn)析】以中國(guó)諺語(yǔ)“多多益善”為引子建立生活關(guān)聯(lián),將文本的中心論點(diǎn)“足夠好的就是現(xiàn)在最好的選擇”進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,與“選擇的悖論”進(jìn)行邏輯對(duì)比,進(jìn)而深刻理解主題意義。此環(huán)節(jié)將語(yǔ)言、思維、文化融于一體,加深學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)論的理解,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言技能?chē)L試從不同視角闡釋文化內(nèi)涵,嘗試在反思生活的過(guò)程中運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言和文化知識(shí),充分辨析、驗(yàn)證和評(píng)價(jià)作者的觀點(diǎn)、見(jiàn)解或建議,拓展生活視野,創(chuàng)造性地表達(dá)和交流觀點(diǎn)或見(jiàn)解,提升綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力,形成和發(fā)展思辨意識(shí)。

“批判性思維和創(chuàng)造性思維是推動(dòng)未來(lái)知識(shí)社會(huì)前進(jìn)的主要?jiǎng)恿Α盵3]。在批判性閱讀中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的批判性思維應(yīng)當(dāng)成為英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的常態(tài)。師生以語(yǔ)篇為依托,充分挖掘文本主題所承載的語(yǔ)言和文化信息,探究、批判與審辯活動(dòng)貫穿始終,方法與策略驅(qū)動(dòng)批判性思維常態(tài)和自主學(xué)習(xí)常態(tài),促進(jìn)學(xué)生積累語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和文化知識(shí),重建認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu),培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì),發(fā)展語(yǔ)言技能,優(yōu)化學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]張秋會(huì),王薔. 淺析文本解讀的五個(gè)角度[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇), 2016(11):11-16.

[2]張冠群,黃小梅.小學(xué)英語(yǔ)審辯式閱讀教學(xué)的行動(dòng)與省思[J].課程·教材·教法,2019(4):75-77.

[3]多拉·蒙維爾.批判性思維和創(chuàng)造性思維——推動(dòng)知識(shí)社會(huì)前進(jìn)的主要?jiǎng)恿J].王爽,譯. 全球教育展望,2001(12):1-4.

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