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介入治療急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞的臨床研究

2018-12-21 12:41何景良梁志會(huì)李亮
關(guān)鍵詞:介入治療

何景良 梁志會(huì) 李亮

[摘要] 目的 探討介入治療急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞的臨床效果。 方法 選擇2016年6月~2017年6月解放軍白求恩國(guó)際和平醫(yī)院診治的急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞60例,按照治療方式的不同分為兩組,其中對(duì)照組30例行大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓治療,實(shí)驗(yàn)組30例行大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓+置管溶栓治療。比較兩組治療效果和兩組患者凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)及D-二聚體(D-D)水平,觀察兩組患者的復(fù)發(fā)率及截肢率。 結(jié)果 治療后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組總有效率明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。治療后,兩組APTT及PT水平均高于治療前,且實(shí)驗(yàn)組顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);兩組FIB、D-D水平均明顯低于治療前,且實(shí)驗(yàn)組明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。治療后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組栓塞復(fù)發(fā)發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),兩組截肢率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 臨床中對(duì)急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞患者應(yīng)用大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓+置管溶栓治療效果顯著,且并發(fā)癥少,臨床效果優(yōu)于單純應(yīng)用大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓治療,可進(jìn)行推廣。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞;介入治療;大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓;置管溶栓

[中圖分類號(hào)] R654.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)09(a)-0071-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of interventional therapy for acute lower extremity arterial embolism. Methods From June 2016 to June 2017, in PLA Bethune International Peace Hospital, 60 patients with acute arterial embolism of lower extremity were selected, according to the treatment methods, they were divided into two groups, 30 cases in the control group were treated with large cavity catheter sucking thrombus, and 30 cases in the experiment group were treated with large cavity catheter sucking thrombolytic thrombolysis plus catheter thrombolytic therapy. The treatment effect, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB) and D-Dimer (D-D) level of the two groups were compared, and the recurrence rate and amputation rate of the two groups were observed. Results After treatment, the total effective rate of experiment group was significantly higher than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of APTT and PT in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and those in the experiment group were significantly higher than those of control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the levels of FIB and D-D in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and those in the experiment group were significantly lower than those of control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). After treatment, the incidence of embolic recurrence in the experiment group was lower than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in amputation rate between the experiment group and control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion The clinical effect of large cavity catheter suction thrombolysis plus catheter thrombolysis for patients with acute lower extremity arterial embolization is remarkable, and the complications are few, the clinical effect is better than that of the simple use of large cavity catheter suction thrombolytic therapy, and it can be popularized.

[Key words] Acute lower extremity arterial embolism; Interventional therapy; Large lumen catheter thrombus embolism; Catheter thrombolysis

急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞是導(dǎo)致患者截肢的一個(gè)重要病因,該病的發(fā)病機(jī)制為:患者心臟或動(dòng)脈血管中的栓子發(fā)生脫落進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致血栓形成,或斑塊阻塞血管,引起動(dòng)脈栓塞,導(dǎo)致患肢循環(huán)障礙,引發(fā)缺血性疾病[1]。該病可導(dǎo)致患者患肢功能異常,造成不可逆的損傷,嚴(yán)重者可造成截肢或死亡[2]。對(duì)于急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞,及時(shí)、快速、有效的治療是改善患者預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵。大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓是常用的治療方法,但單獨(dú)使用容易復(fù)發(fā),且復(fù)通效果有限。本研究選擇急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞患者采取大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓+置管溶栓的治療方法,效果滿意,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選擇2016年6月~2017年6月解放軍白求恩國(guó)際和平醫(yī)院收治的急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞60例,排除合并高血壓者、合并惡性腫瘤者、存在出血傾向者、近期行手術(shù)者及其他溶栓禁忌證者、介入手術(shù)禁忌證者。按照治療方式的不同分為對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組,各30例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組中男20例,女10例;年齡44~79歲,平均(63.09±5.33)歲;栓塞發(fā)病時(shí)間4 h~7 d;均為單側(cè)發(fā)病,其中右側(cè)18例,左側(cè)12例。對(duì)照組中男19例,女11例;年齡46~81歲,平均(64.17±5.73)歲;栓塞發(fā)病時(shí)間8 h~6 d;均為單側(cè)發(fā)病,其中右側(cè)20例,左側(cè)10例。兩組性別、年齡、發(fā)病時(shí)間、發(fā)病部位等一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 治療方法

1.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)組

1.2.1.1 大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓術(shù) 麻醉后,行股動(dòng)脈穿刺構(gòu)建通路,或可選擇患肢對(duì)側(cè)逆行穿刺方法,選擇8F或6F型號(hào)長(zhǎng)鞘置入靠近栓子近端,再送入相應(yīng)的導(dǎo)管。采取負(fù)壓抽吸方法取出栓子,撤出導(dǎo)管。部分患者血栓抽吸效果不佳,應(yīng)重復(fù)抽吸,提高抽吸效果。

1.2.1.2 置管溶栓術(shù) 置入溶栓導(dǎo)管,將微泵與導(dǎo)管末端進(jìn)行連接,應(yīng)用800 000~1 000 000 U尿激酶經(jīng)微泵泵入治療,并進(jìn)行全身肝素化。灌注治療期間維持活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)在60~90 s。置管溶栓治療24 h后觀察溶栓情況。置管溶栓治療最長(zhǎng)5 d,5 d后停止溶栓。在結(jié)束所有介入治療后,給予華法林抗凝治療。

1.2.2 對(duì)照組

對(duì)照組僅實(shí)施大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓術(shù)治療,方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)組相同。

1.3 療效評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.3.1 療效評(píng)估

在治療后評(píng)估兩組療效,按照Cooley療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)[3],分為治愈、優(yōu)、良、差。①治愈:經(jīng)治療后栓塞患肢循環(huán)及動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)均恢復(fù)正常;②優(yōu):栓塞患肢經(jīng)治療后功能恢復(fù),但仍殘存缺血現(xiàn)象;③良:經(jīng)治療后栓塞患肢循環(huán)恢復(fù),但動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)尚未恢復(fù)正常;④差:治療后急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞無(wú)改善或加重??傆行?(治愈+優(yōu)+良)/總例數(shù)×100%。

1.3.2 并發(fā)癥

觀察并比較兩組介入治療期間的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況、治療后半年的復(fù)發(fā)情況。

1.3.3 APTT、凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)及D-二聚體(D-D)

采用Sysmex CA-1500全自動(dòng)血液凝固分析儀檢測(cè)APTT及PT水平,采用磁珠法檢測(cè)FIB,采用免疫比濁法檢測(cè)D-D水平。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 19.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組治療效果比較

治療后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組總有效率明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 兩組治療前后凝血指標(biāo)及D-D變化情況比較

治療后,兩組APTT及PT水平高于治療前,且實(shí)驗(yàn)組明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);兩組FIB、D-D水平低于治療前,且實(shí)驗(yàn)組明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。

2.3 兩組栓塞復(fù)發(fā)率及截肢率比較

治療后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組栓塞復(fù)發(fā)率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組截肢率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。

3 討論

動(dòng)脈栓塞是指心臟或動(dòng)脈壁脫落的血栓或斑塊等,隨血流向遠(yuǎn)側(cè)流動(dòng),造成動(dòng)脈堵塞、血流障礙的機(jī)型病變[4-5]。動(dòng)脈栓塞主要由血栓造成,此外,癌栓、空氣、脂肪等異物都可能成為栓子,其中尤以心源性最為多見(jiàn)。患者年齡以50歲以上多見(jiàn),常合并心血管疾病[6-7]。急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞主要發(fā)生于中老年人群,是臨床常見(jiàn)的外周血管疾病,該病發(fā)病快,進(jìn)展迅速,且可造成不可逆的損傷,若治療措施不當(dāng)或不及時(shí),會(huì)造成患者致殘或死亡[8-9]。臨床對(duì)該病的治療方法較多,包括手術(shù)取栓、置入溶栓等。凡是動(dòng)脈栓塞的患者,除非肢體已發(fā)生壞疽,或有良好的側(cè)支建立可以維持肢體的存活,如果患者全身情況允許,應(yīng)及時(shí)手術(shù)取栓[10-11]。

急性動(dòng)脈栓塞起病急驟、嚴(yán)重威脅肢體的生存,甚至患者的生命。曾有報(bào)道在急性栓塞后數(shù)日或數(shù)周施行后期取栓術(shù)成功[12-13]??梢?jiàn)發(fā)病的時(shí)間并不是手術(shù)絕對(duì)指征,只要肢體沒(méi)有發(fā)生大片壞死,有存活的可能性,都應(yīng)積極爭(zhēng)取手術(shù),取栓可以挽救肢體或降低截肢平面[14-15]。而對(duì)于中晚期已發(fā)生部分壞疽的急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞者,手術(shù)可以起到改善患者預(yù)后的積極作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于中晚期急性動(dòng)脈栓塞患者采取手術(shù)治療或保守治療的效果差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[16-17]。

在急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞治療中,大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓治療是一種操作簡(jiǎn)便、費(fèi)用不高、且效果較好的方法,其能夠快速恢復(fù)患肢循環(huán),減少缺血性損傷,加快患者康復(fù)[18]。但大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓中,一些栓子抽吸效果不佳,加上抽吸過(guò)程中會(huì)造成部分栓子脫落,容易再次造成栓塞,因此結(jié)合置管溶栓能夠降低再次栓塞的可能[19]。置管溶栓通過(guò)灌注藥物,使藥物直接作用于栓子,再配合全身肝素化治療,能夠預(yù)防栓子再次聚集,尤其對(duì)于急性期血栓具有優(yōu)效。臨床多數(shù)研究主要單用大管徑抽吸血栓治療、置管溶栓治療等[20]。本研究在多數(shù)研究基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞患者采用大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓+置管溶栓的綜合性治療方法,結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組總有效率為100.0%,高于對(duì)照組的83.3%,且實(shí)驗(yàn)組栓塞復(fù)發(fā)率低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。提示對(duì)急性下肢靜脈栓塞患者應(yīng)用大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓+置管溶栓治療方法效果優(yōu)于單用大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓治療。

綜上所述,臨床中對(duì)急性下肢動(dòng)脈栓塞患者應(yīng)用大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓+置管溶栓治療效果顯著,且并發(fā)癥少,臨床效果優(yōu)于單純應(yīng)用大腔導(dǎo)管抽吸血栓治療,可進(jìn)行推廣。

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(收稿日期:2018-03-05 本文編輯:蘇 暢)

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