張希勁 劉小強(qiáng) 高鈿 沈若武
[摘要]目的 探究穿心蓮內(nèi)酯(AG)對(duì)人骨肉瘤(HOS)細(xì)胞的作用及機(jī)制。方法 以正常培養(yǎng)的HOS細(xì)胞為對(duì)照組,不同濃度AG作用后的HOS細(xì)胞為實(shí)驗(yàn)組。利用平板克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞增殖能力的影響,Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力的影響,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)觀察AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞周期分布的影響。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組HOS細(xì)胞的生存率降低,抑制率升高,且呈現(xiàn)出濃度依賴性和時(shí)間依賴性,差異均有顯著性(F=111.64、35.22,P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組HOS細(xì)胞的增殖能力較對(duì)照組降低,也呈現(xiàn)出濃度依賴性,差異有顯著性(F=250.95,P<0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組HOS細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力均降低,差異有顯著性(t=21.23、23.36,P<0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組HOS細(xì)胞G1期比例降低,S期比例升高,G2期比例降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.12~38.88,P<0.05);G1期濃度依賴性不明顯(t=0.16~0.40,P>0.05),S期、G2期則表現(xiàn)出一定的濃度依賴性(t=5.41~11.90,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 AG能夠明顯降低HOS細(xì)胞的生存率,這可能與其影響HOS細(xì)胞的增殖能力、侵襲和遷移能力及細(xì)胞周期有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 穿心蓮內(nèi)酯;骨肉瘤;細(xì)胞增殖;細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng);細(xì)胞周期
[中圖分類號(hào)] R738.1[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2020)04-0451-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.043
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200320.1519.005.html;2020-03-23 13:41:57
EFFECT OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE ON HUMAN OSTEOSARCOMA CELLS AND ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION
ZHANG Xijin, LIU Xiaoqiang, GAO Tian, SHEN Ruowu
(Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China)
[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the effect of andrographolide (AG) on human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells and its mechanism of action.Methods Normally cultured HOS cells were selected as control group and HOS cells treated with different concentrations of AG were selected as experimental group. Plate colony formation assay was used to observe the effect of AG on the proliferative capacity of HOS cells, Transwell assay was used to observe the effect of AG on the invasion and migration abilities of HOS cells, and flow cytometry was used to observe the effect of AG on HOS cell cycle distribution. Results Compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significant reduction in the viability of HOS cells and a significant increase in inhibition rate in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (F=111.64,35.22;P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significant reduction in proliferative capacity in a concentration-dependent manner (F=250.95,P<0.05), as well as significant reductions in the invasion and migration abilities of HOS cells (t=21.23,23.36;P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significant reduction in the proportion of cells in G1 phase, a significant increase in the proportion of cells in S phase, and a significant reduction in the proportion of cells in G2 phase (t=4.12-38.88,P<0.05); the change in the cells in G1 phase was not concentration-dependent (t=0.16-0.40,P>0.05), and the changes in the cells in S phase and G2 phase showed a certain degree of concentration dependence (t=5.41-11.90,P<0.05).Conclusion AG can significantly reduce the viability of HOS cells, possibly by affecting the proliferation, invasion, migration, and cell cycle of HOS cells.
[KEY WORDS] andrographolide; osteosarcoma; cell proliferation; cell movement; cell cycle
穿心蓮是一種臨床應(yīng)用極為廣泛的中藥[1],其藥用部位為爵床科植物穿心蓮的干燥地上部分。該藥具有清熱解毒、涼血、消腫、燥濕等功效[2],臨床常用于治療呼吸道感染、泌尿系感染、腹瀉、濕疹及癰瘡等病癥[3-6]。近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),穿心蓮的主要成分穿心蓮內(nèi)酯(AG)具有良好的抗腫瘤活性,對(duì)多種腫瘤具有很好的療效,例如肺癌[7]、卵巢癌[8]、膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤[9]、前列腺癌[10]等。但AG對(duì)骨肉瘤的作用卻一直鮮有研究。本研究旨在探討AG對(duì)人骨肉瘤(HOS)細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為的影響及其作用機(jī)制,從而為臨床骨肉瘤的治療提供一定的參考?,F(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1 材料和方法
1.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與分組
HOS細(xì)胞由青島大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院特種醫(yī)學(xué)系實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供,用含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10胎牛血清(杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司)和體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.01青鏈霉素混合液(北京索萊寶科技有限公司)的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液,在37 ℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2、飽和濕度條件下培養(yǎng)。待細(xì)胞貼壁程度達(dá)到80%~90%時(shí),進(jìn)行傳代或其他實(shí)驗(yàn)操作。以正常培養(yǎng)的HOS細(xì)胞為對(duì)照組,不同濃度AG(北京索萊寶科技有限公司)作用后的HOS細(xì)胞為實(shí)驗(yàn)組。
1.2 平板克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖能力
取生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好的細(xì)胞1瓶,應(yīng)用2.5 g/L的EDTA胰蛋白酶溶液消化,收集細(xì)胞。每組設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔,以每孔2×104個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于24孔板中,貼壁生長(zhǎng)24 h。去掉原培養(yǎng)液,分別加入不含AG和含有1、2、5、10 μmol/L AG的培養(yǎng)液1 mL,培養(yǎng)2周,中間及時(shí)換液。棄培養(yǎng)液,甲醇固定后以10 g/L結(jié)晶紫染色液(北京索萊寶科技有限公司)染色。用磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)洗去浮色,自然風(fēng)干后拍照。
1.3 Transwell小室實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力
取生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好的細(xì)胞1瓶,接種在6孔板中,每孔106個(gè)細(xì)胞,貼壁生長(zhǎng)過夜。棄去舊培養(yǎng)液,分別加入2 mL不含AG和含有50 μmol/L AG的培養(yǎng)液作用48 h。按基質(zhì)膠∶無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)液=1∶8的比例稀釋基質(zhì)膠,取100 μL按比例稀釋后的基質(zhì)膠鋪于Transwell試劑盒(康寧公司)上室,過夜。分別設(shè)鋪膠組和不鋪膠組,鋪膠組測(cè)侵襲能力,不鋪膠組測(cè)遷移能力。收集細(xì)胞,離心,去上清,用無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)液重懸。上室接種5×104個(gè)HOS細(xì)胞,下室加入含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.20胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液500 μL,作用48 h。取出小室,吸除上室培養(yǎng)液,棉簽擦凈,甲醇固定后用10 g/L結(jié)晶紫染色液染色。用PBS洗去浮色后,棉簽再次擦凈未穿膜細(xì)胞,晾干,倒置顯微鏡(奧林巴斯公司)下拍照。
1.4 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期分布
取生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好的細(xì)胞4瓶,以PBS清洗后,每瓶加3 mL無(wú)血清RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液同步化過夜。同步化處理以后,棄去培養(yǎng)液,4瓶分別加入3 mL不含AG以及含有5、10、50 μmol/L AG的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液。作用24 h后,收集細(xì)胞,用冰預(yù)冷PBS清洗,離心,去上清,加入500 μL冰預(yù)冷的體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.70的乙醇溶液重懸,4 ℃固定過夜。離心,去上清,用冰預(yù)冷PBS清洗乙醇。再次離心,去上清,按照細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)試劑盒(金克隆生物技術(shù)有限公司)說明書的要求處理沉淀。處理沉淀后應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞儀(賽默飛世爾科技有限公司)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期分布。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以[AKx-D]±s表示,兩組數(shù)據(jù)之間比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),多組數(shù)據(jù)之間比較采用方差分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞生存率的影響
與對(duì)照組相比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)組HOS細(xì)胞的生存率降低,抑制率升高,且呈現(xiàn)出濃度依賴性和時(shí)間依賴性,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=111.64、35.22,P<0.05),濃度和時(shí)間無(wú)交互作用(F=0.33,P>0.05)。表明AG能夠降低HOS細(xì)胞生存率。見表1。
2.2 AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞增殖能力的影響
平板克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,在AG濃度分別為0、1、2、5、10 μmol/L的條件下,HOS細(xì)胞的增殖率分別為100%、(82.87±3.62)%、(66.83±2.40)%、(46.83±3.26)%和(22.83±1.63)%(n=3),實(shí)驗(yàn)組HOS細(xì)胞的增殖能力明顯低于對(duì)照組,且呈現(xiàn)出濃度依賴性,差異有顯著性(F=250.95,P<0.05)。說明AG可以降低HOS細(xì)胞的增殖能力。
2.3 AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力的影響
Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組HOS細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移能力均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=21.23、23.36,P<0.05)。表明AG能夠降低HOS細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移能力。見表2。
2.4 AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞周期分布的影響
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果顯示,AG濃度與細(xì)胞周期存在交互作用(F=514.77,P<0.05);與對(duì)照組相比,各實(shí)驗(yàn)組HOS細(xì)胞G1期比例降低,S期比例升高,G2期比例降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.12~38.88,P<0.05);G1期的濃度依賴性不明顯(t=0.16~0.40,P>0.05),S期、G2期則體現(xiàn)出一定的濃度依賴性(t=5.41~11.90,P<0.05)。表明AG能夠影響HOS細(xì)胞的周期分布,阻滯其由S期至G2期。見表3。
3 討論
骨肉瘤是一種多發(fā)于青少年和兒童的原發(fā)性惡性骨腫瘤,發(fā)病年齡多在13~19歲之間,男性多于女性。骨肉瘤具有惡性程度高、轉(zhuǎn)移早、發(fā)展快、預(yù)后差等4個(gè)特點(diǎn)[11]?,F(xiàn)階段骨肉瘤的臨床治療以手術(shù)聯(lián)合新輔助化療為主[12]。此外,基因治療、分子靶向治療、免疫治療等新治療技術(shù)的應(yīng)用也取得了一定進(jìn)展[13-20]。雖然骨肉瘤的臨床治療已經(jīng)取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,但仍然存在很多局限性[21-22],如化療的毒副作用較大[23],放療對(duì)骨肉瘤的敏感性相對(duì)較差,復(fù)發(fā)性和轉(zhuǎn)移性骨腫瘤缺乏有效的靶向治療藥物,骨肉瘤篩查率低,針對(duì)惡性腫瘤的標(biāo)記物篩查缺少相應(yīng)有效的研究等,這些都是現(xiàn)階段骨肉瘤臨床治療中存在的問題[24],仍有待進(jìn)一步的研究。
相對(duì)西藥來(lái)說,中藥的毒副作用要小很多。近年來(lái)的研究結(jié)果表明,很多中藥具有良好的抗腫瘤功效[25-26],如柴胡、黃芩、大黃、蚤休、穿心蓮等。穿心蓮作為臨床抗腫瘤的代表性藥物之一,其主要成分AG具有良好的抗腫瘤活性,對(duì)多種腫瘤有效,包括肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、結(jié)直腸癌等[27-29]。然而,國(guó)內(nèi)外極少有AG對(duì)骨肉瘤影響的研究報(bào)道,其作用機(jī)制更是不甚明了。因此,本研究探討了AG對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為的影響,以期發(fā)現(xiàn)新的可以用于骨肉瘤臨床治療的潛在藥物。
藥物對(duì)腫瘤的抑制作用主要體現(xiàn)在誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、阻滯細(xì)胞周期、抑制細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移、調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫等方面[30]。本文研究結(jié)果顯示,AG能夠顯著降低HOS細(xì)胞的生存率,且濃度越高,作用時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),HOS細(xì)胞的生存率越低,表明AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞有抑制作用。進(jìn)一步的平板克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,AG能夠降低HOS細(xì)胞的增殖能力,濃度越高,HOS細(xì)胞的增殖能力越低。Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,AG能夠抑制HOS細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果則表明,AG可以影響HOS細(xì)胞的周期分布,阻滯其由S期至G2期的過程,進(jìn)而影響HOS細(xì)胞的增殖。以上結(jié)果說明,AG能夠通過影響HOS細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲遷移能力以及細(xì)胞周期分布等,發(fā)揮對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞的抑制作用,表明AG可能是一種潛在的治療骨肉瘤的藥物。
綜上所述,本研究首次探討了AG對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的作用,證明了AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞的影響是多方面的,包括增殖能力、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力以及細(xì)胞周期分布等,表明AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞有較強(qiáng)的抑制作用,可能是一種潛在的治療骨肉瘤的藥物。然而,本實(shí)驗(yàn)也存在局限性,如只證明了AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞有顯著抑制作用,并初步探討了其作用機(jī)制,而尚未探究AG對(duì)HOS細(xì)胞的分子作用機(jī)制,這將是我們后續(xù)研究的重點(diǎn)。希望本研究結(jié)果能夠有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的能夠安全有效治療骨肉瘤的藥物,進(jìn)而對(duì)臨床治療骨肉瘤有所幫助。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]謝璇,任瑩璐,張惠敏,等. 穿心蓮內(nèi)酯的藥理作用和應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展[J].? 中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志, 2018,16(19):2809-2812.
[2]陳龍浩,黃濤陽(yáng),孫春玲,等. HPLC法同時(shí)測(cè)定慢性盆腔炎灌腸液中穿心蓮內(nèi)酯和脫水穿心蓮內(nèi)酯的含量[J]. ?西北藥學(xué)雜志, 2015,30(5):575-577.
[3]萬(wàn)新軍. 穿心蓮內(nèi)酯及其衍生物的藥理研究進(jìn)展[J].? 中醫(yī)臨床研究, 2017,9(30):144-145.
[4]張曉,唐力英,吳宏偉,等. 穿心蓮現(xiàn)代研究進(jìn)展[J].? 中國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)方劑學(xué)雜志, 2018,24(18):222-234.
[5]李夢(mèng)詩(shī),吳騰,曹靜樺,等. 穿心蓮內(nèi)酯對(duì)糖尿病腎病小鼠的治療作用及機(jī)制[J].? 中國(guó)藥科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2018,49(1):97-101.
[6]黃春榮. 穿心蓮內(nèi)酯滴丸治療風(fēng)熱證咽喉腫痛的療效分析[J].? 內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2018,50(3):353-354.
[7]LEE Y C, LIN H H, HSU C H, et al. Inhibitory effects of andrographolide on migration and invasion in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway[J].? European Journal of Pharmacology, 2010,632(1/3):23-32.
[8]蘇芳靜,張斌,田林燕. 穿心蓮內(nèi)酯對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞株SKOV-3侵襲與凋亡的影響[J].? 中國(guó)病理生理雜志, 2017,33(7):1328-1331.
[9]LI Yanchun, ZHANG Pengfei, QIU Feng, et al. Inactivation of PI3K/Akt signaling mediates proliferation inhibition and G2/M phase arrest induced by andrographolide in human glioblastoma cells[J].? Life Sciences, 2012,90(25/26):962-967.
[10]MIR H, KAPUR N, SINGH R, et al. Andrographolide inhi-
bits prostate cancer by targeting cell cycle regulators, CXCR3 and CXCR7 chemokine receptors[J].? Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), 2016,15(6):819-826.
[11]ZHANG Ya, YANG Jingqing, ZHAO Na, et al. Progress in the chemotherapeutic treatment of osteosarcoma[J].? Oncology Letters, 2018,16(5):6228-6237.
[12]AZNAB M, HEMATTI M. Evaluation of clinical process in osteosarcoma patients treated with chemotherapy including cisplatin, adriamycin, ifosfamide, and etoposide and determination of the treatment sequels in a long-term 11-year follow-up[J].? Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 2017,13(2):291-296.
[13]ZHANG Chunlin, ZHU Kunpeng, MA Xiaolong. Antisense lncRNA FOXC2-AS1 promotes doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by increasing the expression of FOXC2[J].? Cancer Letters, 2017,396:66-75.
[14]DEL MARE S, HUSANIE H, IANCU O, et al. WWOX and p53 dysregulation synergize to drive the development of osteosarcoma[J].? Cancer Research, 2016,76(20):6107-6117.
[15]PAN Jianqing, WANG Hao, LIU Xinmin, et al. Tumor restrictive suicide gene therapy for glioma controlled by the FOS promoter[J].? PLoS One, 2015,10(11):e0143112.
[16]DUPAIN C, HARTTRAMPF A C, URBINATI G, et al. Relevance of fusion genes in pediatric cancers: toward precision medicine[J].? Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids, 2017,6:315-326.
[17]GUAN Ying, ZHANG Rui, PENG Zhibin, et al. Inhibition of IL-18-mediated myeloid derived suppressor cell accumulation enhances anti-PD1 efficacy against osteosarcoma cancer[J].? Journal of Bone Oncology, 2017,9:59-64.
[18]OTOUKESH B, BODDOUHI B, MOGHTADAEI M, et al. Novel molecular insights and new therapeutic strategies in osteosarcoma[J].? Cancer Cell International, 2018,18:158.
[19]XU Qiaolong, CHENG Li, CHEN Jianyang, et al. miR-376a inhibits the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma by targeting FBXO11[J].? Human Cell, 2019,32(3):390-396.
[20]LI Chen, XIAO Xiaoqing, QIAN Yihong, et al. The CtBP1-p300-FOXO3a transcriptional complex represses the expression of the apoptotic regulators Bax and Bim in human osteosarcoma cells[J].? Journal of Cellular Physiology, 2019,234(12):22365-22377.
[21]RUSSO C, LAVORGNA M, ESEN M, et al. Evaluation of acute and chronic ecotoxicity of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, their metabolites/transformation products and UV treated samples[J].? Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex:1987), 2018,233:356-363.
[22]TURNER H, SGUIN B, WORLEY D R, et al. Prognosis for dogs with stage Ⅲ osteosarcoma following treatment with amputation and chemotherapy with and without metastasectomy[J].? Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2017,251(11):1293-1305.
[23]CIERNIK I F, NIEMIERKO A, HARMON D C, et al. Proton-based radiotherapy for unresectable or incompletely resected osteosarcoma[J].? Cancer, 2011,117(19):4522-4530.
[24]WONG P, HOUGHTON P, KIRSCH D G, et al. Combining targeted agents with modern radiotherapy in soft tissue sarcomas[J].? Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2014,106(11):2-15.
[25]黃弦歌,李和根. 中醫(yī)藥在治療晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌中的作用及優(yōu)勢(shì)[J].? 中醫(yī)學(xué), 2018,7(6):340-347.
[26]唐德才. 活血化瘀藥在抗腫瘤及轉(zhuǎn)移中的運(yùn)用思考[J].? 南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2019,35(1):1-4.
[27]JI Lili, SHEN Kaikai, JIANG Ping, et al. Critical roles of cellular glutathione homeostasis and jnk activation in andrographolide-mediated apoptotic cell death in human hepatoma cells[J].? Molecular Carcinogenesis, 2011,50(8):580-591.
[28]SHI M D, LIN H H, CHIANG T A, et al. Andrographolide could inhibit human colorectal carcinoma Lovo cells migration and invasion via down-regulation of MMP-7 expression[J].? Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2009,180(3):344-352.
[29]畢然,杜玉君,魏偉,等. 穿心蓮內(nèi)酯對(duì)人腎細(xì)胞癌786-0細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和凋亡的影響[J].? 吉林大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版), 2018,44(1):18-20.
[30]焦存,蘆現(xiàn)杰,谷萬(wàn)里. 大蒜素抗婦科惡性腫瘤機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展[J].? 現(xiàn)代中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志, 2019,28(2):222-225.
(本文編輯 馬偉平)
[收稿日期]2019-04-05; [修訂日期]2020-02-18
[基金項(xiàng)目]山東省高等學(xué)??萍加?jì)劃項(xiàng)目(L16LK04)
[第一作者]張希勁(1993-),男,碩士研究生。
[通信作者]沈若武(1973-),男,碩士,教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:shenruowu@aliyun.com。