李明,姚文平,席娟
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)連云港附屬醫(yī)院,連云港市中醫(yī)院,江蘇連云港222000;2.濟(jì)寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院,山東濟(jì)寧272029)
去甲腎上腺素誘導(dǎo)人巨噬細(xì)胞白細(xì)胞介素6表達(dá)及其機(jī)制
李明1,姚文平1,席娟2
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)連云港附屬醫(yī)院,連云港市中醫(yī)院,江蘇連云港222000;2.濟(jì)寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院,山東濟(jì)寧272029)
目的觀察去甲腎上腺素(NE)預(yù)處理人單核/巨噬細(xì)胞U937細(xì)胞白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)的表達(dá),探討其致動脈粥樣硬化可能的作用機(jī)制。方法NE 0.01~10 μmol·L-1與U937細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)24 h后,RT-PCR法檢測細(xì)胞IL-6 mRNA水平;共培養(yǎng)6,9,12,24和48 h后,ELISA法檢測細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液上清中IL-6蛋白水平;共培養(yǎng)24 h后,熒光探針法檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧(ROS)的生成。預(yù)先加入ROS抑制劑N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)、NADPH氧化酶抑制劑二亞苯基碘(DPI)或線粒體復(fù)合物Ⅱ抑制劑噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮(TIFA)孵育1 h后,再加入NE 0.01~10 μmol·L-1繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h,ELISA法檢測細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液上清中IL-6蛋白水平。結(jié)果巨噬細(xì)胞IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)和蛋白水平隨NE 0.01~10 μmol·L-1濃度增加和孵育時間延長而升高,NE 1.0 μmol·L-1刺激24 h,IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)和蛋白水平分別為細(xì)胞對照組的2.62和4.47倍(P<0.01);NE 0.01,0.1,1.0和10.0 μmol·L-1組ROS的生成分別為對照組的1.87,2.56,2.91和5.36倍(P<0.01)。NAC 10 mmol·L-1和DPI 10 μmol·L-1均一定程度地抑制IL-6蛋白的表達(dá)(P<0.01),而TIFA無影響。結(jié)論NE可誘導(dǎo)人巨噬細(xì)胞IL-6的表達(dá),并可能通過NADPH氧化酶介導(dǎo)的ROS通路而促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
去甲腎上腺素;巨噬細(xì)胞;白細(xì)胞介素6;活性氧
全身炎癥或血管壁的局部炎癥與動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)有密切聯(lián)系。各種炎癥特征因子在單核/巨噬細(xì)胞中被激活,如腫瘤壞死因子α、白細(xì)胞介素1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、IL-6、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9和C反應(yīng)蛋白等[1-3]。然而,在這些炎癥因子中,IL-6是心血管疾病發(fā)病的高危因子,它不僅是一個炎癥標(biāo)志物,而且直接參與了AS的形成和發(fā)展。據(jù)報道,內(nèi)源性IL-6參與了生長因子誘導(dǎo)的成纖維細(xì)胞、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞和腎小球膜細(xì)胞增殖[4-5]。最近體外研究也顯示,IL-6通過增加黏附分子、細(xì)胞因子、炎癥趨化因子和增強(qiáng)因子直接參與致炎和致AS的作用[6]。去甲腎上腺素(norepineph?rine,NE)通過激活腎上腺素受體,作用于血管平滑肌細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞等效應(yīng)細(xì)胞。NE與血管細(xì)胞增殖和組織重塑所致的AS、高血壓和心衰有關(guān)。NE作為一個潛在的致炎因子,能夠誘導(dǎo)腫瘤壞死因子α、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9、活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和Toll樣受體4的表達(dá)[7-9]。體外研究結(jié)果表明,NE通過刺激絲裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸化和NADPH介導(dǎo)的ROS合成介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的增殖[9]。
盡管大量研究表明,NE和IL-6參與了心腦血管疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展;并且筆者亦研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NE能夠通過ROS的介導(dǎo)誘導(dǎo)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9的表達(dá)[10],但未從分子水平上探討NE對IL-6表達(dá)的誘導(dǎo)作用。因此,本研究探討NE對人單核/巨噬細(xì)胞U937表達(dá)IL-6的影響,以及此過程與ROS等信號通路的相關(guān)性。
1.1 細(xì)胞、試劑和儀器
人單核/巨噬細(xì)胞U937由美國Cascade Bio?logics公司提供;RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基和胎牛血清購自美國HyClone公司;NE、NADPH氧化酶抑制劑二亞苯基碘(diphenyleneiodonium,DPI)、ROS抑制劑N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)和線粒體復(fù)合物Ⅱ抑制劑噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮(thenoyltrifluoroacetone,TIFA)均購自美國Sigma公司;PCR引物由中國北京奧科生物技術(shù)有限責(zé)任公司合成;PerfectshotTMTaq酶購自大連寶生物工程有限公司;Trizol總RNA提取試劑盒購自美國In?vitrogen公司;逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、DNA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和蛋白標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均購自德國的Fermentas公司;蛋白酶抑制劑(cocktail)購自瑞士Roche公司;RIPA裂解液由北京百泰克生物技術(shù)有限公司提供;ELISA和ROS檢測試劑盒來自于江蘇碧云天生物技術(shù)公司。熒光顯微鏡為日本Olympus公司產(chǎn)品;垂直電泳-轉(zhuǎn)膜裝置及凝膠掃描成像系統(tǒng)(Gel DOC2000)和梯度PCR儀為美國Bio-Rad公司產(chǎn)品。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
用RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基(含10%胎牛血清)培養(yǎng)U937細(xì)胞,在37℃含5%CO2的培養(yǎng)箱中孵育24~48 h后,換培養(yǎng)液繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),每2~3 d傳代1次,取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。用無血清培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h后開始實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3 逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR檢測細(xì)胞IL-6 mRNA水平
以NE 0.01~10 μmol·L-1分別與U937細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)24 h后收集細(xì)胞,按Trizol試劑盒說明書提取總RNA,濃度及純度測定使用紫外分光光度計進(jìn)行,取總RNA 2 μg逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,取逆轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物2 μL進(jìn)行PCR循環(huán)。IL-6引物序列:上游5’-AT?GAACTCCTTCTCCACAAGCGC-3’,下游5’-GAAGAGCCCTCAGGCTGGACTG-3’,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物長度為629 bp。內(nèi)參GAPDH引物序列:上游5’-GGATTTGGTCGTATTGGG-3’,下游5’-GGAA?GATGGTGATGGGATT-3’,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物長度為205 bp。取PCR產(chǎn)物80 V電泳30 min,凝膠圖像分析系統(tǒng)掃描攝圖,并分析IL-6和GAPDH條帶積分吸光度(integrated absorbance,IA)值,以IAIL-6/IAGAPDH比值表示IL-6 mRNA相對表達(dá)水平。
1.4 ELISA測定細(xì)胞上清液IL-6蛋白含量
以NE 0.01~10 μmol·L-1分別與U937細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)0,6,9,12,24和48 h;或預(yù)先加入抗氧化劑NAC(10 mmol·L-1)、NADPH氧化酶抑制劑DPI(10 μmol·L-1)、線粒體復(fù)合物Ⅱ抑制劑TIFA(10 μmol·L-1)孵育細(xì)胞1 h,然后再與不同濃度的NE共孵育24 h。收集U937細(xì)胞離心后吸取上清液。依照ELISA試劑盒說明書測定IL-6蛋白水平,在450 nm波長下用酶標(biāo)儀讀取各孔吸光度(A450nm)值,根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線計算IL-6蛋白濃度(ng·L-1)。
1.5 熒光探針法檢測細(xì)胞ROS的生成
以NE 0.01~10 μmol·L-1分別與U937細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)24 h,離心收集細(xì)胞,以H2DCF-DA 10 μmol·L-1吹散細(xì)胞,在6孔培養(yǎng)板中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)20 min,于無血清培養(yǎng)基中112×g離心洗滌3次,每次5 min,以洗去未進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)的H2DCF-DA,然后在488 nm激發(fā)波長、525 nm發(fā)射波長條件下,熒光顯微鏡觀察并拍照。每組選擇5個不同視野,每個視野包含20~35個細(xì)胞。用Image-Pro Plus軟件分析細(xì)胞熒光強(qiáng)度。ROS的生成用細(xì)胞熒光強(qiáng)度總和表示。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
2.1 NE對U937細(xì)胞IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)的影響
NE 0.1~10.0 μmol·L-1與U937細(xì)胞共孵育24 h,IL-6 mRNA水平與細(xì)胞對照組比較明顯升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);其中NE 1.0 μmol·L-1時升高最明顯,IL-6 mRNA水平為細(xì)胞對照組的2.62倍(圖1)。
Fig.1 Effect of norepinephrine(NE)on interleukine-6(IL-6)mRNA level in U937 macrophages identified by RT-PCR.U937 cells were incubated with NE for 24 h.IA:integrated absorbance.B was the semi-quantitative result of A.x±s,n=3.*P<0.05,**P<0.01,compared with cell control(0)group.
2.2 NE對U937細(xì)胞IL-6蛋白表達(dá)的影響
如圖2A所示,NE 0.01~10 μmol·L-1刺激U937巨噬細(xì)胞24 h,IL-6蛋白表達(dá)增高(P<0.01),并隨著NE濃度的增高有增加趨勢。如圖2B所示,NE 0.1 μmol·L-1刺激U937巨噬細(xì)胞6 h時,IL-6蛋白水平與細(xì)胞對照組比較明顯增加(P<0.05);與NE 1.0 μmol·L-1共孵育0~48 h,U937巨噬細(xì)胞IL-6蛋白表達(dá)隨時間增加而升高。
Fig.2 Effect of NE on IL-6 protein level in U937 macrophages assayed by ELISA.A:U937 cells were incubated with NE for 24 h;B:U937 cells were incubated with NE for 0-48 h.x±s,n=3.*P<0.05,**P<0.01,compared with cell control(0)group.
2.3 NE對U937細(xì)胞ROS水平的影響
如圖3所示,熒光顯微鏡觀察顯示,熒光探針H2DCF-DA標(biāo)記的U937細(xì)胞對照組僅有少量ROS生成。與細(xì)胞對照組相比,NE 0.01~10 μmol·L-1顯著增加U937細(xì)胞ROS水平(P<0.01),并隨濃度的增加有升高趨勢。
2.4 預(yù)先加入NAC、DPI和TIFA對NE誘導(dǎo)U937細(xì)胞IL-6蛋白表達(dá)的影響
如圖4所示,與細(xì)胞對照組相比,NE 0.01~10.0 μmol·L-1誘導(dǎo)U937細(xì)胞IL-6蛋白表達(dá)明顯升高(P<0.01);預(yù)先加入抗氧化劑NAC 10 mmol·L-1,NE 0.01~10.0 μmol·L-1對IL-6蛋白表達(dá)的誘導(dǎo)作用明顯降低(P<0.01)。預(yù)先加入NADPH氧化酶抑制劑DPI 0.01~1.0 μmol·L-1,也可抑制NE誘導(dǎo)的IL-6蛋白表達(dá)(P<0.01)。線粒體復(fù)合物Ⅱ抑制劑TIFA 10 μmol·L-1對NE誘導(dǎo)的IL-6蛋白表達(dá)無明顯影響。上述結(jié)果表明,可能是ROS信號通路介導(dǎo)了NE誘導(dǎo)U937細(xì)胞IL-6蛋白的表達(dá)。
Fig.3 Effect of NE on reactive oxygen species(ROS)level in U937 macrophages observed under fluores?cence microscope.U937 cells were incubated with NE for 24 h,then incubated with H2DCF-DA 10 μmol·L-1for 30 min.FI:fluorescence intensity.B was the semi-quantitative result of A.x±s,n=3.**P<0.01,compared with cell control(0)group.
Fig.4 Effect of different inhibitors on NE-stimulated IL-6 protein expression in U937 macrophages assayed by ELISA.U937 cells were stimulated with NE for 24 h after pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine(NAC)10 mmol·L-1,NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium(DPI)10 μmol·L-1or complexⅡinhibitor thenoyltrifluoroacetone(TIFA)10 μmol·L-1for 1 h.x±s,n=3.**P<0.01,compared with cell control(0)group;##P<0.01,compared with corresponding NE group.
IL-6作為重要的炎癥因子在AS中扮演重要角色,平滑肌細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞均表達(dá)該炎癥介質(zhì)。其次,IL-6對淋巴細(xì)胞的激活有明顯的放大作用。有數(shù)據(jù)顯示,NE能誘導(dǎo)心肌成纖維細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-6[11]。IL-6又是導(dǎo)致平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖和單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1釋放的重要因素[12]。AS斑塊中單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1高表達(dá)是內(nèi)膜單核/巨噬細(xì)胞募集和泡沫細(xì)胞形成的主因素,因此阻斷NE-IL-6信號途徑,將有利于阻止平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,一定程度上延緩AS的進(jìn)程。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NE能刺激巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-6,說明NE可能通過刺激IL-6的產(chǎn)生而誘導(dǎo)U937巨噬細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng)。
ROS是生物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的活性含氧化合物的總稱,在微量條件下能調(diào)節(jié)血管功能和結(jié)構(gòu)狀態(tài),過量則可引起一些細(xì)胞大分子的氧化損傷,在血管生物學(xué)中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用[10]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,NE能誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生ROS,隨NE濃度的增加ROS的產(chǎn)生逐漸增多。而低濃度NE誘導(dǎo)的IL-6蛋白表達(dá)幾乎被抗氧化劑NAC完全阻斷,說明NE誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞IL-6表達(dá)可能是通過ROS信號通路介導(dǎo)。此外,NE誘導(dǎo)的IL-6蛋白表達(dá)在一定程度上也被NADPH氧化酶抑制劑DPI抑制。表明此過程可能涉及到NADPH氧化酶途徑,此結(jié)果與文獻(xiàn)[13]報道一致。上述結(jié)果與我們已報道的血管緊張素Ⅱ誘導(dǎo)單核/巨噬細(xì)胞表達(dá)C反應(yīng)蛋白是通過ROS介導(dǎo)這一機(jī)制相一致,不同的是C反應(yīng)蛋白的表達(dá)并未涉及到NADPH氧化酶途徑[2]。這一差異不僅是由于表達(dá)的細(xì)胞因子不同,也提示了IL-6及ROS表達(dá)通路的特異性。
眾所周知,巨噬細(xì)胞膜表面分布著較高密度的NE受體(α和β受體),NE可通過激活NE受體發(fā)揮其在AS中的致炎作用[14]。有文獻(xiàn)報道,NE激活單核/巨噬細(xì)胞Toll樣受體4的表達(dá)也是通過NE受體的介導(dǎo)[15]。
綜上,根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果可推測,NE可能通過NE受體-ROS信號通路誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞表達(dá)IL-6而產(chǎn)生致AS的炎癥效應(yīng),為更深入地認(rèn)識NE在致AS和致炎中的作用機(jī)制提供了重要的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。IL-6是否還與其他炎癥通路相關(guān)、是否存在通路特異性等仍需進(jìn)一步探討。
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Norepinephrine induced expression of interleukin-6 in human macrophages and mechanisms
LI Ming1,YAO Wen-ping1,XI Juan2
(1.Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Lianyungang 222000,China;2.Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College,Jining 272029,China)
OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of norepinephrine(NE)on expression of interleu?kin-6(IL-6)in human macrophages and explore its pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic mecha?nisms.METHODSMurine U937 macrophages were cultured and stimulated with 0.01-10 μmol·L-1of NE for 6,9,12,24 and 48 h.The IL-6 mRNA level of 24 h was analyzed by RT-PCR,and IL-6 protein expression in the supernatant at 0,6,9,12,24 and 48 h was detected by ELISA.After 24 h,intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation was observed by DCF fluorescence.The cells were pretreated with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine(NAC),complexⅡinhibitor thenoyltrifluoroacetone(TIFA)and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium(DPI)for 1 h,and stimulated with different concentrations of NE for 24 h,before the level of IL-6 protein was detected by ELISA.RESULTSThe expression of IL-6 mRNA and protein increased with the concentration NE 0.01-10 μmol·L-1and incubation time.IL-6 mRNA and protein levels in macrophages were 2.62 and 4.47-fold those in cell control group when treated with NE 1.0 μmol·L-1for 24 h.Meanwhile,as the concentration of NE increased,the generation of ROS was 1.87,2.56,2.91 and 5.36-fold that of cell control group(P<0.01).NAC 10 mmol·L-1and DPI 10 μmol·L-1significantly antagonized the effect of NE on IL-6 expression,but TIFA had no effect.CONCLUSIONNE upregulates IL-6 expression,which may contribute to the formation and develop?ment of atherosclerosis via ROS mediated by NADPH oxidase in macrophages.
norepinephrine;macrophages;interleukin-6;reactive oxygen species
LI Ming,E-mail:liminglm1985@163.com,Tel:18061393860
R972
:A
:1000-3002-(2017)03-0250-05
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.03.008
Foundation item:The project supported by Pharmaceuticals Foundation of Osaikang Hospital of Jiangsu Province (201517);Science and Technology Development Plan of Lianyungang City(ZD1508);and Jiangsu Province Youth Medi?cal Talent Fund(QNRC2016507)
2016-03-25接受日期:2017-02-27)
(本文編輯:齊春會)
江蘇省藥學(xué)會-奧賽康醫(yī)院藥學(xué)基金(201517);連云港市科技發(fā)展計劃(ZD1508);江蘇省青年醫(yī)學(xué)人才(QN?RC2016507)
李明,碩士,主管藥師,主要從事心腦血管藥理學(xué)研究。
李明,E-mail:liminglm1985@163.com,Tel:18061393860