張瑞新 寧方玲
[摘要]細胞衰老是一種多效性的細胞狀態(tài),貫穿于機體生理及病理多重環(huán)節(jié)的始末,維持細胞與組織自身功能及結(jié)構(gòu)的動態(tài)平衡。傳統(tǒng)意義上,細胞衰老以永久性的增殖停滯為特征,以各種治療手段加速腫瘤細胞衰老成為既往腫瘤治療的一大理論基石,然而,近年來人們對于細胞衰老機制的探索不斷深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)由于腫瘤微環(huán)境中的細胞衰老現(xiàn)象具有特殊的生物學特性,一些衰老腫瘤細胞甚至可以“重啟”細胞周期,從而實現(xiàn)“重生”并獲得更高的侵襲能力及治療抵抗性。研究證實,這種現(xiàn)象與腫瘤治療后復發(fā)有密切關(guān)聯(lián)。本文將對腫瘤細胞衰老的相關(guān)機制進行歸納總結(jié),并對其相關(guān)誘導及清除治療的研究進展進行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]腫瘤;細胞衰老;衰老誘導治療;細胞周期
[中圖分類號] R730.5? [文獻標識碼] A?? [文章編號]2095-0616(2022)09-0062-04
Study advances in tumor cell senescence and related therapies ZHANG? Ruixin ???NING? Fangling2
1.Binzhou Medical University, Shandong, Binzhou 256603, China;2.Department of Oncology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Shandong, Binzhou 256603, China
[Abstract] Cell senescence is a pleiotropic cellular state that runs through the beginning and end of multiple processes of body physiology and pathology, maintaining the dynamic balance of the functions and structures of cells and tissues. Traditionally, cell senescence is characterized by permanent proliferation stagnation, and accelerating tumor cell senescence by various therapeutic means has been a major theoretical cornerstone of tumor therapy in the past. However, in recent years, the exploration on cell senescence mechanisms has been deepened, and it has been found that some senescent tumor cells can even "restart" the cell cycle due to the special biological characteristics of cell senescence in the tumor microenvironment, thus achieving "rebirth" and higher invasion ability and therapeutic resistance. And this phenomenon has been proven to be closely related to tumor recurrence after treatment. This paper summarizes the mechanisms of tumor cell senescence and reviews the study advances in the senescence-inducing and eradication therapy.
[Key words] Tumor; Cell senescence; Senescence-inducing therapy; Cell cycle
“細胞衰老”(cellular senescence)一詞由 Hayflick 團隊首次提出,他們觀察到正常的二倍體細胞在有限次數(shù)的分裂后停止增殖,現(xiàn)象類似于機體衰老,故將其命名為“細胞衰老”[1]。事實上,盡管細胞衰老與機體衰老存在相關(guān)性,但二者并非對等關(guān)系。從胚胎發(fā)育到成年期的任何生命階段,細胞在機體生長發(fā)育的任何階段都可以經(jīng)歷衰老,并不受年齡限制。在胚胎發(fā)育階段,細胞衰老有助于機體生長發(fā)育,而成年階段,細胞衰老可以阻止受損細胞的繁殖,有助于組織修復,并起到抑制腫瘤發(fā)生的作用[2]??傊毎ダ鲜窃诼L的進化過程中,細胞自身演變出一套相對完善的動態(tài)平衡調(diào)控程序。
1細胞衰老與腫瘤
1.1細胞衰老
傳統(tǒng)理論認為細胞衰老以永久性的增殖停滯為特征,并將其視作一種細胞在面對多重內(nèi)源性及外源性刺激下,維持自身狀態(tài)與活性動態(tài)平衡的自我調(diào)控程序,該程序啟動時往往伴有高分泌、大分子損傷和新陳代謝改變等過程,是一種具有多效性的進化演變,對機體細胞穩(wěn)態(tài)的維持具有重要意義[3]。
多種信號(如端粒功能障礙、癌基因激活及持續(xù)性 DNA 損傷等)均可以刺激細胞衰老的發(fā)生[4]。相對輕微的內(nèi)源性或外源性細胞損傷,通常是可逆的,損傷行為停止后細胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的完整性也隨之恢復。而細胞在經(jīng)歷強烈的、不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損傷時,往往激活“自殺”程序,以限制細胞損傷對組織退化的影響。細胞衰老往往是介于在這兩個極端程序之間的第三種狀態(tài),從某種意義上講,細胞衰老是一種針對有害刺激或機體異常增殖作出的警報反應[5]。
1.2腫瘤細胞衰老
在腫瘤細胞中,細胞衰老的警報反應可被強制“中斷”,衰老細胞重新進入細胞周期,且獲得特殊的生物活性。Saleh 團隊采用流式細胞術(shù),以衰老相關(guān)β-半乳糖苷酶(senescence-associated β-galactosidase, SA-β-gal)活性和細胞大小為特異性標志,同時利用活細胞成像和干涉計量學對化療誘導衰老的腫瘤細胞進行篩選,證實了衰老腫瘤細胞可進行自發(fā)細胞分裂[5]。這種“重生”行為不僅在腫瘤自然發(fā)展過程中發(fā)生,經(jīng)衰老誘導治療(therapy-induced senescence, TIS)后的腫瘤細胞也可出現(xiàn)這種情況并且機制更為復雜。華盛頓大學研究組研究證明,p16INK4a 及 p53缺失的 H1299肺癌細胞系可以“逃逸”喜樹堿誘導后的細胞衰老并恢復增殖能力,而這種恢復能力與腫瘤細胞表達細胞分裂周期蛋白的能力之間存在正相關(guān)性。
當然腫瘤細胞從衰老中“重生”比例相對較少。有研究表明,這些“重生”腫瘤細胞往往具有多倍體[6]和細胞干性及高侵襲性[7]的特征。有研究在小鼠實驗中證實,這些具有干性的腫瘤細胞在體外可迅速形成細胞集落,當移植到小鼠體內(nèi)時,成瘤負荷相較于對照普通腫瘤細胞系明顯提高[7]。值得注意的是,這種細胞干性在 TIS 后的腫瘤細胞中更明顯,這一點,在Sabisz的研究中已得以驗證,在小鼠模型中接受 TIS 的腫瘤細胞有部分細胞表達干性,并介導化療治療耐藥[8]。這個過程與衰老腫瘤細胞過度表達 CDK、Cdc2/Cdk1來逃避 TIS 以重新進入細胞周期相關(guān)[9-10]。
基于 TIS 在腫瘤治療中的重要地位及 TIS 治療后復發(fā)的高風險性,近年來, TIS 對于腫瘤治療的作用是研究的熱點。
2衰老細胞誘導及消除治療
2.1衰老誘導治療
TIS 并非某一種治療手段,而是多種腫瘤治療方法的統(tǒng)稱。臨床上多種手段可誘導腫瘤細胞衰老,并進一步抑制腫瘤增殖,甚至“消除”腫瘤細胞。臨床上常見的化療藥物,如拓撲異構(gòu)酶抑制劑、烷化劑、鉑類、抗代謝劑、微管抑制劑、激素類藥物;一些靶向藥物、免疫檢查點抑制劑及 PARP 抑制劑及蛋白酶體抑制劑,都是常見的細胞衰老誘導劑[11]。這些藥物作用機制及適用瘤種各異,但均能引起腫瘤細胞上調(diào)細胞衰老經(jīng)典標志物 SA-β-gal 的表達。此外,放療射線也可以引起細胞衰老[12]。
隨著腫瘤治療手段日趨成熟,經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)、規(guī)范的 TIS 治療,大部分腫瘤細胞可被殺滅,患者可獲得更長的生存期。事實上,并非所有患者都能從 TIS 中獲益,一部分治療后復發(fā)的患者表現(xiàn)出比初發(fā)時更高的轉(zhuǎn)移率及病死率[11]。
2.2衰老細胞清除治療及進展
2.2.1衰老細胞清除治療腫瘤細胞經(jīng)化療藥物或放射治療后會進入衰老狀態(tài),一部分腫瘤細胞經(jīng)治療消除后幸存下來,并進入休眠狀態(tài)。一方面,衰老腫瘤細胞通過進入長時間的生長停滯狀態(tài)來逃避治療的直接細胞毒性作用,休眠過程中可進行自我更新能力的恢復;另一方面,衰老細胞還通過 SASP 的旁分泌信號直接促進鄰近細胞惡性表型轉(zhuǎn)化[13]。從而導致患者在治愈原發(fā)疾病幾個月甚至幾年后出現(xiàn)惡性程度更高、進展更快的腫瘤復發(fā)。盡管復發(fā)機制復雜多樣,但腫瘤細胞在接受 TIS 后的“重生”已被證明是重要一環(huán)[14-16]。
基于 TIS 的重要性及風險性,衰老細胞清除治療在延緩及預防腫瘤復發(fā)研究中成為熱點[17]。? 2.2.2特異性細胞衰老抑制劑細胞分裂周期激酶(CDC7)抑制劑屬于 TP53突變肝癌細胞衰老特異性抑制劑,對 TP53野生型肝癌細胞和正常細胞無衰老誘導作用。這種獨特的肝癌治療模式,被命名為“組合拳式(one-two punch)”[18]。
2.2.3凋亡蛋白選擇性抑制劑 Navitoclax 是抗凋亡蛋白 bcl-2、bcl-xl 和bcl-w 的選擇性抑制劑。研究證實,使用 Navitoclax 可選擇性地殺死由輻射、癌基因過度表達和復制耗竭引起的各種人和鼠衰老細胞,同時還消除可紅外線誘導的造血干細胞和骨髓基質(zhì)細胞中的 SASP 反應,從而改善小鼠的骨髓狀況,促進輻射后小鼠骨髓功能的恢復[19-20]。
2.2.4聯(lián)合治療模式研究表明達沙替尼和槲皮素具有分解衰老的潛力。達沙替尼是一種小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,單獨使用可以消除衰老的人類脂肪細胞;而槲皮素是一種黃酮醇,大量存在于天然飲食中,單獨使用可以更有效地對抗衰老的人類內(nèi)皮細胞。小鼠模型中證實,“D+Q 模式”聯(lián)合用藥對消除衰老的小鼠胚胎成纖維細胞比單獨使用每種藥物更有效[21]。
此外,姜黃素[22]、Fisetin[23]、二甲雙胍[24]、 Panobinostat[25]、溶酶體抑制劑(如巴菲霉素 A1等)[26]、非諾貝特[27]、強心苷[28]等藥物均可作為 TIS 治療后殘留的衰老腫瘤細胞的“清除劑”,以達到延緩或預防腫瘤復發(fā)的目的。
3展望
細胞衰老貫穿于機體生長發(fā)育的始末,宏觀上由動態(tài)遺傳和表觀遺傳過程共同決定,是一種相對穩(wěn)定的增殖停滯狀態(tài)。在生理狀態(tài)下,通過調(diào)控機體生長、發(fā)育及組織修復、更新,起到正向保護作用?;诖?,TIS 應運而生,傳統(tǒng)放化療日趨成熟,靶向及免疫治療也為晚期腫瘤患者帶來了生存獲益。然而,隨著我國醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展,醫(yī)學技術(shù)的日益精進,腫瘤患者在生存期延長的同時,復發(fā)問題也日漸暴露。其中,大量研究數(shù)據(jù)證實 TIS 相關(guān)衰老細胞積累與復發(fā)相關(guān)。近年來,衰老細胞的清除治療成為熱點話題。然而,這些治療模式尚未在臨床上廣泛應用,細胞衰老相關(guān)檢測生物學標志物也多局限于實驗室內(nèi),希望在不久的將來,這些治療手段能為臨床腫瘤患者帶來預后及生存期的切實獲益。
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(收稿日期:2022-01-19)