孫瑤芮 張全意
【摘要】 近年來,我國胃腸道疾病的發(fā)病率逐漸增加,無痛胃鏡檢查則是最可靠、最常用的診斷方法。布托啡諾與丙泊酚聯(lián)合應用,具有良好的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,且不良反應少,已廣泛應用于無痛胃鏡檢查中。但是對于不同年齡階段患者布托啡諾的應用劑量是否一致仍未可知,本研究旨在探索布托啡諾在不同年齡階段患者接受無痛胃鏡的應用劑量,為臨床用藥提供參考依據。
【關鍵詞】 布托啡諾 丙泊酚 無痛胃鏡
The Application and Research Progress of Butorphanol in Painless Gastroscopy/SUN Yaorui, ZHANG Quanyi. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(03): -164
[Abstract] In recent years, the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases has gradually increased in our country, and painless gastroscopy is the most reliable and commonly used diagnostic method. The combination of Butorphanol and Propofol has a good analgesic effect with few adverse reactions, and has been widely used in painless gastroscopy. However, it is still unknown whether the dosage of Butorphanol applied to patients at different ages is consistent. The purpose of this study is to explore the dosage of Butorphanol applied to patients at different ages receiving painless gastroscopy, so as to provide reference for clinical use.
[Key words] Butorphanol Propofol Painless gastroscope
First-author's address: Department of Anesthesiology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256603, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.03.038
隨著生活節(jié)奏的加快及飲食結構的調整,當代人群時常面臨不同程度的胃腸疾病困擾,嚴重影響個人生活質量。相關文獻[1]表明,我國胃癌和腸癌的發(fā)病率分別排名第二和第五[2],胃鏡檢查則是診斷胃腸道疾病最可靠的方法,但由于檢查過程中臟器的擴張和牽引,易導致患者出現(xiàn)惡心嘔吐、內臟疼痛及其他不適,部分患者也會出現(xiàn)術前緊張和焦慮,所以許多患者不愿接受胃鏡檢查[3]。隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學的快速發(fā)展,舒適化醫(yī)療已成為當今社會主流,特別是上消化道疾病者,無痛胃鏡已成為許多三級甲等醫(yī)院的常規(guī)檢查項目。目前無痛胃鏡最常用的麻醉方法是靜脈注射丙泊酚聯(lián)合小劑量阿片類藥物[4],布托啡諾是一種混合型阿片受體激動-拮抗劑,屬于二類精神藥品,鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,管理相對簡便,已廣泛應用于無痛胃鏡檢查中。但是對于不同年齡階段患者應用布托啡諾的劑量是否一致仍未可知,本研究旨在探索布托啡諾在不同年齡階段患者接受無痛胃鏡的應用劑量,為臨床用藥提供參考依據。
1 布托啡諾的作用機制
布托啡諾是一種混合型阿片受體激動-拮抗劑,其鎮(zhèn)痛作用是嗎啡的6倍[5]。布托啡諾靜脈注射后起效快,3~5 min達濃度峰值,消除半衰期為2.5~3.5 h[6]??赏耆应适荏w,部分激動δ受體、對μ受體具有激動和拮抗雙重作用,與阿片受體μ︰δ︰κ的親和力分別為1︰4︰25[7]。
2 無痛胃鏡現(xiàn)狀
無痛胃鏡可以消除患者檢查過程中的疼痛和不安情緒,既滿足了患者的舒適度,又提高了胃腸鏡檢查的成功率及效率[8]。盡管胃鏡檢查短,但麻醉過程中可能隨時發(fā)生呼吸抑制、心搏驟停等不良事件,嚴重威脅患者的生命健康。無痛胃鏡工作量繁重、患者年齡層次及疾病類型跨度大,麻醉醫(yī)師的工作壓力大,任務重,如何更好地完成無痛胃鏡的麻醉顯得尤為重要。
3 布托啡諾在臨床鎮(zhèn)痛中的應用
3.1 布托啡諾用于臨床鎮(zhèn)痛的優(yōu)勢
布托啡諾是1973年首次被報道合成[7],2004年底國內才用于臨床外科的阿片類藥物。其鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,持續(xù)時間久,呼吸抑制弱,成癮率低。相關研究表明,布托啡諾即使在鎮(zhèn)靜作用消失后,也可保持輕度的鎮(zhèn)痛效果[9]。布托啡諾依靠其起效快、副作用小、鎮(zhèn)痛效果好等優(yōu)點被廣泛應用于臨床中。
3.2 布托啡諾在超前鎮(zhèn)痛中的應用
超前鎮(zhèn)痛也稱預先鎮(zhèn)痛,即在傷害性刺激發(fā)生之前給予相應的鎮(zhèn)痛措施,從而降低痛覺閾值,減少局部的炎癥反應,從而達到減輕疼痛的效果,有效的鎮(zhèn)痛不但可以減少術后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,還有助于患者康復[10]。勞建新等[11]將120例人工流產術患者隨機分為四組:對照組,布托啡諾5 μg/kg組,布托啡諾10 μg/kg組,布托啡諾15 μg/kg組,每組30例。對照組術前3 min注射等量生理鹽水,布托啡諾組注射不同劑量布托啡諾,結果表明:布托啡諾10 μg/kg超前鎮(zhèn)痛應用于人工流產術,既可以減少丙泊酚劑量、術后宮縮痛及不良反應的發(fā)生,又使患者蘇醒迅速。王榮寧等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術前靜脈注射20 μg/kg布托啡諾,可以提供有效的術后鎮(zhèn)痛,而且不會增加術后不良反應。楊林等[13]的研究中,布托啡諾經鼻腔給藥超前鎮(zhèn)痛可顯著降低行老年患者早期術后認知功能障礙(POCD)的發(fā)病率。
3.3 布托啡諾在術后鎮(zhèn)痛中的應用
術后疼痛是一種不好的主觀體驗,常常折磨患者,影響患者的康復與轉歸。Apfelbaum等[14]報道,約80%的患者遭受術后疼痛,其中86%的患者經歷了從中度到重度的疼痛。一些研究表明,布托啡諾可以較好地改善剖宮產術后痛、牙痛及偏頭痛、急性肌肉骨骼痛和膽絞痛[15-18]。經皮泵如靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCA)已被用于減少術后疼痛,布托啡諾是臨床常用的鎮(zhèn)痛藥物。Zhu等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術后鎮(zhèn)痛布托啡諾組與非布托啡諾組在術后12、24、48 h 視覺模擬評分法(VAS)評分和術后12、48 h 鎮(zhèn)靜評分(RSS)無顯著差異,但布托啡諾后術后24 h RSS評分降低;且對于惡心嘔吐、瘙癢、頭暈等不良事件,使用布托啡諾顯著降低了發(fā)生率。
4 布托啡諾在無痛胃鏡中的應用
4.1 布托啡諾用于無痛胃鏡的優(yōu)勢
布托啡諾可使幽門括約肌自發(fā)開放頻率增加,使內鏡檢查更快、更容易[7,20]。它可以部分拮抗μ阿片類藥物(μ)受體,從而減少術后不良反應的發(fā)生率,如惡心、嘔吐等;與其他鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥相比,呼吸抑制等副作用發(fā)生率較低[21],故而廣泛應用于無痛胃腸檢查中[22]。
4.2 聯(lián)合用藥
4.2.1 布托啡諾聯(lián)合丙泊酚 丙泊酚因其起效快、半衰期短和恢復迅速等優(yōu)點成為無痛胃鏡檢查最常用的藥物之一[23],但又受限于呼吸和血流動力學不穩(wěn)定,由于丙泊酚不具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用,需要大劑量才能滿足無痛胃鏡檢查的要求,這增加了劑量相關并發(fā)癥如低血壓和低氧血癥的風險[24-25]。相關研究表明單純靜脈注射丙泊酚2~2.5 mg/kg,收縮壓和舒張壓可下降25%~40%[26],而且隨給藥劑量的增加對呼吸循環(huán)的抑制作用逐漸增強[27],故常需與其他藥物配伍使用。
目前無痛胃鏡最常用的麻醉是靜脈注射丙泊酚聯(lián)合小劑量阿片類藥物[4]。國內研究[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),布托啡諾復合丙泊酚可以安全、有效的應用于無痛胃鏡監(jiān)測,但對于高齡體弱的患者,應該注意減量、減慢給藥,注意患者呼吸、心率變化。Li等[26,29]發(fā)現(xiàn),在最合適的輸注速率下,單獨使用丙泊酚用于上消化道內鏡檢查時,低氧血癥的發(fā)生率為15%。然而,Lv等[30]的研究中,低氧血癥的發(fā)生率僅在8.2%~11.7%,明顯低于Li等報道的結果,這提示在無痛胃鏡檢查中,布托啡諾聯(lián)合丙泊酚可減少低氧血癥的發(fā)生率,而且還明顯減少丙泊酚的用量、呼吸抑制、頭暈嗜睡等不良反應。此外,丙泊酚經常會導致注射疼痛,影響患者滿意度和麻醉后出院評分(PADS)[31-32]。Agarwal等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),相比靜脈注射利多卡因,使用2 mg布托啡諾比靜脈注射利多卡因能有效地減少丙泊酚注射痛。術后疲勞會影響患者術后的情緒、心理狀態(tài)及恢復過程[34],Zhu等[35]比較布托啡諾和舒芬太尼用于無痛胃腸鏡的95%的藥物有效劑量(ED95)發(fā)現(xiàn),布托啡諾與舒芬太尼雖都產生了良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,但與舒芬太尼相比,布托啡諾可減少術后惡心嘔吐,改善術后鎮(zhèn)痛,減少術后疲勞,從而減少胃腸道內鏡后麻醉恢復室(PACU)時間,利于患者康復。
4.2.2 布托啡諾聯(lián)合瑞馬唑侖 瑞馬唑侖(CNS7056)是新型超短效苯二氮?類藥物,具有咪達唑侖和瑞芬太尼兩種麻醉藥物的組合特性[36],2019年12月在我國獲批用于胃鏡鎮(zhèn)靜。瑞馬唑侖給藥后分布迅速,3 min內達到最大鎮(zhèn)靜效果,半衰期短[37-38],且通過一級藥代動力學消除,在體內可被組織酶迅速水解為無活性代謝產物(CNS7054)[39],因此不影響肝腎功能,可以安全地用于肝或腎功能受損的患者[40-41]。由于瑞馬唑侖起效快,作用持續(xù)時間短、可預測,恢復快,持續(xù)輸注無蓄積,副作用少,耐受性好,可被氟馬西尼逆轉[37,42],廣泛用于臨床。
相關文獻[43]表明,布托啡諾復合瑞馬唑侖可安全用于老年患者無痛胃鏡檢查,對循環(huán)影響小,蘇醒時間短。謝爽[44]發(fā)現(xiàn)瑞馬唑侖聯(lián)合布托啡諾應用于老年患者無痛胃鏡檢查中,具有安全平穩(wěn)、蘇醒迅速,呼吸抑制低、幾乎無注射痛及并發(fā)癥少的特點。
4.2.3 布托啡諾聯(lián)合依托咪酯 依托咪酯是一種含有羧基咪唑的化合物,起效快,持續(xù)時間短,在肝臟代謝,75%的劑量經尿液排出[45]。與丙泊酚相比,依托咪酯結合并激活腎上腺素能受體,引起繼發(fā)性血管收縮并穩(wěn)定心血管系統(tǒng),對血流動力學影響小,而且呼吸抑制弱,通常用于血流動力學受損高風險患者的氣道插管鎮(zhèn)靜和循環(huán)功能不穩(wěn)定的老年患者[46-48]。最近的文獻[49-50]表明依托咪酯可安全用于復雜內鏡手術患者鎮(zhèn)靜,包括內鏡逆行膽管造影和內鏡超聲造影。但是單獨使用依托咪酯會導致肌陣攣、術后惡心嘔吐和肌肉疼痛,還可能導致腎上腺功能下降[51-52]。
文獻[53]表明,布托啡諾能有效預防依托咪酯所導致的肌陣攣的發(fā)生,減輕肌陣攣強度,也降低了術后惡心、嘔吐和頭暈的發(fā)生率。古學東等[54]發(fā)現(xiàn)布托啡諾聯(lián)合依托咪酯用于無痛胃鏡檢查,可替代舒芬太尼,減少術后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率,在門診無痛內鏡中的使用更具優(yōu)勢。桂江華等[55]將62例患者隨機分為對照組與研究組,各31例,對照組給予0.3 mg/kg依托咪酯,研究組給予0.2~0.6 mg/kg依托咪酯+1 mg布托啡諾。結果表明研究組入睡及蘇醒時間短,疼痛評分低,不良反應少,二者結合用于老年患者無痛胃腸鏡中,起效快,鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,優(yōu)勢互補,安全性高。
5 總結與展望
布托啡諾因起效快、鎮(zhèn)痛強、半衰期短等優(yōu)點被廣泛應用于臨床中,發(fā)揮了巨大作用,然而隨著應用劑量的增加,布托啡諾引起的鎮(zhèn)靜也會在恢復期導致頭暈、嗜睡等不良反應,影響了出院評分,降低了診斷和治療效率[56]。既往文獻[57-58]表明,布托啡諾引起的頭暈和嗜睡的發(fā)生率是劑量依賴性的,若能使用其合適劑量可減少不良反應的發(fā)生,而且隨著年齡的增加,機體代謝減慢,藥物劑量也應有所調整。經查閱大量文獻發(fā)現(xiàn),目前并未有研究對不同年齡階段的患者使用布托啡諾的50%的藥物有效劑量(ED50)和ED95做進一步的研究??紤]到目前我國接受無痛胃鏡患者人群數量大、患者層次種類復雜及不同年齡患者對藥物的反應不同等因素,本研究擬對不同年齡段患者使用布托啡諾進行無痛胃鏡的ED50和ED95進行探索,為臨床應用提供一些用藥經驗,旨在滿足舒適化的同時,創(chuàng)造更安全的醫(yī)療環(huán)境。
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(收稿日期:2023-10-24) (本文編輯:占匯娟)