王鋒 朱艷琴

過去分詞作狀語通常表示被動的或已經(jīng)完成的動作，進(jìn)一步說明謂語動詞的動作和狀態(tài)。過去分詞的邏輯主語通常就是句子的主語，且句子主語是過去分詞動作的承受者。

一、句法功能

過去分詞在句中可作時間狀語，原因狀語，讓步狀語，結(jié)果狀語，方式狀語和條件狀語等。過去分詞作狀語不管放在句首或句末，一般是用逗號將其與主句隔開。

1. 作時間狀語，通常在句首，但有時句末，有時置于主語和謂語之間。

Asked about his family， the young man made no answer.

The young man made no answer， asked about his family.

The young man， asked about his family， made no answer.

問到他的家庭，這個年輕人沒有回答。

2. 作原因狀語，一般置于句首，偶爾置于句末。

Having lived abroad for years， I am long to return.

在國外居住了幾年，我渴望回國。

The child learns fast， well brought up by his parents.

受到父母的良好教育，這個小孩學(xué)得很快。

3. 作條件狀語，常位于句首。

United， we stand； divided， we fail.

團(tuán)結(jié)就是勝利，分裂必然失敗。

4. 作伴隨或方式狀語，可位于句首、句中或句末。

The hunter walked slowly in the forest， followed by his wolf dog.

獵人在森林中慢慢地走，后面跟著他的狼狗。

5. 作讓步狀語，通常放在句首。

Although wounded all over， the brave soldiers continued to fight.

雖然全身受傷，這個勇敢的士兵繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。

二、部分形容詞化的過去分詞

有些過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化并且用于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，此時這些過去分詞既不表示被動也不表示完成，而是表示一種狀態(tài)。這樣的過去分詞及過去分詞短語常見的有：lost（迷路），seated（坐），hidden（躲），stationed（駐扎），lost/absorbed in（沉溺于），born（出身于），dressed in（穿著），tired of（感到厭倦）等，作狀語時，通常不用其-ing形式。

Lost in the mountain for a week， we were finally saved by the local police.

在大山里迷失了一個星期，我們最終被當(dāng)?shù)鼐焖取?/p>

三、過去分詞作狀語與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

過去分詞作狀語時，句子的主語是過去分詞所表示動作的承受者，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，句子的主語是現(xiàn)在分詞所表示動作的執(zhí)行者，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞動作與謂語同時發(fā)生時用一般式doing， 如果現(xiàn)在分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，表示主動就用having done， 表示被動則用having been done。

Walking along the street， I met a friend of mine.

沿著大街向前走時，我遇到我的一個朋友。

Having finished their work， they had a rest.

完成工作后，他們就休息了。

Seen in the distance， the city looks more attractive.

從遠(yuǎn)處看，這個城市更加迷人。

Seeing in the distance， we find the city more attractive.

從遠(yuǎn)處看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個城市更加迷人。

四、連詞+過去分詞

過去分詞時間狀語、條件狀語或讓步狀語時，為了明確其含義有時可在分詞前加上when， while， until， once， if， though， unless， although等連詞，這相當(dāng)于狀語從句的省略。

When asked about his family， he made no answer.

當(dāng)問及家庭的時候，他沒有回答。

Unless invited， I will not attend the party.

除非受到邀請，否則我將不參加聚會。

Once （it is） seen， it will not be forgotten.

只要看見就不會忘記。

但before， after一般不與過去分詞連用，因為這兩個詞還可作介詞，后接being done的形式。

Before being called， remain where you are.

在點(diǎn)名前，待在原地不動。

五、過去分詞作狀語與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換

1. 過去分詞作時間狀語時，可轉(zhuǎn)換為when， while或after等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。

Completed， the library will be open to the public next year. =When it is completed， the library will be open to the public.

圖書館完工后，將于明年向公眾開放。

2. 過去分詞作原因狀語時，可轉(zhuǎn)換為as， since或because等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。

Encouraged by the progress he has made， he works harder. =As he is encouraged by the progress he has made， he works harder.

由于受到所取得的成績的鼓舞，他工作更加努力了。

3. 過去分詞作條件狀語時，可轉(zhuǎn)換為if， once或

unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。

United， we will stand； divided， we will fail. = If we are united we will stand； if we are divided， we will fail.

團(tuán)結(jié)就是勝利，分裂必然失敗。

4. 過去分詞作伴隨狀語時，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句。

Mr Li came in， followed by his wife. = Mr Li came in and he was followed by his wife.

李老師走進(jìn)來，后面跟著他的妻子。

5. 過去分詞作讓步狀語時，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為although， though或even if等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。

Exhausted by the climb， we continued our journey. =Although we were exhausted by the climb， we continued our journey.

我們雖然爬得很累，但我們?nèi)匀焕^續(xù)我們的旅程。

6. 過去分詞作方式狀語時，如有連詞as if就轉(zhuǎn)換為as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句：若無連詞，則轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句。

The little girl began to cry as if bitten by a snake. =The little girl began to cry as if she was bitten by a snake.

小女孩大叫起來，好像被蛇咬了。

練習(xí)

1. __________twice， the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.

A. Being bitten B. Bitten

C. Having bitten D. To be bitten

2. __________ accoring to the directions， this kind of medicine has no side effect.

A. When taken B. When to take

C. When taking D. Taking

3. Our friendship is nothing __________ with yours.

A. to compare B. comparing

C. compared D. being compared

4. It is rather difficult to make friends with him， but his friends， __________ is more true than others.

A. after gaining B. when to gain

C. while gaining D. once gained

5. No one can walk the wire in the air without a bit of fear unless __________ very young.

A. having trained B. to be trained

C. trained D. being trained

6. __________ of stealing money from the bank， he was questioned by the police.

A. Accusing B. Having accused

C. To accuse D. Accused

7. __________ by his grandparents made Mike not used to living with his parents.

A. To bring up B. Being brought up

C. Brought up D. Bringing up

8. — Who should be responsible for the accident？

— The boss， not the workers. They just carried out the order .

A. as told B. as are told

C. as telling D. as they told

9. __________ from the top of the tower， the south of the mountain is a sea of trees.

A. Having seen B. Seen

C. To see D. Seeing

10. __________ ， he continued to walk. （hesitate）

猶豫了一會，他又繼續(xù)走了下去。

11.__________ ， she still accepted it without complaint. （disappoint）

盡管對結(jié)果失望，但她仍是毫無怨言地接受了它。

12. __________ ， he has to stay in bed. （wound）

他腿受了重傷，不得不躺在床上。

13. __________， they took a rest. （classify）

給書分類后，他們休息了一會。

參考答案

1～9 BACDCDBAB

10. Hesitating for a moment

11. Though disappointed at the result

12. Badly wounded in the leg

13. Having classified the books