應(yīng)機(jī)巧

翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂顛覆了傳統(tǒng)課堂中知識(shí)傳授與知識(shí)內(nèi)化兩個(gè)階段。筆者在一次高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的實(shí)踐中，以學(xué)生為主體，以學(xué)定教，設(shè)計(jì)課外學(xué)習(xí)材料，并根據(jù)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)情況設(shè)計(jì)課堂教學(xué)，在課堂上完成了知識(shí)內(nèi)化。以下為筆者的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)：

一、背景描述

（一）教學(xué)對(duì)象

學(xué)軍中學(xué)高三（7）班學(xué)生。該班為理科班，學(xué)生高二時(shí)參加省英語(yǔ)會(huì)考成績(jī)?nèi)繛锳，具有較強(qiáng)的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。他們基本功扎實(shí)，自主合作和探究能力較強(qiáng)，喜歡富有個(gè)性的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，不滿足于教師對(duì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)與重現(xiàn)。但高三學(xué)生課業(yè)壓力大，學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間緊，全班僅6人因不在學(xué)校參加晚自習(xí)可回家利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)手段學(xué)習(xí)，其余41人幾乎不能接觸網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

（二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容

閱讀材料“The 333 Story”選自英文版《心靈雞湯》，屬勵(lì)志類記敘文，講述了身為廣播公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的主人公，通過(guò)開(kāi)會(huì)激發(fā)員工出點(diǎn)子的方式完成為遭受龍卷風(fēng)襲擊的災(zāi)區(qū)籌款計(jì)劃的故事。該文共有720個(gè)單詞，對(duì)高三學(xué)生而言有13處生詞、詞組，閱讀理解難度偏大。

（三）教學(xué)目標(biāo)

1.語(yǔ)言知識(shí)目標(biāo)。學(xué)習(xí)并運(yùn)用以下詞匯：

單詞：smash， conviction， executive， valid， objection， compatible， anchor。

短語(yǔ)：a string of， be committed to， come up with，figure out， fast and furious， get the credit。

2.語(yǔ)言技能目標(biāo)。進(jìn)一步提高閱讀理解能力，如學(xué)習(xí)用準(zhǔn)確的語(yǔ)言概括故事主旨，分析故事中戲劇性變化的原因，分析故事主人公的性格特征，理解故事的啟示，并能與同學(xué)合作將故事改編成一個(gè)小劇本，呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)小話劇。

3.學(xué)習(xí)策略目標(biāo)。獨(dú)立思考與合作學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合。

4.情感態(tài)度目標(biāo)。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生正確認(rèn)識(shí)并學(xué)習(xí)主人公身上的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)，即富有同情心，樂(lè)于助人，且不懼困難，堅(jiān)定不移地朝目標(biāo)前進(jìn)。

5.文化意識(shí)目標(biāo)。讓學(xué)生了解當(dāng)代社會(huì)人與人之間是密不可分的，學(xué)習(xí)西方國(guó)家的公眾意識(shí)、志愿者精神。

（四）教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)

1.教學(xué)重點(diǎn)。讓學(xué)生概括故事大意，分析故事中戲劇性變化的原因，分析故事主人公的性格特征，概括故事的啟示。

2.教學(xué)難點(diǎn)。讓學(xué)生通過(guò)課外自主學(xué)習(xí)，合作完成話劇創(chuàng)作，并提出文章中的不理解之處。

（五）教學(xué)模式

本閱讀課采取“翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂”教學(xué)模式，即課外學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)完成知識(shí)傳授，課內(nèi)師生講解討論作業(yè)、檢測(cè)學(xué)習(xí)效果并鞏固知識(shí)以完成知識(shí)內(nèi)化?；诮虒W(xué)對(duì)象在校期間無(wú)法接觸網(wǎng)絡(luò)在線學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況，筆者放棄了制作微視頻讓學(xué)生課前自主學(xué)習(xí)的設(shè)計(jì)，而是采用設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)式導(dǎo)學(xué)案讓學(xué)生在課外自主學(xué)習(xí)并分組合作完成導(dǎo)學(xué)案中任務(wù)的方式。

二、導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì)

【Part 1】Finish the following tasks before class

I. Reading Comprehension

Read the text for 2 to 3 times and answer the following questions.

A. What does 333 mean in the story？

B. The two underlined sentences in the passage show a dramatic change. Whats the change？ How did it take place？

C. How do you like the main character Bob Templeton in the story？ Was he a good boss or not？ Why？

D. Conclude the main idea of the story. （Please include the following elements： when， where， who， what， why and how.）

E. Discuss with your group mates about the difficulties you have in understanding the story and the difficulties in answering the above questions. If you cannot solve them with your group mates， please write down the difficulties here： .

II.Vocabulary Comprehension

Match the following words and expressions with the correct synonyms or paraphrases.

Ⅲ. A Role paly

Adapt the main part of the story for a mini play which is 3-5 minutes long in groups of four and role play it twice.

The mini play here includes the four basic factors： scene， character， dialogue/lines and action. You can refer to the play Pygmalion in Unit 4， Book 8）.

【Part 2】Supplemental material for class （You dont have to read this part before class.）

CARL AZUZ， CNN ANCHOR： Hi， Im Carl Azuz. Welcome to the special edition of CNN STUDENT NEWS. Today， were focusing exclusively on the Oklahoma City area and the devastating tornado that tore through there on Monday. This is what we know so far.

The tornado touched down near the town of _______， just before 3 P.M. _______. Residents had about 16 minutes warning before it hit. From there， it moved to the city of _______. And thats where the storm did its worst. You can tell from this video，it was gigantic. Officials said it was _______ wide， and the path that took across New Castle and Moore was 17 miles long. That path was one of destruction and devastation. Homes and businesses flattened， a local hospital severely damaged， two elementary schools took direct hits. As of Tuesday afternoon， authorities have confirmed _______ from this tornado including _______ children. More than _______ other people were injured. The rescue effort started immediately Monday afternoon and continued through the night.

三、課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

課前兩天，筆者將導(dǎo)學(xué)案發(fā)給學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)，并將班級(jí)分為每組6人共8組，讓學(xué)生獨(dú)立自主學(xué)習(xí)后進(jìn)行小組合作完成任務(wù)，次日收回以批改學(xué)生作業(yè)并收集問(wèn)題進(jìn)行反饋。批改后發(fā)現(xiàn)，詞匯匹配題學(xué)生基本全對(duì)，無(wú)須講解，學(xué)生能完成主旨大意概括、故事情節(jié)分析、人物性格分析題，但大部分學(xué)生對(duì)故事概括、情節(jié)分析題理解存在偏差，在人物性格分析方面也需要予以價(jià)值觀引導(dǎo)。學(xué)生們還在作業(yè)中反饋了自己在理解文章時(shí)碰到的困難，如：What does “to raise 3 million dollars 3 days from now in just 3 hours” mean？ What does “Thats how we can. That stays.” mean？ What does “the biggest names” mean？ Is “fast and furious” a mistake？ Should we change it into “fast and furiously”？ 等等。對(duì)于改編劇本排練話劇的任務(wù)，學(xué)生在兩天內(nèi)通過(guò)小組合作展開(kāi)，積極性較高，每個(gè)小組都有了自己的劇本并排練了兩次以上。

基于以上學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)后的反饋，筆者對(duì)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)如下：

【Step 1】 Lead in & Warming up

1.Watch a video clip about a tornado and fill in the blanks in the supplemental material for class.

2. Answer the following question.

Question 1： Whats the news report about？

Question 2： Faced with such devastating tornado， the rescue effort started immediately Monday afternoon. Would you offer your effort to help the people in the disaster area？

Question 3： What can you do to help the people who are suffering if you are a _____（doctor， painter，computer specialist， lawyer， construction worker，photographer...）？ Choose one job for yourself and think of the ways to help others through using your own skills.（Ask 4 students to share their thoughts）.

【Step 2】Main idea and mini play

1. Check the before class task： whats the main idea of the story？

After a terrible tornado hit Barrie near Toronto on a Friday night， Bob Templeton， vice president of Telemedia Communications， decided to raise 3 million dollars in 3 hours within 3 business days to help the people in Barrie. He discussed the plan with his executives and finally succeeded in doing it.

（When， where， who， what， why， how）

2.Presentation of the mini play.（Ask 2 groups to present.）

【Step 3】Reading Comprehension—to solve the problems students raised

1.Meaning of “333”—raising three million dollars in three hours within three business days！

Business day： working day—from Monday to Friday.

In three hours： the radio show lasted less than 3 hours.

2.What does the sentences “Thats how we can. That stays.” mean in the 12th paragraph？

A. Thats the reason why we can do a radio show across Canada， so it remains.

B. That is a real strong objection.

C. The idea of doing a radio show across Canada belongs to the side of “how we can”， so it should stay.

D. The idea shows why we can help the people in Barrie.

3. The two underlined sentences in the passage show a dramatic change. Whats the change？

There was nothing but silence in the room.（Paragraph 5）

At that point， it was absolutely amazing how fast and furious the creative ideas began to flow.（paragraph 13）

Why did this happen？

Is the word “furious” a mistake here？ Should we change it into furiously？

（No， fast and furious is an idiom.）

4. What do you think of Bob Templeton？

Was Bob Templeton a good boss or not？ Why？

（He was a good boss/leader. Warm-hearted/willing to help the people who are suffering/ shoulder social responsibility/ inspiring/determined ...）

We need a strong-willed leader in a hard situation.

【Step 4】 Write your own Paragraph 15

1. The 14th paragraph is the end of the story； however， it is not the end of the article. Authors usually would like to say something philosophical or educational or instructive after telling a story. If you were the author， what would you write in the 15th paragraph？

2. Ask students to share their Paragraph 15 in groups and decide the best one in their group. Share the best one with the whole class.

Teacher shares the original Paragraph 15： .

“You see， you can do anything if you put your focus on how to do it rather than on why you cant.”

3. Inspiration of the story：Be compassionate. Be willing to help others. Be determined. Focus on how to do it rather than on why you cant.

三、反思

作為筆者翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的首次嘗試，教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)遵循了以學(xué)生為主體，先學(xué)后教、以學(xué)定教的原則，突出了學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)。

“翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂”教學(xué)模式引入中國(guó)之后，不少實(shí)踐者認(rèn)為“精制課程教學(xué)視頻是翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂教學(xué)的基石”，或“觀看課程教學(xué)視頻是翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂教學(xué)的第一步，也是關(guān)鍵一步” 。筆者以為翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的核心思想是以學(xué)生為主體，先學(xué)后教、以學(xué)定教，學(xué)生觀看教學(xué)微視頻是課外學(xué)習(xí)的一種方式，但不是唯一的方式?？紤]到學(xué)生沒(méi)法使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)且教學(xué)內(nèi)容為英語(yǔ)閱讀材料的情況，筆者認(rèn)為文本式的導(dǎo)學(xué)案更適合于閱讀課前的自主學(xué)習(xí)。

在此次翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的實(shí)踐過(guò)程中，筆者感到很難跳出傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式的思維框架，教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)容易陷入學(xué)案導(dǎo)學(xué)模式。課后也有不少聽(tīng)課的同行認(rèn)為教學(xué)缺乏新穎的手段，雖然比傳統(tǒng)課堂多了師生探討問(wèn)題的環(huán)節(jié)，但“導(dǎo)入熱身，主旨?xì)w納，話劇表演，文本探討解疑，讀后寫(xiě)作活動(dòng)”這樣的教學(xué)流程與傳統(tǒng)模式大同小異。這需要在今后的實(shí)踐中多借鑒國(guó)外翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的做法以突破思維定勢(shì)。