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從定式到定制:因“文”制宜地設計高中英語文學閱讀教學

2018-05-14 12:23陳佳佳
英語學習·教師版 2018年2期
關鍵詞:文學閱讀引言閱讀教學

陳佳佳

摘 要: 如何有效開展英語文學閱讀教學是一個長期困擾一線英語教師的問題。本文以2017年浙江省優(yōu)質課評比材料為例,對比兩次不同授課理念的課例,探討高中英語文學閱讀教學從“定式”走向“定制”的可能性和應對策略,即:如何通過挖掘文學文本本身的語篇特征和優(yōu)勢,跳出文學閱讀教學目標設定的模式化和教學流程的公式化,從文學文本的個體化特征出發(fā),因“文”制宜制定教學目標和相應的教學活動。

關鍵詞:文學閱讀;閱讀教學;語篇特征

引言

一般性的文學閱讀教學(即定式),對文本解讀聚焦在文體表現(xiàn)的普遍性特征上。這就導致文學閱讀教學目標設定千篇一律,課堂教學活動也是公式化流程:略讀找出故事要素,快讀分段概括大意,細讀處理情節(jié)細節(jié)、分析人物性格;讀后分組討論主題、評價標題或讀后續(xù)寫。定式的文學閱讀教學缺乏對于文本內涵意義和結構形式的挖掘,容易忽視文本的獨特、高明之處,從而導致教學模式單一,難以激發(fā)學生的閱讀興趣和創(chuàng)造力。

現(xiàn)代文本閱讀觀認為閱讀活動是讀者、文本、作者三者通過互動對話實現(xiàn)意義構建的過程(Barthes, 1990)。在定式的教學中,教師往往聚焦在字、詞、句的掌握和故事基本情節(jié)的理解上,沒有找到有效的切入點和方法讓學生體驗到師、生、作者三者的思維交融和意義構建過程,無法體現(xiàn)文學課的生命力和靈動性。

對于英語教師而言,發(fā)現(xiàn)文學作品的獨特性并不難,難在如何深挖其獨特性并采用合適的教學設計將其呈現(xiàn)給學生,取得良好的教學效果。這就要求教師根據(jù)文本本身特點量體裁衣,因“文”制宜,因“生”制宜,即“定制”。

本文以2017年浙江省優(yōu)質課評比材料為例,對比兩次不同授課理念的課例(第一次是定式,第二次是定制),讓讀者感受教學過程和教學效果的差異,探討高中英語文學閱讀課從“定式”走向“定制”的可能性和應對策略。

課例背景

閱讀文本選自2017年浙江省高中英語優(yōu)質課評比材料(文本詳見附件)。文章是一篇435詞的短故事,語言平實易懂,簡潔生動。故事講述了小男孩Steven從小就有一個演藝夢,為了實現(xiàn)夢想從小就參加各種表演,做著各種準備。Steven發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個試鏡的機會,請求哥哥Brad陪他同往。在試鏡前的彩排中,Steven發(fā)現(xiàn)了Brad驚人的表演實力。當被問及為何以前從來不參加表演活動時,Brad回答道:“I was waiting for something big.”故事在這里戛然而止,出乎意料卻又在情理之中,留給讀者無盡的想象和回味。

第一次上課——定式:故事課的常規(guī)教學模式

1. 文本解讀與目標設定

拿到一篇文學作品,筆者一般都會按照情節(jié)、人物、主題三個方面去進行分析解讀。在向文學閱讀教學轉化過程中,以上三方面則相應轉換為情節(jié)梳理,人物性格分析及主題探討。同時筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)這篇故事在語篇特征方面最大的特點在于其歐·亨利式的結尾*,所以欣賞文本語言的形式美也成為了其中一個教學目標。此外,這篇故事缺少標題,正好可以通過擬寫標題的活動來發(fā)展學生綜合概括和評判質疑的能力。于是筆者設定教學目標如下:

(1)通過故事要素的導入和分析,學生能初步建立起故事類閱讀的學習范式;

(2)通過人物對比與細節(jié)分析,學生能掌握故事大意,把握故事脈絡,分析人物性格;

(3)學生在教師的引導下,學習欣賞文學作品的寫作手法;

(4)通過擬寫標題的活動,發(fā)展學生綜合概括和評判質疑的能力。

2. 教學過程

Step 1: Lead-in

(1) Play a short speech by Jackie Chan at the Academy Awards ceremony.

(2) Ask questions:

Q1: What award did Jackie Chan receive?

Q2: How many years has he been waiting for this big moment?

(3)Show some pictures to teach new words: Academy Awards, acceptance speech...

Step 2: Fast reading

Q3: How many characters are there?

Q4: What is the “big thing” in the story?

Step 3: Detailed reading

(1) Divide the passage into two parts according to the twist: the casting call.

Before the casting: paragraph 1-3

At the casting: paragraph 4-7

(2) Ask questions:

Q5: What did each of the brothers do before the casting call?

Q6: What did they do at the casting call?

(3) Make a comparison between the two brothers from the three aspects: performance, attitude and preparation.

Step 4: Character analysis

Q7: Whats your impression of Steven and Brad? Prove your ideas with evidence from the text.

Step 5: Appreciate the writing style

Q8: Which character is mentioned more at the beginning?

Q9: Why does the author do so? Step 6: Thinking and evaluating

Work in groups to give a title to this story.

(1) Students create and share their versions;

(2) Teacher shows her own version and the original version of the story, and then asks students to evaluate these different versions.

Step 7: Assignment

According to characters personalities and the writers writing style, try to write a proper ending for this story.

3. 問題與反思

第一次課是定式,采用了常規(guī)的故事閱讀教學模式,對文本獨特特征理解不深,教學目標設置較為傳統(tǒng),教學活動設計中規(guī)中矩,注重將信息和故事情節(jié)分析透徹。以下分三個方面分析第一次課例的問題。

(1)在文本特征挖掘方面:關注結尾范式,卻忽視了敘述視角特點。

這篇故事文本最大的特點其實是敘述視角。在故事中作者用更多筆墨描寫弟弟Steven,關于哥哥Brad的描述基本上都是透過Steven的眼睛(視角)去看。作者始終把弟弟Steven放在聚光燈下,而哥哥則被隱藏起來。這是典型的“第三人稱受限視角”。讀者都是跟著Steven的視角去觀察和思考,這才使得故事的結尾產(chǎn)生了出乎意料的戲劇性效果。因此敘述視角和結尾范式是本文的兩大亮點,而敘述視角是結尾出乎意料的前置條件。

對文本獨特特征的有效把握是文學閱讀教學從“定式”到“定制”的前提。上述課例沒有突出敘述視角,只在結尾范式上簡單做了文章,還是一堂中規(guī)中矩的課,無法有效地為學生從文章字面意思到內涵意義的理解搭建層層遞進的“思維之梯”。

(2)在教學目標設計方面:目標不聚焦,處處皆“要點”。

教學目標的設定是一個綜合而有側重的過程,必須有所取舍(葛炳芳,2013)。綜合視野下的閱讀教學觀強調(葉恩理等,2016):閱讀課堂教學的目標定位要結合學情、結合文本。結合文本即結合文本的語篇優(yōu)勢,文章題材和體裁。針對這篇文章,根據(jù)故事類文章的這一體裁特點,從故事情節(jié)、人物性格、主題探討、敘事技巧幾個維度探討,重點聚焦其中一到兩個問題。一節(jié)課只有確定一個重點教學目標才能有深度,學生才能有足夠的時間進行閱讀、思考和分享閱讀體驗。

第一次課例,缺乏一條統(tǒng)領整體的核心主線,目標設置面面俱到,平均用力,導致教學活動淺嘗輒止。在文本細節(jié)的處理上占用時間過多(比如教學設計中的Step 3),而在有利于學生深度思考的關鍵線索上卻一筆帶過,對包含豐富信息的關鍵詞句缺乏深入探討。

(3)在教學活動設計方面:忽視學生主體地位,思維層次與深度不足。

文學閱讀不應是教師把自己咀嚼過的內容灌輸給學生,而是應該引導學生自己去發(fā)現(xiàn)和闡釋。在文學閱讀教學中,應充分發(fā)揮學生作為讀者的主體地位和主觀能動性?!耙磺€讀者眼中有一千個哈姆雷特”,由于不同的經(jīng)歷和認知的差異,讀者從同一篇文章中讀出的內容和感悟也必然是千差萬別的,而這也正是文學閱讀的意義所在。第一次課例在教學活動設計中,教師控制的部分較多,老師常用封閉式問題提問,學生在老師的帶領下閱讀文章,亦步亦趨,思維空間狹窄,喪失了文學閱讀的靈動性和生命力;活動過多,沒有做到層層遞進、抽絲剝繭,每個活動都淺嘗輒止,導致學生無法進行深層次思考,體會不到師、生、作者、文本相互之間互動對話的樂趣,無法發(fā)展學生思維的深刻性和靈活性。比如Step 4分析人物性格環(huán)節(jié),學生的回答只是停留在用簡單的幾個形容詞來概括人物性格?;顒釉O計中缺乏對于學生思維的進一步引導。

基于以上反思,經(jīng)過北京外國語大學專家的點撥,筆者重新進行了教學設計,采用“定制”理念,因“文”制宜制定教學目標和相應的教學活動。

基于該文本獨特的敘事視角——第三人稱受限視角,教師可以思考如何抓住故事中對于Brad部分的敘事空白,引領學生探索視角“聚光燈”未照射到的另一面。學生可以基于已有信息,結合自身的知識經(jīng)驗去解讀這些空白信息,推斷未知信息,充分發(fā)揮想象力去體會作者言外之意,品味作者這種“此處無聲勝有聲”的奇妙之處,從而達到發(fā)展評判性思維和創(chuàng)新性思維的目的。

其次,根據(jù)“歐·亨利式結尾”的“出乎意料,又在情理之中”這一敘事手法特點,教師可以考慮以“出乎意料”和“情理之中”作為閱讀教學的兩大主線,引導學生去分析故事為何會出乎意料,又有哪些線索讓讀者認為雖意外,卻又合乎情理。

第三,在讀后作業(yè)中,不一定采用常規(guī)續(xù)寫模式,而可以嘗試視角轉換的改寫模式,讓學生學會轉換立場,設身處地地去體會別人的情感,從而發(fā)展學生的移情和跨文化思考的能力。

以上即是筆者從“定式”到“定制”思維的轉變過程。根據(jù)以上思路,筆者實施了第二次課堂教學,取得了較好效果。

第二次上課——定制:基于該文本亮點——敘述視角和敘事手法的課程設計

1. 教學目標

(1)學生通過對關鍵詞句的探討,實現(xiàn)對原文的深度理解,同時分享個性化的閱讀體驗;

(2)引入“歐·亨利式結尾”的概念,對結尾進行解讀和評價,欣賞文本寫作手法和技巧;

(3)通過情境設置,轉換視角,探索“聚光燈”未照射到的另一面,推斷未知信息,發(fā)揮想象力去體會作者言外之意,從而達到發(fā)展評判性思維和創(chuàng)新性思維的目的;

(4)通過視角轉換,對文本進行重構,充分發(fā)揮學生在閱讀中的主體地位,分享閱讀體驗,讓學生學會轉換立場,發(fā)展學生的移情能力和跨文化思辨能力。

2. 教學流程

教學材料在課前發(fā)給學生,學生做好預習工作。

Step 1: Fast reading

Q1: How many characters are there?

Q2: What happened to them?

【設計意圖】 因為故事簡單易懂,話題也貼近學生生活,因而去掉了原先的lead-in環(huán)節(jié),直接進入故事閱讀。設計問題檢測學生對于故事人物和大意的把握情況。

Step 2: Reading and thinking

Q3: How do you understand the following sentences?

(1) Brad was not interested in acting.

(2) “Just for fun”.

(3)“I was waiting for something big”

【設計意圖】提煉出文章中需要深入理解和推斷的句子,學生需要在理解原文的基礎上,借助自己的認知和經(jīng)驗進行分析和推斷,從而讀出文字背后的故事。

Q4: Why did the author seldom mention Brad at the beginning?

【設計意圖】針對敘述視角進行設問,引導學生關注作者的寫作技巧。

Q5: How do you like the ending?

【設計意圖】通過對故事結尾的評價,引入“歐·亨利式結尾”的寫作特點:出乎意料,又在情理之中。引導學生去分析故事為何會出乎意料,又有哪些線索讓讀者認為雖意外,卻又合乎情理。

Step 3: Interview of the two brothers

Suppose both of the brothers won the casting, and now they are back to school. Their school holds a small information session for two brothers to share their feelings and experiences with other students who are interested in acting.

Ask two students to role play Steven and Brad, other students ask them questions.

Questions should cover the following aspects:

(1) The two brothers feelings about winning the casting and their next goal;

(2) The preparations they have made for the casting;

(3) Their understandings of dream and hard work;

(4) Their comments on each other.

【設計意圖】通過設置情境進行生生互動,一方面學生需要對故事內容進行回顧,更重要的是學生需要基于已有信息,推斷未知信息和作者言外之意,從而達到發(fā)展評判性思維和創(chuàng)新性思維的目的。同時這一活動也是為后面的寫作任務搭建腳手架,做好思維上的鋪墊。Step 4:Writing

Based on the information from the interview, rewrite the story from the perspective of Brad.

【設計意圖】從Brad的視角來重新敘述這個故事,需要學生深入理解原文,挖掘原文中隱藏的信息,比如Brad的內心活動。從哥哥Brad的視角重述故事,既有模仿,又有創(chuàng)造。學生切換視角重構文本的過程即是學生主動建構意義、分享閱讀體驗的過程。在這一活動中,學生需要在重新分析文本的基礎上,充分發(fā)揮想象力,打開思維空間來重新創(chuàng)建文本,發(fā)展他們的邏輯推斷和創(chuàng)造性思維的能力。

以下是其中一則學生作品:

I realized when I was very young that I had a totally different temperament with my brother. Steven likes to perform and show his talent in front of the public. But I am quite the opposite. I dont really want many people to know how much I love acting. But one thing we have in common is that we harbored the same desire, which is to become successful actors.

My brother dedicated himself to acting since he was very young, imaging himself receiving the Academy Awards. I never did the same thing. However, truth be told, I have the same dream as he has. I was born to be an actor and designed for flashlight and stage. I was waiting for something big to happen, and I was always waiting for a chance. So I practiced and practiced, secretly and arduously, repeating every line and every movement.

Finally, my chance came. I went to a casting with my brother. I performed extremely well and left my brother in shock.“I was waiting for something big.” I replied, feeling myself indulging in the exaltation and glowing pride.

Now I finally proved myself to be extremely talented in acting, and suddenly, all those hard work, sleepless nights, sweat and coarse voice gained their meaning. However, in others eyes, I am the talented Brad who is able to perform amazingly without any hard work. I am so proud of myself.

總結

文學作品的生命力在于其獨特性,每一個故事都有一個靈魂,都有其自身的精彩之處:或是人物性格的塑造,或是情節(jié)沖突的編排,又或是獨特的敘述視角及敘事手法。挖掘文學作品的個性特征進行教學,無論是對學生閱讀興趣的培養(yǎng)還是思維品質的提升都大有裨益。

“閱讀過程要重視學生的主體參與,激發(fā)學生主動思考,體驗閱讀過程,完成意義構建”(葛炳芳,2013)。從“定式”到“定制”,因“文”制宜地設計高中英語文學閱讀教學,其核心目的就是為學生搭建好思維的階梯,讓學生能與作者、老師一起完成屬于各自的個性化意義構建。沒有“定制”這個“思維之梯”,這個核心目標就很難達成。

完成一篇文學作品閱讀教學的“定制”有三個關鍵點:

第一,準確找到搭建階梯的“材料”,也就是找準文學作品所具有的獨特特征。老師在設計教學過程之前,對文本特征的深入分析,將成為課堂成功的關鍵。準確找到并有意識地將文學作品的獨特特征應用于教學中,是教學設計從“定式”到“定制”的起點。這需要教師發(fā)展文本解讀能力,增加對文本語篇特征把握的敏感性。

第二,設計階梯的方向,聚焦目標主線。課堂時間和學生精力有限,基于文學文本核心的語篇優(yōu)勢,結合課標和學情,制定與個體化的文本特點契合度最佳的教學目標,舍棄其他目標,是教師必須要做的決策?;谖谋咎卣鞯慕虒W目標定位即是對閱讀教學方向的“定制”。打破思維定式進行目標聚焦,才能讓學生充分感受文學課堂的獨特魅力。

第三,搭建合理高度的臺階,幫助學生爬上“思維之梯”。“定制”的文學閱讀教學重視學生的個性化閱讀體驗,鼓勵多元化解讀,這對師生都是很大的挑戰(zhàn)。教師需要充分結合學生的認知和語言水平,設計合理的任務,通過師生、生生互動幫助學生層層遞進,為高層次的思維活動和輸出做好語言和思維上的鋪墊。

定制的文學閱讀教學課堂需要像精彩的小說一樣打破思維定式和常規(guī)模式,帶給學生驚喜。依托文本的獨特特點進行“定制”的教學設計,可以充分激發(fā)學生的閱讀興趣和情感體驗。學生通過聯(lián)系自身生活經(jīng)驗進行移情和角色體驗,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)不一樣的風景,拉長思維的深度。一個因文制宜的“定制”課堂,將為教師、學生帶來一場從心開始的靈動之旅。

參考文獻

Barthes, R. 1990. The Pleasure of the Text [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.

葛炳芳. 2013. 英語閱讀教學的綜合視野[M].杭州:浙江大學出版社.

葉恩理, 翁穎卿, 汪潤,等. 2016. 英語閱讀教學中的目標定位:綜合視野視角[J].英語教師,16(1),157-159.

附:

2017年浙江省優(yōu)質課評比材料

Steven had had his first starring role in kindergarten, playing a talking stone in a class play. From the moment that he heard the applause and took his bows, he knew he wanted to be an actor. He “drew” his name as it would look at a theatre. In his mind, he “practiced”his acceptance speech to the Academy Awards. “I want to thank my agent …” he imagined himself saying to the crowd.

By sixth grade, he was used to starring in school productions. He played Romeo in this years Junior Shakespeare Festival. His brother said he was probably the first Romeo in the history of theater to have braces. Steven liked everything about acting – except for his brothers comments about it. Brad was not interested in acting.

Steven dreamed of going to California or New York when he got older. Meanwhile, he read the “trades” at the library – the newspapers and magazines of the acting business. He couldnt believe it when he saw that there was going to be an open casting call in his own Midwestern city. He begged his parents to take him, but they worked on Saturdays and they couldnt take the day off. He was forced to ask his older brother, the critic.

The part called for a boy who looked about 14. Steven figured he could pass. Unlike Brad, Steven looked older than his age. Brad, on the other hand, at 16 looked more like 14. The boys arrived early at the theatre where the try-outs were taking place. There were already over 200 kids there. Steven picked up his application. Brad picked up one, too – “just for fun,” he said. Each of them then studied the short script theyd been handed. Like all the other kids, they mouthed the words over and over. Some kids found quiet spaces to read their lines aloud, with all the right emotion. Steven asked Brad to listen to his reading. “Okay, but you have to listen to mine, too.”

“Deal,” Steven answered. Then he read, and, as usual, he was good. Next, it was Brads turn. Steven couldnt believe what he was seeing and hearing. Why hadnt Brad ever tried out for a play? Where had he gotten all this talent all of a sudden? He asked his brother, “Why havent you tried before?”

“I was waiting for something big,” Brad replied.

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