鄒亮燕 曾麗春 蔣思遠(yuǎn) 陳 鄉(xiāng) 楊 琳周文浩陳麗萍 王來栓,
多臟器型假性醛固酮減少癥Ⅰ型1例并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
鄒亮燕1,4曾麗春2,4蔣思遠(yuǎn)1陳 鄉(xiāng)3楊 琳3周文浩3陳麗萍2王來栓1,3
目的 報告1例SCNN1A基因雜合突變所致的多臟器型假性醛固酮減少癥Ⅰ型(PHAⅠ),為PHAⅠ患兒的早期診斷、治療等提供依據(jù)。方法 總結(jié)患兒的臨床表型、實驗室檢查、基因測序結(jié)果和診治經(jīng)過,并對多臟器型PHAⅠ行文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)。結(jié)果 患兒男,17 d,因“發(fā)現(xiàn)電解質(zhì)紊亂6 d”入院,主要表現(xiàn)為低鈉血癥、高鉀血癥和代謝性酸中毒。經(jīng)補(bǔ)鈉、氫化可的松和胰島素等治療效果不理想。核心家系全外顯子檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)SCNN1A復(fù)合雜合變異c.1439+1Ggt;C和c.104delC(p.P35LfsTer14)。c.1439+1Ggt;C源于患兒父親,是人類基因突變數(shù)據(jù)庫(HGMD)已報道的多臟器型PHAⅠ型的致病突變;c.104delC(p.P35LfsTer14)源于患兒母親,系新發(fā)現(xiàn)的突變。明確診斷多臟器型PHAⅠ后擬予口服降鉀樹脂治療,患兒家屬放棄治療,出院后第4 d患兒死亡。檢索Pubmed、中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫和中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時間從建庫至2017年9月4日,14篇文獻(xiàn)(13篇英文,1篇中文)共報告33例多臟器型PHAⅠ型患兒,與本文1例合并后共34例。34例均有腎臟表現(xiàn)。除3例SCNN1A純合突變及1例SCNN1G雜合突變在病程及隨訪中未提及腎外表現(xiàn)外,余病例均報道累及腎外其他系統(tǒng),其中脫水樣改變和累及呼吸道最常見,發(fā)育遲緩和消化道次之。4例死于高血鉀所致心臟驟停,均為SCNN1A突變,除本文報告的1例為雜合突變外均為純合突變。 結(jié)論 頑固性高鉀血癥、低鈉血癥和代謝性酸中毒需考慮PHA,基因測序可協(xié)助診斷。
SCNN1A基因; 醛固酮減少癥; 高鉀血癥; 低鈉血癥; 代謝性酸中毒; 基因診斷
患兒男,17 d。因“發(fā)現(xiàn)電解質(zhì)紊亂6 d”于2017年7月21日到復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院(我院)就診。
患兒系G3P3,胎齡37周,2017年7月4日于當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院順產(chǎn)娩出,否認(rèn)搶救窒息史,出生體重3 000 g,1和5 min Apgar評分均為10分。生后以“高危兒”入當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院,因低鉀、低鈉治療效果不佳入我院就診。病程中患兒無發(fā)熱、抽搐,無青紫、呼吸困難,無嘔吐、腹脹,納奶一般,大小便未見明顯異常?;純阂炎⑸渚S生素K1,接種乙肝疫苗、卡介苗,新生兒篩查未見異常,聽力篩查不詳。
患兒父母體健,否認(rèn)近親結(jié)婚,否認(rèn)遺傳病史,母孕產(chǎn)史3-0-0-1,分別于2012和2014年產(chǎn)兩女孩,均在生后10 d因“高鉀血癥”入當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院治療,1個月內(nèi)均死亡。
查體:肛溫36.5 ℃,脈搏138·min-1,呼吸42·min-1,血壓51/33 mmHg。頭圍34.0 cm,胸圍32.5 cm,腹圍33.0 cm,身長50.0 cm,體重2 565 g。神志清,反應(yīng)欠佳,哭聲尚可。全身皮膚蒼白,表淺淋巴結(jié)未觸及。頭顱無畸形,面容無特殊,前囟平軟,1.5 cm×1.5 cm。心音有力,心前區(qū)未聞及雜音。雙肺呼吸音粗,未及干濕啰音。肝、脾未觸及腫大,腹平軟,腸鳴音3·min-1。陰莖無畸形,陰囊顏色偏深,陰囊內(nèi)可觸及黃豆大小睪丸組織,原始反射可引出。
實驗室檢查:血?dú)釱+8.3 mmol·L-1,Na+123.0 mmol·L-1,BE -10.8 mmol·L-1,HCO3-18.0 mmol·L-1,PCO219.0 mmHg,pH 7.45。血、尿、糞常規(guī)未見異常。血串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜陰性,尿串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜2-酮戊二酸高。皮質(zhì)醇、促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素(ACTH)、17α-羥孕酮、睪酮、孕酮、脫氫表雄酮、腎素、游離甲狀腺素(FT4)和促甲狀腺激素(TSH)在正常范圍,血管緊張素Ⅱ(550 pg·mL-1)升高,醛固酮(1 254.72 μg·mL-1)升高。
影像學(xué)檢查:B超顯示雙腎、腎上腺、輸尿管和膀胱無明顯異常;腎上腺增強(qiáng)CT未見明顯異常;心電圖顯示竇性心動過速、T波改變(V1直立)。
診治經(jīng)過:圖1為診斷、治療和隨訪等重要臨床信息時間軸。入院時考慮先天性腎上腺皮質(zhì)增生癥(CAH),予氫化可的松治療效果不理想,醛固酮明顯增高,ACTH、皮質(zhì)醇等在正常值范圍,影像學(xué)無陽性證據(jù)。鑒于患兒兩姐姐均因“高血鉀癥”死亡,建議行基因檢測,患兒存在SCNN1A基因的復(fù)合雜合變異。診斷為多臟器型PHAⅠ型。停氫化可的松,予10%NaCl 3.5 mL,q3 h 口服,5%NaHCO3和胰島素降血鉀,同時予低鉀奶粉喂養(yǎng),血鉀控制仍不穩(wěn)定。建議予口服降鉀樹脂治療,但患兒家屬要求出院。 出院后第4天,患兒因高鉀合并肺部感染死亡。
圖1本文病例重要臨床信息時間軸
注 血K+、Na+單位:mmol·L-1,ADS:醛固酮,AngⅡ:血管緊張素Ⅱ
取得患兒父母知情同意后,采集患兒及其父母外周靜脈血2 mL,抽提基因組DNA(德國Qiagen公司mini blood全血試劑盒),捕獲外顯子、建庫[安捷倫科技(中國)有限公司SureSelctHuman ALL Exon試劑盒],對全基因組編碼區(qū)外顯子進(jìn)行測序(美國Illumina公司HiSeq2000)。通過數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制、變異頻率和變異類別的篩選以及與疾病的關(guān)系,鎖定可能的致病突變。
圖2顯示,患兒存在SCNN1A基因的復(fù)合雜合變異c.1439+1Ggt;C和c.104delC(p.P35LfsTer14)。c.1439+1Ggt;C來自患兒父親,是人類基因突變數(shù)據(jù)庫(HGMD)已報道的多臟器型PHAⅠ型的致病突變[1]。該突變發(fā)生于剪切區(qū),造成SCNN1A基因9號內(nèi)含子的保留。c.104delC(p.P35LfsTer14)來自患兒母親,未在HGMD報道,也未在千人基因組計劃、ExAC數(shù)據(jù)集及我院分子診斷中心內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索到,為罕見變異。該變異為移碼變異,考慮為有害變異。
圖2患兒及其父母SCNN1A基因檢測
從Pubmed、中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫和中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索已報道的PHA Ⅰ病例,檢索時間從建庫至2017年9月4日。Pubmed檢索式為“(systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism type Ⅰ[title/abstract/key word])”;以CBM為例,中文檢索式為“假性醛固酮減少癥Ⅰ型 OR Cheek-Perry綜合征”。采用主題和自由途徑結(jié)合方式檢索,篩選出確診的多臟器型PHAⅠ病例的文獻(xiàn),排除重復(fù)報道病例。
共檢索到13篇英文文獻(xiàn)[2-14]和1篇中文文獻(xiàn)[15],報告33例多臟器型PHAⅠ型患兒,與本文1例合并后共34例患兒的平均發(fā)病年齡7.6日齡,平均隨訪年齡6.1歲。34例病程中都有不同程度高鉀低鈉的電解質(zhì)紊亂,主訴以“脫水”和“嘔吐”最多,有以“大皰性皮炎”、“胃納差”、“體重不增”、“生長受限”和“反應(yīng)差”等就診者。1例未發(fā)現(xiàn)基因突變,其余33例中,26例為SCNN1A突變(20例純合突變,6例雜合突變),5例為SCNNIB突變(均為純合突變),2例SCNN1G突變(1例純合突變,1例雜合突變)。34例均有腎臟表現(xiàn), 除3例SCNN1A純合突變及1例SCNN1G雜合突變在病程及隨訪中未提及腎外表現(xiàn)外,余病例均累及不同腎外系統(tǒng)。7例(5例SCNNIA突變,1例SCNNIB突變,1例未檢測到突變)檢測了汗液或汗液和唾液氯化物,均升高。4例死于高血鉀所致心臟驟停,均為SCNN1A突變,3例為純合突變,1例為雜合突變(本文)。不同基因型臨床表型及預(yù)后比較見表1。
表1 多臟器型假性醛固酮減少癥Ⅰ型不同基因型患兒腎外表現(xiàn)和預(yù)后
1991年,Hanukoglu通過家系調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)PHAⅠ可分為多臟器型和腎型[16]。多臟器型PHAⅠ系常染色體隱性遺傳,其發(fā)病機(jī)制與編碼上皮鈉離子通道(ENaC)亞基的基因突變有關(guān)。ENaC是由α、β和γ亞基組成的多聚體,可重吸收Na+,對維持Na+平衡、調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞外液容量和血壓很重要。α、β、γ亞基分別由SCNN1A(12p13.31)、SCNN1B(16p12.1)和SCNN1G(16p12.1)編碼[17]。ENaC主要分布于腎臟遠(yuǎn)曲小管、呼吸道、外分泌腺、結(jié)腸遠(yuǎn)端和皮膚等的上皮組織[18]。多臟器型PHAⅠ表現(xiàn)為脫水、低鈉血癥、高鉀血癥和代謝性酸中毒等電解質(zhì)紊亂,也可合并呼吸道感染、膽汁淤積和皮疹等[19]。腎型PHAⅠ系常染色體顯性遺傳,與NR3C2[4q31.1,編碼鹽皮質(zhì)激素受體(MCR)]突變有關(guān)[20],導(dǎo)致腎小管MCR對醛固酮不敏感,丟失鈉鹽,病變局限于腎臟,表現(xiàn)為脫水、低鈉血癥和高鉀血癥等電解質(zhì)紊亂,但病情較輕且隨年齡增長可自行緩解[21]。
本文患兒因“發(fā)現(xiàn)電解質(zhì)紊亂6 d”入院,表現(xiàn)為低鈉血癥、高鉀血癥和代謝性酸中毒等電解質(zhì)紊亂,入院診斷為“腎上腺皮質(zhì)增多癥”,予氫化可的松治療無效。基因檢測結(jié)果示SCNN1A復(fù)合雜合變異,包括剪切位點(diǎn)突變c.1439+1Ggt;C和堿基缺失突變c.104delC(p.P35LfsTer14),最終明確診斷為多臟器型PHAⅠ。表1為不同基因型與臨床表型及預(yù)后的總結(jié)與比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)報道的34例多臟器型PHAⅠ患兒均存在不同程度的高鉀低鈉、血腎素及醛固酮升高等腎臟表現(xiàn)。除3例SCNN1A純合突變及1例SCNN1G雜合突變在病程及隨訪中未提及腎外表現(xiàn)外,余病例均報道累及腎外不同系統(tǒng),總結(jié)后發(fā)現(xiàn),SCNN1A突變初發(fā)腎外表現(xiàn)以脫水樣改變最常見(58%),其次為累及皮膚及影響生長發(fā)育(各占27%),后期隨訪中累及呼吸系統(tǒng)的概率最大(50%),而脫水可糾正、生長發(fā)育可追趕;SCNN1B突變初發(fā)腎外表現(xiàn)均有脫水樣改變,其次累及皮膚(40%),后期隨訪中顯示5例呼吸系統(tǒng)全部累及;SCNN1G僅報道2例,腎外表現(xiàn)僅出現(xiàn)于純合突變類型中。此外,表現(xiàn)為心律失常的5例均為SCNN1A純合突變,余病例均未報道有心律失常的表現(xiàn),提示不同突變基因可能導(dǎo)致不同的病變累及范圍,具體機(jī)制需進(jìn)一步研究。由此可見,多臟器型PHAⅠ患兒在新生兒期起病,急性期面臨的問題主要是電解質(zhì)紊亂,特別應(yīng)警惕高血鉀,在疾病的早期累及呼吸系統(tǒng)等腎外系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)尚不明顯,隨著年齡的增長,電解質(zhì)紊亂問題得以控制,遠(yuǎn)期隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),腎外臟器表現(xiàn)可能逐一顯現(xiàn),影響患兒生活質(zhì)量及增加住院概率。本文患兒以電解質(zhì)紊亂起病,住院后期出現(xiàn)肺部感染,出院后死于高血鉀合并肺部感染,但缺乏汗腺及唾液腺氯化物檢測結(jié)果。
多臟器型PHAⅠ低鈉高鉀、代謝性酸中毒的表現(xiàn)易與CAH 相混淆,還應(yīng)與繼發(fā)型PHA、腎型PHAⅠ和Ⅳ型腎小管酸中毒相鑒別。CAH系常染色體隱性遺傳病,是由腎上腺激素合成過程中所需酶的先天性缺陷所導(dǎo)致的一組疾病,最常見的為21-羥化酶缺乏導(dǎo)致皮質(zhì)醇分泌不足、失鹽和雄激素過多,此外,女性患兒出生時伴假兩性畸形,男性患兒生殖器正?;蜿幥o較大、陰囊顏色深,增強(qiáng)CT可發(fā)現(xiàn)腎上腺皮質(zhì)增生,經(jīng)過激素治療可糾正失鹽癥狀[22]。繼發(fā)型PHA是由尿路感染、泌尿道不暢或畸形、藥物引起暫時性醛固酮降低,尿常規(guī)異常、尿培養(yǎng)陽性、B超發(fā)現(xiàn)尿路畸形、腎盂積水?dāng)U張有助于診斷,經(jīng)抗感染、糾正原發(fā)畸形后,癥狀得以緩解,其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未明確,可能的原因是尿路感染或畸形導(dǎo)致引流障礙時,某些細(xì)胞因子如轉(zhuǎn)化因子、腫瘤壞死因子、白介素-1和白介素-6下調(diào)醛固酮受體[23]。腎型PHAⅠ與多臟器型PHAⅠ較難區(qū)分,汗液和唾液中鈉離子升高常提示為多臟器型,確診需基因分析。Ⅳ型腎小管酸中毒多見于某些輕、中度腎功能不全的腎病患者,醛固酮分泌減少或遠(yuǎn)端腎小管對醛固酮反應(yīng)減弱可能起重要致病作用,由于遠(yuǎn)端腎小管泌H+障礙,尿NH4+減少[24]。表2總結(jié)了以上5種疾病的實驗室檢查與影像等檢查特征。
表2 多臟器型PHAⅠ與其他疾病的鑒別診斷
注 -:在正常范圍
本文文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)顯示,34例PHAⅠ患兒中3例(8.8%)達(dá)到臨床痊愈,2例為SCNN1A雜合突變,1例為SCNN1A純合突變; 13例(38.2%)長期補(bǔ)鈉及口服降鉀樹脂,病情保持平穩(wěn);14例(41.2%)在長期補(bǔ)鈉及口服降鉀樹脂情況下仍間斷出現(xiàn)失鹽癥狀、呼吸道感染或皮疹等癥狀;4例(11.8%)患兒死于高血鉀所致心跳驟停,3例為SCNN1A純合突變,本文病例為SCNN1A雜合突變?;仡?例SCNN1A純合突變死亡患兒的診治方案,與其他患兒相比并無明顯特殊,提示多臟器型PHAⅠ患兒的預(yù)后可能與本身突變基因的類型和位置有關(guān)[6, 25]。Hanukoglu等[6]長期隨訪4例多臟器型PHAⅠ,除1例未發(fā)現(xiàn)突變外,2例為ENaCα、β亞基純合突變,1例為α亞基雜合突變,4例的尿鈉和尿鉀水平隨年齡增長都恢復(fù)正常,但雜合突變者所需的治療鈉量最低,而純合突變患者病情相對不穩(wěn)定,住院率和肺部感染率更高。多臟器型PHAⅠ不同突變基因和突變類型與臨床表型和預(yù)后的關(guān)系及機(jī)制仍待進(jìn)一步研究。
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2017-09-14
2017-10-11)
(本文編輯:孫晉楓)
Multi-systempseudohypoaldosteronismtypeⅠ:Acasereportandliteraturereview
ZOULiang-yan1,4,ZENGLi-chun2,4,JIANGSi-yuan1,CHENXiang3,YANGLin3,ZHOUWen-hao3,CHENLi-ping2,WANGLai-shuan1,3
(1DepartmentofNeonatology,Children'sHospitalofFudanUniversity,Shanghai201102,China;2DepartmentofNeonatology,Children'sHospitalofJiangxiProvince,Jiangxi330006;3TheTranslationalMedicineCenterofChildrenDevelopmentandDiseaseofFudanUniversity,ShanghaiKeyLaboratoryofBirthDefects,Children'sHospitalofFudanUniversity,Shanghai201102,China;4Co-firstauthor)
WANG Lai-shuan, E-mail: laishuanwang@163.com;CHEN Li-ping, E-mail: ccllpp88@qq.com
ObjectiveTo report a neonate diagnosed as multi-system pseudohypoaldosteronism typeⅠ(PHAⅠ)caused bySCNN1Agene heterozygous mutation,provide the basis for early diagnosis and clinical decision-making of PHAⅠ.MethodsAnalysis was performed on clinical manifestation,imageological examination,parental sanger test and treatment process of a patient carrying a pair of compound heterozygous mutaions ofSCNN1A,and literatures about clinical features of PHAⅠ.ResultsA 17-day-old boy presented with electrolyte disturbances including hyponatremia,hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis for 6 days. The effects of sodium supplement, hydrocortisone and insulin were not satisfactory.A pair of compound heterozygous mutations ofSCNN1Awas found by WES. c.1439+1Ggt;C was from father and had reported as a pathogenic mutation of PHAⅠ by HGMD,while c.104delC(p.P35LfsTer14) was a novel deletion mutation from mother.The patient was finally diagnosed as multi-system PHAⅠ. The children's parents gave up to treat with oral potassium lowering resin, and the children died the fourth days after discharge. Databases were searched including PubMed, CNKI, Wan Fang Database, China Science and Technology Database and CBMdisc,which described the multi-system PHAⅠfrom database-buiding time to September 4,2017. A total of 14 articles (13 English, 1 Chinese) were screened out. Renal manifestations were found in all 34 cases. Except 3 cases ofSCNN1Aand 1 case ofSCNN1Gdid not mention multi-system manifestations, the remaining cases reported dehydration and respiratory changes were the most commom manifestations,followed by stunted growth and digestive manifestations.4 cases died of cardiac arrest caused by hyperkalemia, all of them wereSCNN1Amutations, except our study with heterozygous mutation the rest were homozygous mutations.ConclusionPseudohypoaldosteronism should be considered when lasted intractable hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis happened. Neonatal gene sequencing can help diagnosis.
SCNN1Agene; Pseudohypoaldosteronism; Hyperkalemia; Hyponatremia; Metabolic acidosis; Gene diagnosis
1 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院新生兒科 上海,201102;2 江西省兒童醫(yī)院新生兒科 江西,330006;3 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院,上海市出生缺陷防治重點(diǎn)實驗室,復(fù)旦大學(xué)兒童發(fā)育與疾病轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心 上海,201102;4 共同第一作者
王來栓,E-mail:laishuanwang@163.com;陳麗萍,E-mail:ccllpp88@qq.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2017.05.012