何金玲 姜述斌
【摘要】 急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)后心室重構(gòu)與心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)發(fā)生及疾病預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。心室重構(gòu)過程開始迅速,通常在梗死后的最初幾個小時內(nèi)發(fā)生,并繼續(xù)進(jìn)展。即使是成功接受直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)后的患者,發(fā)生心室重構(gòu)的比例依舊偏高。因此,早期降低危險(xiǎn)因素并針對高?;颊咝杏行У姆乐尾呗?,進(jìn)行早期干預(yù)和密切隨訪成為目前研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。本篇文章介紹的是AMI后心室重構(gòu)危險(xiǎn)因素的研究進(jìn)展。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 心肌梗死 心室重構(gòu) 危險(xiǎn)因素
Research Progress on Risk Factors of Ventricular Remodeling after Acute Myocardial Infarction/HE Jinling, JIANG Shubin. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(03): -188
[Abstract] Ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is closely related to the occurrence and prognosis of heart failure (HF). The ventricular remodeling process begins rapidly, usually within the first few hours after infarction, and continues to progress. Even in patients who have successfully received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the proportion of ventricular remodeling is still relatively high. Therefore, early reduction of risk factors and effective prevention and treatment strategies for high-risk patients for early intervention and close follow-up have become one of the hotspots of current research. This article introduces the research progress of risk factors for ventricular remodeling after AMI.
[Key words] Myocardial infarction Ventricular remodeling Risk factor
First-author's address: The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.03.043
急性心肌梗死(AMI)后心室重構(gòu)是指AMI后心室發(fā)生的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的改變,可表現(xiàn)為左心室擴(kuò)大、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)降低或局部室壁活動異常,是決定AMI后遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵因素。在患者出現(xiàn)心力衰竭(HF)癥狀前,心室重構(gòu)多表現(xiàn)為無癥狀的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能異常。在我國,AMI后患者中出現(xiàn)心室重構(gòu)的比例達(dá)30%~60%[1]。雖然經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)能降低患者的近期死亡率,但AMI的后遺癥發(fā)生率仍居高不下,其主要的機(jī)制是AMI后發(fā)生心室重構(gòu)。早期預(yù)測AMI后心室重構(gòu)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),進(jìn)行有效防治,對患者而言具有重要意義。本文的目的是匯總及分析影響AMI后心室重構(gòu)的各種危險(xiǎn)因素,旨在提高臨床醫(yī)生及患者對AMI后心室重構(gòu)危險(xiǎn)因素的認(rèn)識。
1 年齡
年齡對心肌梗死后心室重構(gòu)有著一定的不良影響。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)青年組的心功能沒有受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,而高齡患者心室重構(gòu)的概率大,心功能受到明顯損傷,中年組患者的心功能嚴(yán)重程度低于高齡組。高齡患者常合并心血管疾病,還有長期吸煙等不良生活習(xí)慣,增加心室重構(gòu)的發(fā)生率[2]。年齡影響AMI后心室重構(gòu)的主要機(jī)制可能是心肌細(xì)胞在缺血或再灌注的應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下更易發(fā)生凋亡和心肌細(xì)胞自噬作用的減弱等[3]。
2 性別
女性和男性心臟具有相似的解剖和生理特征,但有些例外,如女性左室功能障礙的傾向較低。這些差異可以部分歸因于女性透壁性梗死發(fā)生率較低和微血管阻塞區(qū)域較小,以及女性神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)和細(xì)胞凋亡、炎癥和促纖維化通路的激活不太明顯。雌激素可能在這種差異中發(fā)揮作用,這種差異可能在絕經(jīng)后部分持續(xù)存在,因?yàn)榕泽w內(nèi)持續(xù)存在雌激素的心肌內(nèi)合成,相反,雄激素可能會產(chǎn)生不利影響[4],大多數(shù)研究的結(jié)果有利于女性。了解心臟損傷的性別差異將使我們在預(yù)防與治療方面的偏見最小化。此外,對兩性不同反應(yīng)的潛在機(jī)制的探索可能為性別特異性治療靶點(diǎn)藥物開發(fā)提供新見解[5]。
3 吸煙
吸煙對心肌細(xì)胞有直接毒性作用,吸煙也是心臟病理的間接因素,因?yàn)樗觿×斯膊?,如動脈粥樣硬化綜合征和高血壓,也會損害和重塑心臟[5]。Haig等[6]的研究顯示,長期大量吸煙可明顯影響AMI患者PCI后心肌血流灌注。AMI直接PCI術(shù)后心肌是否能得到有效的血流灌注,會直接影響心室重構(gòu)和心功能的恢復(fù),但目前為止,慢血流,尤其是無復(fù)流,依舊是介入醫(yī)生棘手的問題。吸煙者的再灌注微血管可能降低修復(fù)潛力,因此在再灌注后的幾天內(nèi)更易發(fā)生梗死核心的漸進(jìn)性退化[6]。吸煙是AMI后心室重構(gòu)最顯著的可改變因素。但是,人們低估了吸煙的危險(xiǎn)性,這表明促進(jìn)戒煙需要我們進(jìn)一步的工作。
4 糖尿病
糖尿病被認(rèn)為是AMI后發(fā)生再梗死和心源性猝死的預(yù)測因素。但糖尿病對梗死后心室重構(gòu)是否有影響,目前存在爭議。Whitaker等[7]認(rèn)為糖尿病和AMI后心室重構(gòu)之間有一定的聯(lián)系。Fabris等[8]認(rèn)為與單純AMI患者相比,合并糖尿病的患者在PCI術(shù)后更易發(fā)生HF,但與晚期心室重構(gòu)的關(guān)系不大。在國內(nèi),同樣存在爭議。但上述幾項(xiàng)研究診斷、治療的技術(shù)背景等有所不同,因此糖尿病對AMI后心室重構(gòu)的是否存在影響需要更多的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
5 高血壓
崔雪蓮等[9]的研究提示AMI患者在接受PCI術(shù)后的血壓水平能夠影響左室重構(gòu)的嚴(yán)重程度。有高血壓病史的ST段抬高性心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者更易發(fā)生心肌再灌注損傷,梗死部位微血管的進(jìn)行性損傷可能導(dǎo)致心臟恢復(fù)潛能受損,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致左心室收縮功能障礙和長期HF,也可能是通過刺激神經(jīng)激素激活和氧化應(yīng)激來促進(jìn)左室重構(gòu)的加速進(jìn)行[10],高血壓也可能導(dǎo)致間質(zhì)纖維化,這可能有助于增加左室硬度[11]。因此,AMI時有效的血壓控制對患者預(yù)后的改善可能與它能夠預(yù)防左室重構(gòu)有一定的關(guān)聯(lián)。
6 腎功能損害
腎功能如何影響AMI后心臟重構(gòu)的機(jī)制仍不清楚。先前的研究表明,腎臟疾病會導(dǎo)致心室功能障礙,并在AMI后通過腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system,RAAS)過度激活導(dǎo)致重塑惡化[12]。隨著腎功能下降,許多代謝途徑受到干擾,包括體積和壓力狀態(tài)改變、動脈粥樣硬化和動脈硬化加速、礦物質(zhì)代謝紊亂、尿毒癥毒素和氧化應(yīng)激,都會對心肌細(xì)胞造成壓力[13]。Chiang等[14]的研究表明,在AMI住院患者中,腎功能損害不僅會影響指南指導(dǎo)藥物治療和冠狀動脈介入治療的臨床決策,而且在AMI后心臟重構(gòu)和心血管結(jié)局中起著重要的作用。
7 多支血管病變、梗死血管程度與梗死部位
多支血管病變、梗死血管程度和心肌梗死部位已被證實(shí)與左室重構(gòu)有關(guān)。多項(xiàng)研究表明,與STEMI合并單支血管病變患者相比,合并多支血管病變(multivessel disease,MVD)的患者術(shù)后主要的心血管不良事件明顯增加且預(yù)后較差[15]。MVD影響AMI患者預(yù)后的機(jī)制是多方面的,非梗死相關(guān)血管病變導(dǎo)致非梗死區(qū)域心肌供血不足,使得患者整體心功能受到影響,從而導(dǎo)致心室重構(gòu)[16]。血管的梗死程度與左室重構(gòu)的發(fā)生有關(guān),血管完全梗死后心室重構(gòu)的發(fā)生率大于血管不完全梗死[17]。已發(fā)現(xiàn)前壁心肌梗死后心室重塑的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比其他梗死部位高1.9倍[18],是因?yàn)榍氨贏MI更易出現(xiàn)早期梗死區(qū)擴(kuò)展和晚期心室擴(kuò)張。
8 心肌總?cè)毖獣r間
溶栓與PCI治療圍繞STEMI冠狀動脈血運(yùn)重建的首選方式的爭論由來已久,但越來越多的人認(rèn)為PCI是優(yōu)于溶栓的首選方法。PCI與缺血再灌注損傷的發(fā)生有關(guān)[19],它可導(dǎo)致不可預(yù)測的無復(fù)流現(xiàn)象和微血管閉塞綜合征[20],但在限制AMI的嚴(yán)重程度、延緩心室重構(gòu)和減少AMI后HF的發(fā)生起著至關(guān)重要的作用[21]。STEMI和缺血癥狀持續(xù)時間小于12小時的患者應(yīng)行PCI,實(shí)現(xiàn)梗死相關(guān)動脈再灌注可挽救心肌,可保留局部和整體左心室功能,改善長期生存期[22]。在這個時間段,血運(yùn)重建的效果是非常依賴時間的。相反,AMI(>12小時,<3個月)后發(fā)現(xiàn)患者血運(yùn)重建的益處與壞死和時間無關(guān)。因此,STEMI救治的基石是盡可能縮減心肌總?cè)毖獣r間,時間決定策略、條件決定方法的理念,因時、因地制宜,選擇合理的治療方案。
9 神經(jīng)與體液因素的調(diào)控
現(xiàn)存的實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床數(shù)據(jù)支持交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(sympathetic nervous system,SNS)和RAAS參與負(fù)責(zé)重塑的細(xì)胞過程,無論是急性還是慢性,SNS除了促進(jìn)更大的梗死面積和在此基礎(chǔ)上更大的重塑傾向外,SNS激活還增強(qiáng)了RAAS的激活,促進(jìn)了心肌的不利慢性負(fù)荷條件[23]。血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(ACEIs)和血管緊張素Ⅱ型受體阻滯劑(ARBs)[24]、鹽皮質(zhì)激素受體拮抗劑(MRA)[25]干預(yù)可有效抑制左室重構(gòu),已普遍達(dá)成共識。有研究表明沙必特/纈沙坦(也稱為LCZ696)在AMI的大鼠模型中于AMI后可以減輕心功能障礙和重塑[26],β-受體阻滯劑可通過調(diào)節(jié)肌細(xì)胞特異性增強(qiáng)因子、內(nèi)皮素和趨化因子發(fā)揮抗纖維化和抗炎作用,可延緩心室重構(gòu),改善遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后[27]。鈉-葡萄糖共轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白2抑制劑(SGLT2)可逆轉(zhuǎn)和改善患者的不良心室重構(gòu),然而,該機(jī)制仍然未知,需要進(jìn)一步闡明[28]。脂肪干細(xì)胞通過增加血管內(nèi)皮生長因子表達(dá)改善AMI后的心室重塑[29]。許多研究表明,細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶信號通路的激活在心肌重塑、炎癥、細(xì)胞凋亡、氧化應(yīng)激等過程中起有害作用,與心肌肥厚密切相關(guān)[30-31]。
10 炎癥反應(yīng)與修復(fù)
延長促炎期和/或有限修復(fù)性抗炎期可加劇再灌注損傷并導(dǎo)致AMI后心室重構(gòu)[32]。中性粒細(xì)胞含有有效的活性氧(ROS)生成和蛋白水解酶系統(tǒng)涉及還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶2(NOX2)和髓過氧化物酶(MPO)的協(xié)調(diào)激活,以及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)和其他啟動組織重塑和修復(fù)的蛋白水解酶的釋放[33]。MMP與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM)的形成有關(guān),ACEI、ARB、他汀類藥物等延緩心室重構(gòu)的機(jī)制可能與它們抑制MMP的表達(dá)有一定的關(guān)系[34]。AMI后ECM更新來響應(yīng)炎癥刺激,這些適應(yīng)性過程導(dǎo)致基質(zhì)重塑[35]。
用粒細(xì)胞-巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)治療心肌梗死模型大鼠會干擾梗死部位的修復(fù)性纖維化并誘導(dǎo)加劇的左室重塑[36]。用高遷移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)蛋白中和抗體治療AMI模型大鼠1周,導(dǎo)致梗死部位的巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤減少,但在AMI后2周加劇左室重塑[36]。AMI的發(fā)展是繼發(fā)于促炎的Ly6Chigh單核細(xì)胞和M1巨噬細(xì)胞的浸潤,吞噬壞死組織并溶解不必要的蛋白質(zhì),然后是抗炎的Ly6Clow單核細(xì)胞和M2巨噬細(xì)胞的浸潤,它們通過膠原纖維和膠原蛋白的組織置換促進(jìn)愈合,在此過程中,樹突狀細(xì)胞被誘導(dǎo)與單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞從相同的前體細(xì)胞分化并浸潤梗死部位,梗死部位在MI后7 d達(dá)到峰值。這些細(xì)胞通過表達(dá)抗炎細(xì)胞因子IL-10控制過度的炎癥反應(yīng),并促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的動員從而加劇了心室重構(gòu)[36]。SN50/白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-10/NapFFY水凝膠可顯著抑制促炎細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),它促進(jìn)了M2巨噬細(xì)胞的極化,從而減少了心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡并改善了邊界區(qū)域的血管形成,改善AMI后的心室重構(gòu)[37]。與巨噬細(xì)胞功能相關(guān)的微小RNA被認(rèn)為既可作為預(yù)測AMI后左室重構(gòu)的標(biāo)記,也可作為潛在的干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)[38]。
IL-1和IL-18信號傳導(dǎo)誘發(fā)心肌炎癥,IL-6通過轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(TGF)β1-Smad-MM2/9信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路[39],進(jìn)而促進(jìn)心肌纖維化,加重心肌梗死,降低心肌收縮功能[40]。TGF-β刺激肌成纖維細(xì)胞沉積Ⅰ/Ⅲ型膠原蛋白,進(jìn)而形成非收縮性瘢痕[41]。最近顯示腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)受體相關(guān)因子2(Traf2)通過調(diào)節(jié)RIP1-RIP3-MLKL通路負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)壞死性凋亡,從而在心臟中具有保護(hù)機(jī)制[42]。在樹突狀細(xì)胞浸潤的病理?xiàng)l件下,炎癥失去控制,可導(dǎo)致心臟破裂、心室瘤和左室重構(gòu)[35]。
11 小結(jié)與展望
急性心肌梗死后心室重構(gòu)的預(yù)防是需要提高民眾對心肌梗死后心室重構(gòu)的主要危險(xiǎn)因素的認(rèn)識。臨床醫(yī)生可以將心肌梗死后心室重構(gòu)預(yù)防納入患者教學(xué),讓患者了解到減少心肌缺血時間、戒煙、高血壓的充分預(yù)防和控制、按時服藥的重要性,進(jìn)行早期運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練、有氧運(yùn)動、改善心肺功能以預(yù)防心肌梗死后心室重構(gòu)。通過引導(dǎo)人們自我保健來改變他們的生活方式,可以降低心室重構(gòu)的發(fā)生率。心肌梗死患者出院期間的訓(xùn)練可以減少心肌梗死后心室重構(gòu)的發(fā)生率。年齡、性別、炎癥等對靶點(diǎn)藥物開發(fā)提供新的見解,而糖尿病、腎功能損害是否影響心室重構(gòu)尚存在爭議,缺乏基礎(chǔ)研究及臨床數(shù)據(jù),需要我們進(jìn)一步探索。心室重構(gòu)危險(xiǎn)因素的研究可以輔助臨床醫(yī)生及患者關(guān)注及控制這些因素,從而改善患者預(yù)后。
綜上所述,AMI后心室重構(gòu)的危險(xiǎn)因素是多方面的,想要預(yù)防AMI后發(fā)生心室重構(gòu)是需要從多方面對患者進(jìn)行指導(dǎo),需要進(jìn)一步對AMI后心室重構(gòu)危險(xiǎn)因素行基礎(chǔ)研究及臨床試驗(yàn),以解決AMI后心室重構(gòu)的發(fā)生問題。
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(收稿日期:2023-08-29) (本文編輯:占匯娟)