趙敏伊,趙 娟,楊 婷,王 麗,裴美麗,田思娟,余 洋,楊筱鳳
西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,西安 710061
?
·論 著·
免疫因子表達(dá)異常促進(jìn)宮頸癌微環(huán)境免疫失衡
趙敏伊,趙 娟,楊 婷,王 麗,裴美麗,田思娟,余 洋,楊筱鳳
西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,西安 710061
目的 評估叉頭蛋白3(FoxP3)、趨化因子配體22(CCL22)、腫瘤壞死因子受體超家族成員40(OX40)和SMAD家族成員3(Smad3)在宮頸癌免疫微環(huán)境中的調(diào)節(jié)作用和對腫瘤發(fā)生的影響。方法 采用qRT-PCR方法檢測宮頸癌癌灶、癌旁和正常宮頸組織中FoxP3、CCL22、OX40和Smad3的mRNA表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 與正常宮頸組織相比,F(xiàn)oxP3和CCL22 mRNA在癌灶(P=0.000,P=0.002)和癌旁(P=0.048,P=0.040)的表達(dá)顯著升高,兩者在高級別鱗癌癌灶(P=0.019,P=0.020)和癌旁(P=0.023,P=0.031)中的表達(dá)明顯高于低級別鱗癌。OX40和Smad3的mRNA在癌灶中的表達(dá)明顯低于正常宮頸(P=0.000,P=0.015),兩者在高級別鱗癌癌灶(P=0.018,P=0.030)和癌旁(P=0.027,P=0.014)中的表達(dá)明顯低于低級別鱗癌。在宮頸癌灶和癌旁中,OX40 mRNA與Smad3 mRNA(r=0.384,P=0.002;r=0.288,P=0.023)、FoxP3 mRNA與CCL22 mRNA均呈正相關(guān)(r=0.353,P=0.000;r=0.307,P=0.000),CCL22 mRNA與OX40 mRNA呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.288,P=0.031;r=-0.263,P=0.037)。FoxP3和CCL22mRNA在HPV陽性的宮頸癌灶(P=0.024,P=0.039)和癌旁(P=0.032,P=0.034)中的表達(dá)明顯高于陰性組,Smad3在HPV陽性宮頸癌灶中的表達(dá)明顯低于HPV陰性組(P=0.017)。結(jié)論 在宮頸癌發(fā)生的微環(huán)境中,存在免疫因子FoxP3、CCL22、OX40和Smad3的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)異常,這種表達(dá)偏移可能導(dǎo)致宮頸癌局部OX40和Smad3的正性調(diào)節(jié)被削弱,而FoxP3和CCL22的免疫抑制作用增強(qiáng)的免疫模式,共同參與促成局部免疫失衡和腫瘤的發(fā)生。
宮頸癌;腫瘤微環(huán)境;叉頭蛋白3;趨化因子配體22;腫瘤壞死因子受體超家族成員4;SMAD家族成員3
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(5):522-527
宮頸癌(cervical cancer,CC)是最常見女性生殖道惡性腫瘤,高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)感染是其觸發(fā)因子[1]。宮頸局部免疫失衡則是HR-HPV持續(xù)感染演變至癌的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。許多免疫因子參與和決定了宮頸局部免疫狀態(tài),其中,叉頭蛋白3(forkhead box p3,FoxP3)+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)是高表達(dá)于宮頸癌微環(huán)境重要的免疫抑制細(xì)胞[2]。FoxP3調(diào)控其發(fā)育和功能[3- 4],趨化因子配體22[chemokine(C-C motif)ligand 22,CCL22]可誘導(dǎo)其向腫瘤局部浸潤[5],腫瘤壞死因子受體超家族成員40(tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 40,OX40)可抑制FoxP3-效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞(FoxP3-effector T cell,F(xiàn)oxP3-Teff)向FoxP3+Treg分化[6],而信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)蛋白SMAD家族成員3(SMAD family member 3,Smad3)參與介導(dǎo)腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)抑制FoxP3在Treg的表達(dá)[7]。本研究初步探索了這些免疫因子表達(dá)模式如何影響宮頸微環(huán)境免疫趨向,是否促成局部免疫抑制并協(xié)同參與癌癥的發(fā)生。
標(biāo)本來源 取自2014年1月至2015年3月在西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科住院的患者,平均年齡(43.6±7.8)歲(27~62歲)。30例為術(shù)前病理活檢確診宮頸癌患者,其中,HPV陽性27例,HPV陰性3例;手術(shù)時分別取癌組織和癌旁組織;所有患者術(shù)前均未行放療和化療,術(shù)后病理證實均無脈管及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,病理學(xué)分級為低級別(Ⅰ/Ⅱ級)22例,高級別(Ⅲ級)8例[8]。20例正常對照標(biāo)本來自因非宮頸病變行全子宮切除術(shù)的宮頸鱗-柱交界處,且術(shù)后病理證實為良性病變,其中,HPV陽性6例,HPV陰性14例。標(biāo)本離體后,迅速置于液氮或-80℃凍存,用于檢測mRNA。本研究經(jīng)西安交通大學(xué)倫理委員會審核批準(zhǔn),所有提供標(biāo)本的患者均已簽署《臨床標(biāo)本科學(xué)研究知情同意書》。
材料 TRIzol 試劑(life,15596- 026,USA),反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒PrimeScriptTM RT Master Mix(TaKaRa,RR037A,Japan),實時定量PCR試劑盒SYBR Prime Ex TaqTMⅡ (TaKaRa,RR820A,Japan),Real-time PCR儀(C1000 Thermal Cycler,BIO-RAD,USA),核酸蛋白定量儀(BioPhotometer Plus,Eppendorf,Germany)。
Real-time PCR 檢測癌灶、癌旁和正常宮頸組織中各因子的mRNA水平 用TRIzol法提取組織中的總RNA,在核酸蛋白定量儀上測定RNA樣品的濃度。取2 μg總RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)為cDNA。PCR所需引物序列見表1。實時定量PCR擴(kuò)增,反應(yīng)體系為20 μl,引物濃度為0.4 μmol/L。擴(kuò)增條件:95℃預(yù)變性30 s,1個循環(huán);95℃變性5 s,60℃退火30 s,共40個循環(huán)。每個體系取3個復(fù)孔測試取平均值為Ct值,按2-△△Ct計算各因子的相對表達(dá)量。
統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計軟件,組間數(shù)據(jù)比較采用Mann-WhitneyU秩和檢驗,相關(guān)性分析采用Spearman相關(guān)系數(shù)檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
FoxP3和CCL22 mRNA在宮頸癌微環(huán)境中表達(dá)升高 與正常宮頸組織相比,F(xiàn)oxP3和CCL22 mRNA在癌灶(P=0.000,P=0.002)和癌旁(P=0.048,P=0.040)的表達(dá)明顯升高(圖1A),兩者在高級別鱗癌癌灶(P=0.019,P=0.020)和癌旁(P=0.023,P=0.031)中的表達(dá)明顯高于低級別鱗癌(圖1B)。
OX40 和Smad3 mRNA在宮頸癌微環(huán)境中表達(dá)降低 與正常宮頸組織相比,OX40和Smad3的mRNA在癌灶中的相對表達(dá)水平均明顯降低(P=0.000,P=0.015)(圖2A),兩者在高級別鱗癌癌灶(P=0.018,P=0.030)和癌旁(P=0.027,P=0.014)中的表達(dá)明顯低于低級別鱗癌(圖2B)。
FoxP3、CCL22、OX40和Smad3之間的相關(guān)性 在宮頸癌灶和癌旁中,OX40 mRNA與Smad3 mRNA(r=0.384,P=0.002;r=0.288,P=0.023)、FoxP3 mRNA與CCL22 mRNA均呈正相關(guān)(r=0.353,P=0.000;r=0.307,P=0.000),CCL22 mRNA與OX40 mRNA呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.288,P=0.031;r=-0.263,P=0.037)。其他因子之間未發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)性。
FoxP3、CCL22、OX40和Smad3 mRNA在宮頸癌微環(huán)境的表達(dá)與HPV感染的關(guān)系 FoxP3和CCL22 mRNA在HPV陽性的宮頸癌灶(P=0.024,P=0.039)和癌旁(P=0.032,P=0.034)中的表達(dá)明顯高于陰性組,Smad3在HPV陽性宮頸癌灶中的表達(dá)明顯低于HPV陰性組(P=0.017) (圖3)。與HPV陰性組相比,OX40 mRNA在感染HPV的不同宮頸組織中的表達(dá)未見明顯變化(P>0.05)。
宮頸癌是全球第4位女性惡性腫瘤[9]。局部免疫失衡是腫瘤微環(huán)境特殊的生理特性,HPV感染后,誘導(dǎo)Th1/Th2偏移,并靶向作用于toll樣受體及干擾素(interferon,IFN)-α、IFN-γ和IFN-β等,致使宮頸局部免疫應(yīng)答異常[10- 12]和腫瘤的發(fā)生。
表 1 各免疫因子及管家基因的引物序列
FoxP3:叉頭蛋白3;CCL22:趨化因子配體22;OX40:腫瘤壞死因子受體超家族成員4;Smad3:SMAD家族成員3;GAPDH:磷酸甘油醛脫氫酶
FoxP3:forkhead box p3;CCL22:chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22;OX40:tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4;Smad3:SMAD family member 3;GAPDH:glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
FoxP3:叉頭蛋白3;CCL22:趨化因子配體22;與正常宮頸組織相比,aP=0.000,bP=0.002,cP=0.048,dP=0.040;與低級別鱗癌相比,eP=0.019,fP=0.020,gP=0.023,hP=0.031
FoxP3:forkhead box p3;CCL22:chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22;aP=0.000,bP=0.002,cP=0.048,dP=0.040 compared with normal cervix;eP=0.019,fP=0.020,gP=0.023,hP=0.031 compared with low-grade squamous cell carcinoma
A. FoxP3和CCL22 mRNA在宮頸癌灶、癌旁和正常宮頸組織中的表達(dá)水平;B.FoxP3和CCL22 mRNA在不同病理分級的宮頸癌灶和癌旁中的表達(dá)水平
A. FoxP3 and CCL22 mRNA expression in neoplastic foci,pericarcinous tissues,and normal cervix; B. FoxP3 and CCL22 mRNA expression in different pathological grades of cervical cancer foci and pericarcinous tissues
圖 1 FoxP3 和CCL22 mRNA在宮頸組織中的表達(dá)
Fig 1 The expression patterns of FoxP3 mRNA and CCL22 mRNA in different cervical tissues
OX40:腫瘤壞死因子受體超家族成員4;Smad3:SMAD家族成員3;與正常宮頸組織相比,aP=0.000,bP=0.015;與低級別鱗癌相比,cP=0.018,dP=0.030,eP=0.027,fP=0.014
OX40:tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4;Smad3:SMAD family member 3;aP=0.000,bP=0.015 compared with normal cervix;cP=0.018,dP=0.030,eP=0.027,fP=0.014 compared with low-grade squamous cell carcinoma
A. OX40和Smad3 mRNA在宮頸癌灶、癌旁和正常宮頸組織中的表達(dá)水平;B.OX40和Smad3 mRNA在不同病理分級的宮頸癌灶和癌旁中的表達(dá)水平
A. OX40 and Smad3 mRNA expression in neoplastic foci,pericarcinous tissues,and normal cervix;B. OX40 and Smad3 mRNA expression in different pathological grades of cervical cancer foci and pericarcinous tissues
圖 2 OX40 和Smad3 mRNA在宮頸組織中的表達(dá)
Fig 2 The expression patterns of OX40 mRNA and Smad3 mRNA in different cervical tissues
與HPV陰性組比較,aP=0.024,bP=0.039,cP=0.032,dP=0.034,eP=0.017
aP=0.024,bP=0.039,cP=0.032,dP=0.034,eP=0.017 compared with HPV negative group
圖 3 各免疫因子mRNA在不同HPV感染狀態(tài)下的表達(dá)
Fig 3 The mRNA expression patterns of immune factors in cervical tissues with different HPV infection status
研究人員先后采用免疫組織化學(xué)染色方法在結(jié)腸癌、胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌、肝細(xì)胞性肝癌和卵巢癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)FoxP3+Treg表達(dá)升高,提示FoxP3在多種實體腫瘤微環(huán)境的免疫抑制狀態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)中扮演重要角色[13- 16]。我們前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FoxP3僅定位于宮頸癌巢周圍的腫瘤浸潤性淋巴細(xì)胞,本研究結(jié)果顯示FoxP3 mRNA在宮頸癌組織中表達(dá)高于正常宮頸組織,且在高級別鱗癌中的表達(dá)較低級別鱗癌高,提示在宮頸癌局部微環(huán)境中,負(fù)性因子FoxP3的免疫抑制作用可能增強(qiáng),且隨著腫瘤惡性分化程度加重,負(fù)性作用更加顯著。
本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),CCL22 mRNA在宮頸癌局部的表達(dá)有所升高,并隨著宮頸細(xì)胞惡性程度增加表達(dá)進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng),提示CCL22在宮頸癌微環(huán)境中可能抑制著局部免疫應(yīng)答,且這種抑制功能隨著腫瘤惡性分化程度加重而加劇,與在鼻自然殺傷/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤、肺癌和乳腺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)CCL22表達(dá)增強(qiáng)的研究結(jié)果相似[17- 19]。相關(guān)性分析所得CCL22 mRNA與FoxP3 mRNA表達(dá)正相關(guān)的結(jié)果表明,在宮頸癌微環(huán)境中,免疫負(fù)性因子CCL22與FoxP3可能協(xié)同放大彼此的免疫抑制作用,加劇局部免疫失衡。
依據(jù)正性免疫因子OX40和Smad3 mRNA表達(dá)正相關(guān)和在宮頸癌局部表達(dá)減弱的趨勢,以及它們與腫瘤分化負(fù)相關(guān)的關(guān)系,我們猜測在宮頸癌微環(huán)境中,兩者上調(diào)免疫應(yīng)答、抑制宮頸癌發(fā)生的作用被削弱,且被削弱的程度隨著腫瘤惡性分化程度的增加而增強(qiáng)。同時,兩者之間的協(xié)同作用被削弱。相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,CCL22 mRNA與OX40 mRNA呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示OX40上調(diào)免疫的效應(yīng)可能被CCL22拮抗,導(dǎo)致免疫抑制效應(yīng)的疊加。此外,在HPV感染陽性的宮頸癌免疫微環(huán)境中,負(fù)性免疫因子FoxP3 mRNA和CCL22 mRNA表達(dá)增加,而正性因子Smad3 mRNA表達(dá)減低,我們猜測HPV感染后,宮頸局部免疫因子表達(dá)譜發(fā)生改變,負(fù)性因子的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用逐漸傾斜,最終促成局部免疫抑制和癌癥的發(fā)生。
綜上,本研究結(jié)果表明,在宮頸癌微環(huán)境中存在免疫因子FoxP3、CCL22、OX40和Smad3的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)異常,提示這種表達(dá)偏移可能造成宮頸癌局部OX40和Smad3的正性調(diào)節(jié)被削弱,而負(fù)性因子FoxP3和CCL22免疫抑制作用增強(qiáng)的免疫模式,這種模式導(dǎo)致局部免疫失衡,或許也參與了HPV感染的結(jié)局和病毒致癌的發(fā)生。我們期待后續(xù)研究進(jìn)一步解釋這些相關(guān)性后面的具體機(jī)制。
[1]Guan P,Howell-Jones R,Li N,et al. Human papillomavirus types in 115,789 HPV-positive women: a meta-analysis from cervical infection to cancer[J]. Int J Cancer,2012,131(10):2349- 2359.
[2]丁愛萍,張瑤,魏恒,等. HPV16型存在狀態(tài)與Treg/Th17細(xì)胞因子的相關(guān)性研究[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,93(37):2957- 2960.
[3]Hori S,Nomura T,Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor FoxP3[J]. Science,2003,299 (5609): 1057- 1061.
[4]Fontenot JD,Gavin MA,Rudensky AY. FoxP3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells[J]. Nat Immunol,2003,4 (4): 330- 336.
[5]Li YQ,Liu FF,Zhang XM,et al. Tumor secretion of CCL22 activates intratumoral treg infiltration and is independent prognostic predictor of breast cancer[J]. PLoS One,2013,8(10):e76379.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076379.eCollection 2013.
[6]Vu MD,Xiao X,Gao W,et al. OX40 costimulation turns off FoxP3+Tregs[J]. Blood,2007,110 (7): 2501- 2510.
[7]Zhang Q,Cui F,F(xiàn)ang L,et al. TNF-alpha impairs differentiation and function of TGF-beta-induced Treg cells in autoimmune diseases through Akt and Smad3 signaling pathway[J]. J Mol Cell Biol,2013,5 (2): 85- 98.
[8]Kurman RJ,Carcangiu ML,Herrington CS,et al. WHO classification of tumors of female reproductive organs[M]. 4th ed. Lyon:IARC Press,2014:179.
[9]Wu H,Zhang J. miR- 124 rs531564 polymorphism influences genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer[J]. Int J Clin Exp Med,2014,7 (12): 5847- 5851.
[10]Woo YL,van den Hende M,Sterling JC,et al. A prospective study on the natural course of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and the presence of HPV16 E2- ,E6 and E7-specific T-cell responses[J]. Int J Cancer,2010,126(1): 133- 141.
[11]Ghosh A,Dasgupta A,Bandyopadhyay A,et al. A study of the expression and localization of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 in different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Exp Mol Pathol,2015,99 (3): 720- 724.
[12]Chiantore MV,Mangino G,Iuliano M,et al. IFN-β antiproliferative effect and miRNA regulation in Human Papilloma Virus E6-and E7-transfected keratinocyte[J]. Cytokine,2015,pii:S1043- 4666(15)30127- 7.doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.014.
[13]Kim M,Grimmig T,Grimm M,et al. Expression of FoxP3 in colorectal cancer but not in Treg cells correlates with disease progression in patients with colorectal cancer[J]. PLoS One,2013,8 (1): e53630. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053630.
[14]de Reuver PR,Mehta S,Gill P,et al. Immunoregulatory forkhead box protein p3-positive lymphocytes are associated with overall survival in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J]. J Am Coll Surg,2016,223 (3): 281- 287.
[15]Lin SZ,Chen KJ,Xu ZY,et al. Prediction of recurrence and survial in hepatocellular carcinoma based on two Cox models mainly determined by FoxP3+regulatory T cells[J]. Cancer Prev Res(Phila),2013,6(6): 594- 602.
[16]Winkler I,Wilczynska B,Bojarska-Junak A,et al. Regulatory T lymphocytes and transforming growth factor beta in epithelial ovarian tumors-prognostic significance[J].J Ovarian Res,2015,8:39.doi:10.1186/s13048- 015- 0164- 0.
[17]Kumai T,Nagato T,Kobayashi H,et al. CCL17 and CCL22/CCR4 signaling is a strong candidate for novel targeted therapy against nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother,2015,64(6):697- 705.
[18]Nakamura ES,Koizumi K,Kobayashi M,et al. RANKL-induced CCL22/macrophage-derived chemokine produced from osteoclasts potentially promotes the bone meta stasis of lung cancer expressing its receptor CCR4[J]. Clin Exp Metastasis,2006,23 (1):9- 18.
[19]Gobert M,Treilleux I,Bendriss-Vermare N,et al. Regulatory T cells recruited through CCL22/CCR4 are selectively activated in lymphoid infiltrates surrounding primary breast tumors and lead to an adverse clinical outcome[J]. Cancer Res,2009,69 (5): 2000- 2009.
Aberrant Expressions of Immune Factors Facilitate the Disequilibrium ofImmune Status in Cervical Cancer
ZHAO Min-yi,ZHAO Juan,YANG Ting,WANG Li,PEI Mei-li,TIAN Si-juan,YU Yang,YANG Xiao-feng
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,the First Affiliated Hospital,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710061,China
YANG Xiao-feng Tel/Fax:029- 85323844,E-mail:yxf73@163.com
Objective To explore the expressions and co-relationship of immune factors forkhead box p3 (FoxP3),chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22 (CCL22),tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 40(OX40),and SMAD family member 3 (Smad3) in cervical carcinoma and investigate their immunomodulatory roles in cervical carcinogenesis.Methods Totally 30 cases of cervical carcinoma with adjacent tissues and 20 cases of normal cervix were collected in this study. FoxP3,CCL22,OX40,and Smad3 mRNA expressions were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Compared to normal cervix,the expression levels of FoxP3 and CCL22 mRNA were elevated in neoplastic foci(P=0.000,P=0.002) and tumor periphery (P=0.048,P=0.040).The mRNAs increased modestly in high-grade squamous cell carcinoma focal(P=0.019,P=0.020) and periphery tissue (P=0.023,P=0.031) in comparison with low-grade squamous cell carcinoma. The expression levels of OX40 and Smad3 mRNA were significantly lower in neoplastic foci(P=0.000,P=0.015) than normal cervix. Compared to low-grade squamous cell carcinoma focal and periphery tissue,the mRNAs decreased moderately in high-grade squamous cell carcinoma(P=0.018,P=0.030;P=0.027,P=0.014). In both neoplastic foci and tumor periphery,the mRNA expression level of CCL22 was positively correlated with FoxP3 (r=0.353,P=0.000;r=0.307,P=0.000) but negatively correlated with OX40 (r=-0.288,P=0.031;r=-0.263,P=0.037),while OX40 was positively correlated with Smad3 (r=0.384,P=0.002;r=0.288,P=0.023). The mRNA expressions of FoxP3 and CCL22 were increased in foci and pericarcinous tissues (P=0.024,P=0.039;P=0.032,P=0.034) while Smad3 was decreased in neoplastic foci (P=0.017) in contrast to HPV negative corresponding group. Conclusion FoxP3 and CCL22 expressions increase while OX40 and Smad3 expression decrease at mRNA level in the microenvironment of cervical cancer,which may be associated with such immunological model that the immunosuppressive roles of FoxP3 and CCL22 enhance while the immunity-boosting roles of OX40 and Smad3 are impeded,contributing to the deterioration of immune disequilibrium in local site and cervical cancer carcinogenesis.
cervical cancer; tumor microenvironment; forkhead box p3; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4;SMAD family member 3
國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項目(81472428)、新世紀(jì)優(yōu)秀人才支持計劃(NCET- 12- 0441)和西安交通大學(xué)基本科研經(jīng)費Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (81472428),the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET- 12- 0441),and the Basic Research Foundation of Xi’an Jiaotong University
楊筱鳳 電話/傳真:029- 85323844,電子郵件:yxf73@163.com
R73;R71
A
1000- 503X(2016)05- 0522- 06
10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.05.005
2016- 05- 13)