魏佳男
摘 要 被動(dòng)語態(tài)是初中英語的一個(gè)重要語法項(xiàng)目,同時(shí)也是每年中考必考的內(nèi)容。本文對初中英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的知識要點(diǎn)及考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),就最新中考對英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的考查,作一系統(tǒng)的解析,希望能夠?qū)Υ蠹业慕忸}和備考有所幫助。
關(guān)鍵詞 中考英語 被動(dòng)語態(tài) 考點(diǎn) 命題特點(diǎn)
中圖分類號:G634.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
0引言
語態(tài)作為一個(gè)語法范疇,是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,用以說明主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。被動(dòng)語態(tài)是初中階段的英語語法的重難點(diǎn)之一,也是中考英語的一個(gè)考查熱點(diǎn)。為了幫助學(xué)生突破被動(dòng)語態(tài)的考點(diǎn),保證學(xué)生對每一個(gè)考點(diǎn)都有準(zhǔn)確的把握,下文就對初中英語試題中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的知識要點(diǎn)及考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析,以便學(xué)生更好地進(jìn)行解題與備考。
1被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
英語的語態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語中有兩種語態(tài):主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,即行為動(dòng)作的對象。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。解答被動(dòng)語態(tài)題目時(shí),首先要判斷主語和動(dòng)作的關(guān)系。如果主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,就用主動(dòng)語態(tài);如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,就用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化,其變化通過連系動(dòng)詞be的變化來表現(xiàn)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)否定式為“be not done”。
例如:Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.(句中主語Chinese是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者,因此該句使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)。)
我們在平常盡量使用英語的主動(dòng)語態(tài),但在以下幾種情況下,則通常使用被動(dòng)語態(tài):
(1)行為主體不明確,不必說出或者無法說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí);
(2)用以強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí);
(3)漢語中含有“據(jù)說、據(jù)悉、有人說、大家說”等時(shí);
(4)在新聞報(bào)道中,用以表明報(bào)道的客觀性而避免主觀性的表達(dá);
(5)在科技文中,用以強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí);
(6)某些內(nèi)容或特定場合下的習(xí)慣用法。
例如:
The glass is broken.(玻璃杯破了。)
The bag was taken away by his sister.(那個(gè)袋子是她姐姐提走的。)
It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and dropped some money down a chimney.(據(jù)說,有一天他爬到一所房子的屋頂上,往煙囪下面扔了一些錢。)
A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event.(今天早晨高速公路上發(fā)生了一起車禍,三人喪生,傷員馬上被送往了醫(yī)院,并馬上派了警察去處理這一事件。)
When it is cold enough, water will be turned in to ice.(當(dāng)天氣足夠冷時(shí),水就會變成冰。)
He was born in October,1989.(他出生于1989年10月。)
2被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,通常表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。例如:
It is known that healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables promote good health.(眾所周知,水果和蔬菜等健康食物有益人體健康。)
(2)一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“was/were+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,表示過去某一時(shí)刻的被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作。例如:
Look, what an old palace! It was built nearly 800years ago.(看,多么古老的宮殿!它是約800年前被建造起來的。)
(3)一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“will/shall be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,表示將來某一時(shí)刻的被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作。例如:
Another new railway station will be built in 2018.(另一個(gè)新的火車站將在2018年建成。)
(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“am/is/are being+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,表示目前正在被進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如:
Please wait while your sound hardware is being tested.(正在測試你的聲音硬件,請稍后。)
(5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“was/were being+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,表示過去正在被進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如:
One police officer said they were being taken to a nearby school.(一名警官說,他們正被送到附近的一所學(xué)校。)
(6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“have/has been+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,表示到目前為止已經(jīng)完成的某個(gè)被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作。例如:
His family has been informed.(已經(jīng)通知了他的家人。)
(7)過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“had been+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,表示到過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止已經(jīng)完成的某個(gè)被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作。例如:
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.(我到達(dá)劇院時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)票已賣完了。)
(8)過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“would be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,表示從過去的某一時(shí)間來看將來要發(fā)生的某個(gè)被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作。例如:
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.(經(jīng)理說這個(gè)工程在年底前將會完成。)
(9)含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,常表示具有特定感情色彩的被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)否定式為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”。例如:
They can not be created overnight.(這些不可能在一夜之間造就。)
3 何時(shí)不應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)
在以下幾種情況下不應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
(1)不及物動(dòng)詞、表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞等不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如:
The story happened in London.(√)
The story was happened in London.(€祝?
The shirt fits him very well.(√)
He is fitted very well by the shirt.(€祝?
(2)祈使句,或者由“動(dòng)詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的英語習(xí)語等一般不使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如:
Look at the blackboard, please.(√)
The blackboard is looked at by you.(€祝?
The boy makes faces in class.(√)
Faces are made by the boy in class.(€祝?
(3)賓語和主語所指的對象相同,或者反身代詞在句中作賓語時(shí),不能使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如:
We must help each other.(√)
Each other must be helped by us.(€祝?
You must look after yourself.(√)
Yourself must be looked after.(€祝?
(4)動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing形式,或表示數(shù)量、長度、大小、程度、處所、地點(diǎn)、組織時(shí)等的單詞或短語作賓語時(shí),不能使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如:
He enjoys listening to the radio.(√)
Listening to the radio is enjoyed by him.(€祝?
She pays three yuan for the tomatoes.(√)
Three yuan is paid for these tomatoes by her.(€祝?
He joined the League in 1998.(√)
The League was joined by him in 1998.(€祝?
4被動(dòng)語態(tài)中考命題特點(diǎn)
(1)語態(tài)與主謂一致結(jié)合
例如:
Everyone in our class_____to take part in the English Speech Contest.
A.is encouraged B.encourages
C.are encouraging D.are encouraged
解析:主語是Everyone(單數(shù)),排除答案C和D項(xiàng);又因Everyone是encourage這個(gè)動(dòng)作的承受者,因此該句應(yīng)選用被動(dòng)語態(tài),排除B項(xiàng),故選A。
The child without parents_____good care of by his teachers in this special school.
A.is taken B.are taken
C.take D.takes
解析:主語the child為單數(shù),與動(dòng)詞短語take care of之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。故選A。
(2)語態(tài)與虛擬語氣結(jié)合。
例如:
—Dont you think it necessary that he_____to Miami but to New York?
—Iagree, but the problem is_____he has refused to.
A.will not be sent; that
B.not be sent; that
C.should not be sent; what
D.should not send; what
解析:因?yàn)閔e是動(dòng)作send的承受者,因此兩者之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此排除D項(xiàng);而it(is)necessary后的that從句的謂語要用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”,因此排除A項(xiàng);答句中的表語從句不缺任何句子成分,因此用that,故選B。
(3)語態(tài)與倒裝句結(jié)合。
例如:
Only after my friend came_____.
A.did the computer repaired
B.be repaired the computer
C.was the computer repaired
D.the computer was repaired
解析:因the computer是動(dòng)作repair的承受者,因此兩者之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,排除A項(xiàng);又因only加狀語置于句首,句子部分倒裝,排除D和B項(xiàng),故選C。
(4)在語境中將語態(tài)與時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)合起來命題。
例如:
—Your scarf feels soft. Did you buy it in China?
—No, I bought it in France. But it_____ in China.
A.is making B.was made
C.makes D.made
解析:本題考查的是一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。It(the scarf)是與動(dòng)作make的承受者,因此兩者之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)選用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。而由問句中的“Did”以及答句中的“bought”判斷應(yīng)選用一般過去時(shí),故選B。
Should a teenager_____to get a driving license?
A.be allow B.allow
C.be allowed D.allowed
解析:本題考查的是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法。而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”,故選C。
5結(jié)語
綜上所述,被動(dòng)語態(tài)是英語語法學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn),因此總結(jié)英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)考點(diǎn)十分重要。本文總結(jié)歸納了初中英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的知識要點(diǎn),并結(jié)合最新中考真題對被動(dòng)語態(tài)考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行深入地解析,希望能提高學(xué)生對相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)的運(yùn)用能力。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[2] 廖新平.中考英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)考點(diǎn)及真題分析[J].中學(xué)生英語:中考版,2013.
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