国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

MiRNA—16對(duì)NF—κB通路調(diào)控的研究進(jìn)展

2017-11-20 08:36劉超陳漢娟
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2017年29期
關(guān)鍵詞:凋亡

劉超++++++陳漢娟

[摘要]MiRNA-16基因位于13號(hào)染色體,屬于非編碼RNA,由22個(gè)核苷酸組成,可以調(diào)控核因子-κB(NF-κB)的表達(dá)。NF-κB具有多向調(diào)節(jié)作用的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,如NF-κB具有調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-x等抗凋亡蛋白的表達(dá),也可以調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤壞死受體相關(guān)因子(TRAF1)等抗凋亡基因的表達(dá),而且對(duì)白介素-2(IL-2)等生長(zhǎng)因子也具有一定的調(diào)節(jié)作用。因此,NF-κB與腫瘤的增殖、凋亡密切相關(guān)。miRNA-16通過(guò)與NF-κBB的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域或3′UTR結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)NF-κB間接發(fā)揮調(diào)控抗凋亡基因、抗凋亡蛋白、生長(zhǎng)因子的作用。本文綜述了miRNA-16和NF-κB的合成與功能,以及miRNA-16潛在的抗凋亡基因、抗凋亡蛋白、生長(zhǎng)因子等調(diào)控靶點(diǎn)。

[關(guān)鍵詞]非編碼RNA;NF-κB;凋亡

[中圖分類號(hào)] R392.11 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2017)10(b)-0015-03

[Abstract]The miRNA-16,gene of coding which is located on chromosome 13,belong to the non-coding RNA and consists of 22 nucleotides,which could regulate the expression of NF-κB.NF-κB is a multidirectional adjustment of transcription factors,such as NF-κB couldn adjust the protein Bcl-x expression and other anti-apoptotic proteins exprsssion when also could adjust the protein IL-2 expression and other growth factors expression,also could adjust the geneTRAF1 expression and other anti-apoptotic gene expression.Therefore,NF-κB is closely related to tumor proliferation and apoptosis.MiRNA-16 may be combined with promoter region or 3′UTR of the NF-κB,and could indirectly regulate anti-apoptotic genes,anti-apoptotic proteins and growth factors by NF-κB.The synthesis and function of mirna-16 and NF-κB were reviewed in this paper,and the potential anti-apoptotic gene,anti-apoptotic protein,growth factor and other control targets of mirna-16 were reviewed.

[Key words]Non-coding RNA;Nuclear factor kappa B;Apoptosis

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一種內(nèi)源性基因編碼的長(zhǎng)度約22 nt的非編碼單鏈RNA分子,普遍存在真核生物中,參與轉(zhuǎn)錄后基因表達(dá)調(diào)控[1]。mRNA在核糖體上翻譯到3′末端時(shí),RNA誘導(dǎo)沉默復(fù)合物(RNA-induced silencing complex,RISC)中的miRNA與mRNA3′UTR互補(bǔ),翻譯終止,從而出現(xiàn)mRNA表達(dá)變化不大,而相應(yīng)蛋白出現(xiàn)明顯變化[2]。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[3-4],miRNA調(diào)控人體約30%的基因表達(dá),其中miRNA-16是關(guān)注的miRNAs分子之一。核因子-κB(NF-κB)是細(xì)胞核內(nèi)重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,激活NF-κB可以促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、增殖、抗凋亡,使細(xì)胞發(fā)生惡性轉(zhuǎn)化并促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[5-6]。

1 miRNA-16與NF-κB信號(hào)通路

1.1 miRNA-16的合成

miRNA-16基因位于13號(hào)染色體[7- 8],成熟的miRNA序列為UAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCG(MIMAT0000069)。MiRNA-16的合成與siRNA類似,也是一系列RNaseⅢ內(nèi)切酶和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白逐步加工而成。在細(xì)胞核內(nèi),13號(hào)染色體編碼miRNA-16的基因通過(guò)RNA聚合酶Ⅱ或聚合酶Ⅲ轉(zhuǎn)錄合成初級(jí)miRNA-16的前體,經(jīng)過(guò)Drosha和DGCR8剪切編輯形成miRNA-16前體。MiRNA-16前體在輸出蛋白5(Exporting-5)和Ran復(fù)合物協(xié)助下轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)出細(xì)胞核進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì),胞質(zhì)中的Dicer/TRBP將其剪切成22 bp的雙鏈RNA,其中一條鏈即為miRNA-16。雙鏈RNA中的miRNA-16鏈與RNA誘導(dǎo)的RISC結(jié)合,互補(bǔ)鏈發(fā)生降解后,RISC釋放出miRNA-16。游離的miRNA-16通過(guò)與靶基因mRNA3′UTR結(jié)合,影響靶基因mRNA的穩(wěn)定性和翻譯,起到調(diào)控基因表達(dá)的作用。

1.2 NF-κB的組成

NF-κB是NF-κB/Rel家族的一員,由兩種亞基組成[9- 10]。第一種亞基包括p50和p52,第二種亞基包括RelA、RelB、c-Rel三種。NF-κB與抑制亞基結(jié)合呈失活狀態(tài),抑制亞基解離或被分解,NF-κB則活化。NF-κB抑制亞基有5種,包括IκBα、IκBβ、IκBγ、IκBδ、IκBε。失活的NF-κB是常態(tài)存在,最普遍的組成似乎是p50、RelA和IκB按1∶1∶1組合的三聚體,其中RelA是不可缺少的。IκB被磷酸化后脫落,NF-κB活化,進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核與順式作用元件結(jié)合,調(diào)控基因表達(dá)。細(xì)胞核內(nèi)新合成的IκB與活化NF-κB結(jié)合,重新形成三聚體,NF-κB失活。其中,IκB磷酸化是NF-κB最常見(jiàn)的活化形式[11]。endprint

1.3 NF-κB的生理功能

在正常細(xì)胞構(gòu)成性表達(dá)活化的NF-κB,只見(jiàn)于成熟B細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞和某些神經(jīng)元。在大多數(shù)細(xì)胞中,靜息時(shí)的NF-κB通常與IκB結(jié)合成無(wú)活性的復(fù)合物而存在細(xì)胞漿中。NF-κB活化可通過(guò)IκB蛋白激酶(I-κB kinase,IKK)的分解作用分解IκB和磷酸化IκB兩條途徑活化NF-κB,其中,磷酸化IκB是NF-κB活化的主要方式。活化的NF-κB具有促增殖和抗凋亡作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果研究表明[12-13],腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)在激活細(xì)胞凋亡的同時(shí),激活了抗凋亡的信號(hào)。TNF-α可激活抗凋亡途徑中的關(guān)鍵因子NF-κB,而使腫瘤細(xì)胞無(wú)限增殖[14]。NF-κB作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,通過(guò)上調(diào)與細(xì)胞生存、增殖相關(guān)的基因表達(dá)或誘導(dǎo)抑制因子的過(guò)表達(dá),以及阻斷凋亡途徑中的某個(gè)信號(hào)分子的表達(dá)而發(fā)揮抗凋亡作用。

2 miRNA-16對(duì)NF-κB信號(hào)通路的調(diào)節(jié)

在膠質(zhì)瘤中,miRNA-16是低表達(dá)的,與膠質(zhì)瘤的惡性程度成負(fù)相關(guān)。研究表明[15],miRNA-16能夠下調(diào)NF-κB/MMP9,抑制了人類膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和侵襲。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)上調(diào)miRNA-16,可通過(guò)抑制BCL2的表達(dá)來(lái)促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[5],宮頸癌中存在NF-κB高表達(dá)與激活,NF-κB通路的激活參與調(diào)控miRNA的表達(dá)。棒狀桿菌感染的膽管上皮細(xì)胞通過(guò)激活NF-κB信號(hào)通路來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)miRNA的表達(dá),miRNA-16的高表達(dá)與其在NF-κB的潛在啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域有關(guān)[16]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[17-18],胃癌細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)NF-κB抑制劑能夠下調(diào)NF-κB表達(dá),同時(shí)miRNA-16表達(dá)也出現(xiàn)降低現(xiàn)象。據(jù)此,可以推斷NF-κB可能靶向調(diào)控miRNA-16的表達(dá),miRNA-16是通過(guò)負(fù)反饋環(huán)調(diào)節(jié)NF-κB的非經(jīng)典途徑進(jìn)行調(diào)控NF-κB的表達(dá)。

3 miRNA-16對(duì)NF-κB信號(hào)通路的潛在靶點(diǎn)

3.1抗凋亡基因

NF-κB通過(guò)激活抗凋亡基因如c-IAP-1、TRAF1,阻斷caspase8活化,介導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞抗凋亡而惡性增殖[19]。miRNA-16通過(guò)與NF-κB3′UTR結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致NF-κB的減少,活化的NF-κB也將相應(yīng)減少,由此將導(dǎo)致抗凋亡蛋白減少,細(xì)胞必將出現(xiàn)凋亡傾向。

3.2抗凋亡蛋白

抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-xl是bcl-x基因轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)生的,該基因的啟動(dòng)中含有NF-κB的優(yōu)先結(jié)合序列。在Tax轉(zhuǎn)染的T細(xì)胞系中,Tax通過(guò)NF-κB依賴途徑上調(diào)Bcl-xl的表達(dá),使細(xì)胞免于凋亡[20-21]。Tax還可以通過(guò)NF-κB上調(diào)IL-2、粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)和c-fos基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖[22]。miRNA-16將通過(guò)下調(diào)NF-κB,間接下調(diào)Bcl-xl的表達(dá),進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。miRNA-16也可減弱Tax對(duì)下游基因的作用,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。

3.3生長(zhǎng)因子

由于IL-2、IL-6、G-CSF及Ras、c-myc的上游啟動(dòng)子序列中均含有NF-κB反應(yīng)元件[23],當(dāng)miRNA-16調(diào)控NF-κB時(shí),勢(shì)必影響上述生長(zhǎng)因子的表達(dá)。而上述生長(zhǎng)因子的表達(dá)將影響細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、增殖。因此,上述生長(zhǎng)因子也將是miRNA-16介導(dǎo)NF-κB調(diào)控的靶基因。

4展望

綜上所述,miRNA-16介導(dǎo)NF-κB作用于不同的靶基因,最終在細(xì)胞凋亡、腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲、生長(zhǎng)等過(guò)程發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用。由此可見(jiàn),miRNA-16可作為新的靶點(diǎn)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡。miRNA-16在調(diào)控NF-κB信號(hào)通路中所發(fā)揮的作用,可為臨床診斷和疾病治療提供新的視角。雖然對(duì)miRNA-16的研究取得了一定的進(jìn)展,但目前仍然存在許多不足的地方。例如,盡管miRNA-16的靶基因的研究不斷增加,但是現(xiàn)在研究大多數(shù)與腫瘤方面相關(guān),針對(duì)重要臟器保護(hù)方面的研究并不多,應(yīng)用于腫瘤治療并取得一定療效成果更少。隨著對(duì)miRNA-16靶基因研究的不斷深入,上述問(wèn)題的答案將有望揭曉。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Markopoulos GS,Roupakia E,Tokamani M,et al.A step-by-step microRNA guide to cancer development and metastasis[J].Cell Oncol,2017,40(4):303-339.

[2]Hessam S,Sand M,Skryqan M,et al.The microRNA effector RNA-induced silencing complex in hidradenitis suppurativa:a significant dysregulation within active inflammatory lesions[J].Arch Dermatol Res,2017,309(7):557-565.

[3]Tagawa H,Ikeda S,Sawada K.Role of microRNA in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma[J].Cancer Sci,2013,104(7):801-809.

[4]van den Berg NWE,Kawasaki M,Berger WR,et al.MicroRNAs in Aatrial fibrillation:from expression signatures to functional implications[J].Cardiovasc Drugs Ther,2017,31(3):345-365.

[5]Ninghong J,F(xiàn)eng X,Qisang G,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 promotes proliferation and apoptosis resistance in human papillomavirus-related cervical cancer cells through the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB pathway[J].Tumour Biol,2017,39(6):1010428317710586.endprint

[6]段佩雯,趙苗苗,王松坡.NF-κB對(duì)大腸癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的影響及其相關(guān)治療的研究現(xiàn)狀[J].實(shí)用腫瘤學(xué)雜志.2017,31(1): 43-47.

[7]Corthals SL,Jonqen-Lavrencic M,de Kneqt Y,et al.Micro-RNA-15a and micro-RNA-16 expression and chromosome 13 deletions in multiple myeloma[J].Leuk Res,2010,34(5): 677-681.

[8]徐勝,束軍,李曉峰,等.miRNA-16對(duì)肺腺癌A549細(xì)胞增殖和VEGF-A表達(dá)水平的影響[J].安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào).2016,51(4):489-492.

[9]Zhang Q,Lenardo M,Baltimore D.30 Years of NF-κB:a blossoming of relevance to human pathobiology[J].Cell,2017,168(1-2):37-57.

[10]肖高春.基于NF-κB/Bcl-2細(xì)胞凋亡通路探討健脾和胃方對(duì)胃癌前病變的影響研究[J].四川中醫(yī).2017,5(5):94-96.

[11]Arvind P,Eugenia IM,Prathyusha B,et al.Transcription factor NF-κB:an update on intervention strategies[J].Arch Immunol Therapiae Ther Exp,2016,64(6):463-483.

[12]Ghandadi M,Behravan J,Abnous K,et al.TNF-α exerts cytotoxic effects on multidrug resistant breast cancer MCF-7/MX cells via a non-apoptotic death pathway[J].Cytokine,2017,97:167-174.

[13]高正興,童朝暉,張征,等.化療聯(lián)合DC-CIK治療多發(fā)性骨髓瘤的療效及其對(duì)VEGF、IL-2及TNF-a的影響[J].湖南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版),2015,12(3): 47-49.

[14]Raquel E,David T.The NF-κB family:key players during embryonic development and HSC emergence[J].Exp Hematol,2016, 44(7):519-527.

[15]Yang T,Lu X,Wu T,et al.MicroRNA-16 inhibits glioma cell growth and invasion through suppression of BCL2 and the nuclear factor-jB1/MMP9 signaling pathway[J].Cancer Sci,2014,105(3):265-271.

[16]Zhou R,Hu G,Liu J,et al.NF-kappaB p65-dependent transactivation of miRNA genes following cryptosporidiumparvum infection stimulates epithelial cell immune responses[J].PLoS Pathog,2009,5(12):e1000681.

[17]Shin VY,Jin H,Nq NK,et al.NF-κB targets miR-16 and miR-21 in gastric cancer:involvement of prostaglandin E receptors[J]. Carcinogenesis,2011,32(2):240-245.

[18]Wang F,Song X,Li X,et al.Noninvasive visualization of microRNA-16 in the chemoresistance of gastric cancer using a dual reporter gene imaging system[J].PLoS One,2013,8(4): e61792.

[19]Kocab AJ,Veloso A,Paulsen MT,et al.Effects of physiological and synthetic IAP antagonism on c-IAP-dependent signaling[J]. Oncogene,2015,34(43):5472-5481.

[20]Naqao T,Oshikawa G,Ishida S,et al.A novel MYD88 mutation,L265RPP,in Waldenstrm macroglobulinemia activates the NF-κB pathway to upregulate Bcl-xL expression and enhances cell survival[J].Blood Cancer J,2015,5(5):e314.

[21]任玉偉,宿華威.Bcl-2 基因家族研究進(jìn)展[J].大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2015,37(2):202-205.

[22]Szynal M,Cleuter Y,Beskorwayne T,et al.Disruption of B-cell homeostatic control mediated by the BLV-Tax oncoprotein: association with the upregulation of Bcl-2 and signaling through NF-kappaB[J].Oncogene,2003,22(29):4531-4542.

[23]Up PJ,Yun KB,Hwa-Jeong L,et al.Tetradecanol reduces EL-4 T cell growth by the down regulation of NF-κB mediated IL-2 secretion[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2017,799:135-142.endprint

猜你喜歡
凋亡
普伐他汀對(duì)人胰腺癌細(xì)胞SW1990的影響及其聯(lián)合順鉑的抗瘤作用
奧曲肽對(duì)急性胰腺炎患者外周血中性粒細(xì)胞凋亡和炎癥因子的影響
普伐他汀對(duì)人胰腺癌細(xì)胞SW1990的影響及其聯(lián)合順鉑的抗瘤作用
普伐他汀對(duì)人胰腺癌細(xì)胞SW1990的影響及其聯(lián)合順鉑的抗瘤作用
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激在腎臟缺血再灌注和環(huán)孢素A損傷中的作用及研究進(jìn)展
普伐他汀對(duì)人胰腺癌細(xì)胞SW1990的影響及其協(xié)同吉西他濱的抑瘤作用
右美托咪定混合氯胺酮對(duì)新生大鼠離體海馬細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
Livin和Survivin在卵巢癌中的表達(dá)及相關(guān)性研究
雷帕霉素對(duì)K562細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡作用的影響