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女性整形行為影響因素的Meta分析

2024-06-01 14:28:55周明軍王仁威項(xiàng)曉麗嚴(yán)靜
中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2024年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:自尊Meta分析女性

周明軍 王仁威 項(xiàng)曉麗 嚴(yán)靜

[摘要]目的:探索女性整形行為影響因素,為女性理性整形行為的健康干預(yù)提供依據(jù)。方法:檢索中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方、維普、Web of Science、PubMed、Science Direct等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),收集并篩選與女性整形行為相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn),采用R 4.1.2軟件對(duì)納入的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:共納入文獻(xiàn)27篇,總樣本量27 205人,有12個(gè)因素被納入Meta分析。結(jié)果表明,BMI、年齡、身體監(jiān)控、身體羞恥、自尊、身體欣賞、面部不滿、身體不滿、社交媒體使用強(qiáng)度、生活滿意度、物質(zhì)主義、媒體壓力的r值(95%CI)分別為[0.00(-0.06,0.07),P=0.881],[-0.09(-0.27,0.10),P=0.361],[0.35(0.31,0.39),P<0.001],[0.20(0.15,0.24),P<0.001],[-0.21(-0.35,-0.05),P=0.008],[-0.15(-0.23,-0.08),P<0.001],[0.41(0.33,0.49),P<0.001],[0.23(0.09,0.37),P=0.001],[0.15(0.10,0.20),P<0.001],[-0.12(-0.23,-0.01),P=0.034],[0.25(0.04,0.44),P=0.019],[0.33(0.23,0.42),P<0.001]。結(jié)論:BMI、年齡與女性整形行為無(wú)關(guān),身體監(jiān)控、身體羞恥、物質(zhì)主義、面部不滿、身體不滿、社交媒體使用強(qiáng)度、媒體壓力是女性整形行為的誘發(fā)因素,自尊、身體欣賞、生活滿意度是女性整形行為的規(guī)避因素。

[關(guān)鍵詞]女性;整形行為;自尊;影響因素;Meta分析

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]R395.6? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2024)05-0153-07

A Meta-analysis of Influencing Factors of Women's Cosmetic Behaviors

ZHOU Mingjun1, WANG Renwei1, XIANG Xiaoli2, YAN Jing1

(1. School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; 2. The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China)

Abstract: Objective? To explore the influencing factors of women's cosmetic behaviors and provide a basis of health interventions for women's rational cosmetic behaviors. Methods? Databases such as CNKI, WanFang, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched to collect and select literature related to women's cosmetic behaviors. R 4.1.2 software was used to perform Meta-analysis of the included literatures. Results? A total of 27 articles were included, with a total sample size of 27,205. Twelve factors were included in the Meta-analysis. The combined r values (95% CI) for BMI, age, body surveillance, body shame, self-esteem, body appreciation, facial dissatisfaction, body dissatisfaction, intensity of social media use, life satisfaction, materialism, and media pressure were [0.00(-0.06, 0.07), P=0.881], [-0.09(-0.27, 0.10), P=0.361], [0.35(0.31, 0.39), P<0.001], [0.20(0.15, 0.24), P<0.001], [-0.21(-0.35, -0.05), P=0.008], [-0.15(-0.23, -0.08), P<0.001], [0.41(0.33, 0.49), P<0.001], [0.23(0.09, 0.37), P=0.001], [0.15(0.10, 0.20), P<0.001], [-0.12(-0.23, -0.01), P=0.034], [0.25(0.04, 0.44), P=0.019], [0.33(0.23, 0.42), P<0.001]. Conclusions? It suggested that BMI and age are not associated with women's cosmetic behaviors. Body surveillance, body shame, materialism, facial dissatisfaction, body dissatisfaction, intensity of social media use, and media pressure are predisposing factors for women's cosmetic behaviors. Self-esteem, body appreciation, and life satisfaction are avoidance factors for women's cosmetic behaviors.

Key words: women; cosmetic behaviors; self-esteem; influencing factors; Meta-analysis

整形手術(shù)指的是人們出于審美原因而選擇性地改變自己身體特征的手術(shù),它包括選擇性手術(shù)(如吸脂)和非手術(shù)(如肉毒桿菌注射)[1]。近年來(lái),受互聯(lián)網(wǎng)容貌偶像的影響以及美容廣告的虛假宣傳,社會(huì)審美體系變得單一,部分女性對(duì)身體和美的健康認(rèn)知也有所扭曲[2],為迎合這樣的審美,對(duì)整形手術(shù)的需求也不斷增加[3]。2022年,我國(guó)接受整形手術(shù)的人群規(guī)模達(dá)到2 000萬(wàn)人,25歲以下人群是消費(fèi)主力,其中女性用戶占87.44%[4]。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,整形手術(shù)在女性群體中是一種普遍且接受度很高的身體相關(guān)行為。但不可忽視的是,整形手術(shù)存在著許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn),除了潛在的出血、感染、毀容和術(shù)后面部表情麻木[5-7]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)整形手術(shù)可能導(dǎo)致情緒障礙(如抑郁和焦慮)和飲食問(wèn)題[8]。鑒于整形手術(shù)存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和負(fù)面影響,學(xué)者們針對(duì)女性整形行為的影響因素進(jìn)行了廣泛研究,但綜合比較現(xiàn)有的研究成果,缺乏對(duì)女性整形行為影響因素系統(tǒng)地歸納和梳理,同時(shí)還存在同一因素存在影響效應(yīng)不一致的結(jié)果。如Brown A等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),自尊與整形行為呈正相關(guān);另有研究顯示,女性整形行為與自尊無(wú)關(guān)[10]。本研究擬通過(guò)梳理相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),采用Meta分析客觀地分析女性整形行為的影響因素,以期為女性樹(shù)立正確的價(jià)值觀,并為理性整形行為的健康干預(yù)提供理論依據(jù)。

1? 資料和方法

1.1 資料來(lái)源:以“整形手術(shù)”“整形行為”“整形意愿”“問(wèn)卷”“調(diào)查”“橫斷面”為檢索詞在中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方、維普等中文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查詢相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),以英文檢索詞"cosmetic surgery""plastic surgery""cosmetic behavior""the attitude of cosmetic surgery""questionnaire""survey""cross‐section"在Web of Science、PubMed、Science Direct等英文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查詢相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。檢索2010-2022年發(fā)表的與女性整形行為相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)。

1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①文獻(xiàn)類(lèi)型都為橫斷面研究;②報(bào)告了兩量表之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)系數(shù)或可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相關(guān)系數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù);③研究對(duì)象為女性;④納入整形手術(shù)接受量表(ACSS)和整形手術(shù)接受量表的考慮子量表(CACSS);⑤各研究獨(dú)立。

1.2.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①數(shù)據(jù)缺失的文獻(xiàn);②數(shù)據(jù)重復(fù)研究;③未報(bào)告兩量表之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)并且也未提供可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相關(guān)系數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。

1.3 文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)提取和質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià):本研究文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的提取信息包括作者、發(fā)表年份、研究地區(qū)、研究因素、樣本量、樣本年齡均值、效應(yīng)量r值、Z值及95%可信區(qū)間。采用Combie橫斷面研究評(píng)價(jià)量表對(duì)納入的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)[11],該量表評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有7個(gè)條目,總分為7分,將文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量分為3個(gè)等級(jí),A(6.0~7.0),B(4.0~5.5),C(<4)。由兩名研究員獨(dú)立對(duì)文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)分,所納入的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量得分都在B級(jí)以上,文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較高。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:本研究使用R軟件Meta程序包以r值為效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行Meta分析,該軟件可以通過(guò)Metacor命令,對(duì)原始數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Fisher's Z轉(zhuǎn)換,計(jì)算總的效應(yīng)值和95%可信區(qū)間,報(bào)告分析結(jié)果時(shí)再將Fisher's Z分?jǐn)?shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為相關(guān)系數(shù)[12]。為避免合并后的效應(yīng)值偏離真實(shí)情況,Meta分析異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為當(dāng)P>0.1,I?≤50時(shí)各研究間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,采用固定效應(yīng)模型,當(dāng)P≤0.1,I?>50時(shí),各研究間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型[13]。使用Egger線性回歸法來(lái)檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,若P>0.05,表明漏斗圖對(duì)稱性良好,不存在發(fā)表偏倚。

2? 結(jié)果

2.1 納入文獻(xiàn)基本特征:通過(guò)檢索中英文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)共獲得2 880篇,去除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后剩余2 441篇,瀏覽摘要及瀏覽全文后最終剩下27篇(流程圖見(jiàn)圖1),這些文獻(xiàn)都將女性作為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)不同年齡段,分為高中生、大學(xué)生以及成年女性(見(jiàn)表1)。納入研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖2~3。

2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果

2.2.1 女性整形行為的無(wú)關(guān)因素:BMI、年齡與整形行為之間異質(zhì)性P≤0.1,I?>50,選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。結(jié)果顯示,BMI、年齡的r值(95%CI)分別為[0.00(-0.06,0.07),P>0.05、[-0.09(-0.27,0.10),P>0.05]。

2.2.2 女性整形行為的誘發(fā)因素:根據(jù)Lipsey和Wilson對(duì)相關(guān)性的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定。r≤0.10時(shí)為低相關(guān),0.10<r<0.40時(shí)為中等相關(guān),r≥0.40為高相關(guān)[40]。身體監(jiān)控、面部不滿、身體不滿、物質(zhì)主義、社交媒體使用強(qiáng)度和媒體壓力與女性整形行為呈正相關(guān),其中面部不滿與女性整形行為達(dá)到高相關(guān)。其余因素均為中等相關(guān)。結(jié)果表明身體監(jiān)控等因素對(duì)女性整形行為具有正向的推動(dòng)效應(yīng),是女性整形行為的誘發(fā)因素。

2.2.3 女性整形行為的規(guī)避因素:異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)顯示,自尊、身體欣賞、生活滿意度選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(P≤0.1,I?>50),各因素與女性整形行為均為中等相關(guān)。結(jié)果表明較高的自尊等因素能降低女性的整形行為,是女性整形行為的規(guī)避因素。

2.3 敏感性分析:使用“Metainf(metadata,pooled=“random”)”函數(shù)對(duì)納入的文獻(xiàn)依次逐項(xiàng)剔除后再進(jìn)行效應(yīng)量的合并,結(jié)果顯示此次Meta分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)定性較好。

2.4 亞組分析:整形手術(shù)接受量表包括三個(gè)維度。①整形手術(shù)的社會(huì)動(dòng)機(jī);②自我為導(dǎo)向的整形手術(shù)的好處;③個(gè)人考慮進(jìn)行整形手術(shù)的可能性(整形手術(shù)接受量表的考慮子量表)。鑒于有的文獻(xiàn)采用整形手術(shù)接受量表,有的文獻(xiàn)采用整形手術(shù)接受量表的考慮子量表(即只測(cè)量第三個(gè)維度:考慮整形手術(shù)的可能性),本文進(jìn)一步分析使用不同量表對(duì)整形結(jié)果測(cè)量是否存在差異。亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,ACSS和CACSS在BMI、年齡、身體監(jiān)控、自尊、身體欣賞、面部不滿、媒體壓力之間,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表3

2.5 發(fā)表偏倚:發(fā)表偏倚可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致Meta分析結(jié)論偏離真實(shí)的情況。當(dāng)Meta分析的研究個(gè)數(shù)≥10個(gè)時(shí)需做漏斗圖,采用漏斗圖對(duì)BMI、年齡和身體監(jiān)控進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示,漏斗圖對(duì)稱性良好,通過(guò)Egger's檢驗(yàn),P>0.05,表明該研究不存在發(fā)表偏倚。見(jiàn)圖4~6。

3? 討論

研究結(jié)果顯示,物質(zhì)主義、身體監(jiān)控、身體羞恥、面部不滿,身體不滿、社交媒體使用強(qiáng)度、媒體壓力是女性整形行為的誘發(fā)因素。其中身體監(jiān)控和面部不滿成為女性接受整形手術(shù)的最強(qiáng)預(yù)測(cè)因素。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與Jackson T等[34]的報(bào)道一致。物質(zhì)主義強(qiáng)調(diào)物質(zhì)財(cái)富的重要性,擁有財(cái)富是獲得幸福和成功的關(guān)鍵[41],因此物質(zhì)主義促使個(gè)體將身體視為可以交換他物的物品,從而提高女性的整形行為[14]。Fredrickson BL[42]提出的客體化理論認(rèn)為,當(dāng)個(gè)體將外在的文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)化為自我評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí),她們會(huì)很在意自己在外在客體環(huán)境中的形象。因此經(jīng)常進(jìn)行身體監(jiān)控的女性會(huì)更注重外在形象,促使她們更可能地采取行動(dòng)去改善外表。此外,一項(xiàng)縱向調(diào)查研究顯示,頻繁地使用社交媒體會(huì)導(dǎo)致身體監(jiān)控的增加,會(huì)加大女性對(duì)外表投資程度[43]。導(dǎo)致這一影響機(jī)制的原因可能是社交媒體上常強(qiáng)調(diào)女性外貌的重要性,并通過(guò)宣傳整形和化妝品廣告來(lái)提升外貌吸引力,暴露于該類(lèi)媒體信息會(huì)增加女性的自我形象壓力,進(jìn)而提高女性接受整形手術(shù)的可能性[24]。

此外,研究結(jié)果表明自尊、身體欣賞和生活滿意度是女性整形行為的規(guī)避因素(即負(fù)向影響整形行為的因素),這與以往研究結(jié)果一致[44,32,35]。Harter S認(rèn)為自尊是個(gè)人對(duì)自我價(jià)值的判斷,是一個(gè)整體幸福的指標(biāo)[45]。一項(xiàng)在韓國(guó)女性中的調(diào)查研究結(jié)果顯示自尊與面部滿意度呈正相關(guān)[29],即擁有較高自尊的個(gè)體對(duì)自己的面部滿意度也較高,因而具有較低的整形行為。值得關(guān)注的是,關(guān)于自尊與女性整形行為的關(guān)系存在不一致的研究結(jié)果,有學(xué)者通過(guò)研究得出自尊與女性接受整形手術(shù)的可能性并不相關(guān)[46]。事實(shí)上,整形手術(shù)已經(jīng)不再是單純的滿足個(gè)人的虛榮心,它已漸漸的被視為一種增強(qiáng)自尊的工具[47],因此這二者的相互關(guān)系有待進(jìn)一步探討。

同時(shí),研究結(jié)果也顯示年齡與女性整形行為無(wú)關(guān)。在不同的國(guó)家(如荷蘭[22]、巴西[33]和英國(guó)[35]),這兩者之間的不相關(guān)性都得到了驗(yàn)證。2019年ISAPS(國(guó)際美容整形外科學(xué)會(huì))指出,女性通過(guò)整形來(lái)改善自己的外表,可能的誘發(fā)因素是與外表相關(guān)的壓力(如就業(yè)壓力、婚姻壓力)[48],與年齡無(wú)關(guān)。但是,一項(xiàng)針對(duì)英國(guó)大學(xué)生研究又發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡是女性接受整形手術(shù)的積極預(yù)測(cè)因素,年齡較大,對(duì)自己的身體形象越不滿意,會(huì)更愿意通過(guò)整形手術(shù)提高自身吸引力[31]。這些結(jié)果都表明,年齡在女性整形行為的作用機(jī)制中仍然是不可忽略的一個(gè)重要因素。

最后,研究結(jié)果還顯示女性的整形行為與BMI無(wú)關(guān),這與先前的研究結(jié)果一致[10,20],這說(shuō)明社會(huì)環(huán)境所傳播的單一審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)讓所有女性都很在意自己的外表,進(jìn)而提升她們對(duì)整形手術(shù)的接受度。值得關(guān)注的是,也有國(guó)外學(xué)者通過(guò)定性研究提出BMI較高的人,可能會(huì)將整形手術(shù)作為一種手段,使自己的身體符合社會(huì)外觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[49],因此整形的欲望也會(huì)相應(yīng)增強(qiáng)。未來(lái)需要構(gòu)建更系統(tǒng)、全面的影響機(jī)制模型,進(jìn)一步分析特定社會(huì)環(huán)境下年齡、BMI對(duì)女性整形行為的作用機(jī)制。

本研究也存在以下幾個(gè)方面的局限性:一是納入的研究均為橫斷面研究,對(duì)女性整形行為影響因素關(guān)系的解釋存在一定的局限性。二是由于納入研究的群體大多是年輕群體,沒(méi)有從職業(yè)層面進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的分類(lèi)研究。來(lái)自不同職業(yè)群體的女性整形行為影響因素也許存在一定的職業(yè)差異性,未來(lái)需要將女性的職業(yè)特征、社會(huì)環(huán)境納入考慮因素,進(jìn)一步探索女性整形行為的作用機(jī)制,為女性整形行為提供有效的健康干預(yù)和建議。

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[收稿日期]2023-02-23

本文引用格式:周明軍,王仁威,項(xiàng)曉麗,等.女性整形行為影響因素的Meta分析[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2024,33(5):153-159.

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