朱倩,徐文丹,張蓓,許波群,高超,高莉,劉嘉茵,崔毓桂*
(1. 南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)科,南京 210029;2. 南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院婦科,南京 210036)
·實(shí)驗(yàn)研究·
SET蛋白對精原細(xì)胞株GC-1 spg增殖和凋亡的影響
朱倩1,徐文丹1,張蓓1,許波群2,高超1,高莉1,劉嘉茵1,崔毓桂1*
(1. 南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)科,南京210029;2. 南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院婦科,南京210036)
【摘要】目的探討SET蛋白對精原細(xì)胞株GC-1 spg增殖和凋亡的影響。方法使用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基在37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)GC-1 spg細(xì)胞,分對照組(轉(zhuǎn)染無關(guān)序列腺病毒)和實(shí)驗(yàn)組[轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒(AdH1-siRNA/SET)];GC-1 spg接種于96孔板或者6孔板,轉(zhuǎn)染腺病毒48 h、72 h后收集細(xì)胞,免疫熒光和共聚焦激光掃描顯微鏡檢測SET蛋白在GC-1 spg細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)與定位;提取細(xì)胞總蛋白,Western Blot檢測轉(zhuǎn)染前后SET蛋白的表達(dá);細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)試劑盒-8(CCK8)和5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)標(biāo)記法檢測細(xì)胞的數(shù)目和增殖情況;流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡的變化。結(jié)果SET蛋白表達(dá)于GC-1 spg細(xì)胞的胞核和胞漿中,且胞漿分布多于胞核;轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒后,干涉組GC-1 spg細(xì)胞中的SET蛋白相對表達(dá)量為(0.217±0.044)顯著低于對照組的(0.629±0.170)(P<0.05),同時(shí)GC-1 spg細(xì)胞的數(shù)目減少,增殖減慢,且細(xì)胞凋亡率顯著增加[干涉組(21.663±1.287)%,對照組(8.813±0.671)%](P均<0.01)。結(jié)論SET蛋白在精原細(xì)胞GC-1 spg胞核和胞漿中均有表達(dá),且胞漿分布多于胞核;GC-1 spg細(xì)胞中SET蛋白表達(dá)降低,能夠抑制細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,提示SET蛋白可能參與調(diào)節(jié)精子發(fā)生的過程。
【關(guān)鍵詞】SET蛋白;精子發(fā)生;精原細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞增殖;細(xì)胞凋亡
Objective: To investigate the effects of SET protein on the proliferation and apoptosis of spermatogonia cell line GC-1 spg.
Methods: GC-1 spg cells were cultured in DMEM/HIGH GLUCOSE with 10% fetal bovine serum in 5% CO2at 37℃. The cells in control group were transfected with AdH1-siRNA/NS,and the cells in experimental group were transfected with AdH1-siRNA/SET. The cells were seeded in 96-well plate or 6-well plate and treated with adenovirus for 48 or 72 hours,and then the cells were collected. The expression and cellular location of SET protein were assessed by immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The total proteins were extracted,and the expressions of SET protein before and after transfection were detected by Western blotting. Cell number and proliferation were tested by CCK8 assay and BrdU incorporation assay,while cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.
Results: It was found that SET protein was expressed both in cytoplasm and nucleus of GC-1 spg cells,and it was mainly expressed in cytoplasm. The expression of SET protein in the GC-1 spg cells transfected with AdH1-siRNA/SET [(0.217±0.044)vs.(0.629±0.170)] was significantly lowered than that in control group(P<0.05);while the apoptosis index was significantly increased [(21.663±1.287)vs.(8.813±0.671)%] (P<0.01),and the cell number and the proliferation rate were decreased (P<0.01).
Conclusions: SET protein was expressed both in cytoplasm and nucleus of GC-1 spg cells,and it was mainly expressed in cytoplasm. Knockdown of SET protein inhibits proliferation,and promotes apoptosis of GC-1 spg cells,which suggests that SET protein may participate in the regulation of spermatogenesis.
Key words:SET protein;Spermatogenesis;Spermatogonia cells;Cell proliferation;Cell apoptosis
(J Reprod Med 2016,25(5):449-454)
不育癥已成為影響人類健康與社會發(fā)展的一個(gè)全球性醫(yī)學(xué)和社會問題,全球約15%的育齡夫婦存在不育問題,在引起不育癥的因素中男性因素占50%左右[1]。引起男性不育的原因有很多,其中精子發(fā)生障礙是男性不育常見的原因之一,占所有男性不育原因的20%~25%[1],臨床表現(xiàn)為少、弱、畸形精子癥。諸多激素、細(xì)胞因子調(diào)控精子發(fā)生過程,其中可能也包括SET蛋白[2]。SET基因是原癌基因,定位于染色體9q34著絲粒的c-abl。SET蛋白是細(xì)胞內(nèi)多任務(wù)因子,參與調(diào)控包括細(xì)胞周期、細(xì)胞增殖凋亡、DNA修復(fù)、基因轉(zhuǎn)錄以及表觀遺傳等多個(gè)生物過程[3-4]。目前關(guān)于SET蛋白在生殖系統(tǒng)中的作用研究相對較少。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SET蛋白表達(dá)于卵巢中的卵泡膜細(xì)胞、卵母細(xì)胞以及睪丸中的間質(zhì)細(xì)胞、精原細(xì)胞和精母細(xì)胞[2,5]。已有研究證實(shí)SET參與調(diào)節(jié)卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)育[6-7],但是SET蛋白在精子發(fā)生中的作用及其機(jī)制鮮有報(bào)道。本研究采用SET干涉腺病毒轉(zhuǎn)染體外培養(yǎng)的精原細(xì)胞株GC-1 spg,觀察SET蛋白對GC-1 spg細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的影響。
材料和方法
一、材料與試劑
小鼠精原細(xì)胞株GC-1 spg(南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)生殖醫(yī)學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室惠贈),DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基(HyClone,美國),胎牛血清(Gibco,美國),兔SET抗體(Santa Cruze,美國),兔beta-actin抗體(abcam,美國),二喹啉甲酸(BCA)蛋白濃度測定試劑盒和細(xì)胞組織快速裂解液RIPA(上海碧云天),辣根過氧化酶(HRP)標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG和二氨基聯(lián)苯胺(DAB)顯色液(北京中杉金橋),細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)試劑盒-8(CCK-8)檢測試劑盒(北方生物研究所),5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)ELISA試劑盒(Roche,美國),四甲基異硫氰酸羅丹明(TRITC)標(biāo)記的羊抗兔二抗(IgG-TRITC)(invitrogen,美國),酶標(biāo)儀(Thermo,美國),共聚焦激光掃描顯微鏡(Nikon,日本),APC Annexin V/7-AAD流式凋亡試劑盒和流式細(xì)胞儀(BD Biosciences,美國)。SET干涉腺病毒載體由本課題組構(gòu)建[8],應(yīng)用于前期多項(xiàng)研究中[9-10]。
二、研究方法
1. 細(xì)胞分組與轉(zhuǎn)染:使用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基常規(guī)培養(yǎng)GC-1 spg細(xì)胞。實(shí)驗(yàn)分為兩組:對照組:轉(zhuǎn)染無關(guān)序列腺病毒;干涉組(實(shí)驗(yàn)組):轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒(AdH1-siRNA/SET)。GC-1 spg以5×104個(gè)/孔的密度接種于6孔板中,37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)24 h,每孔轉(zhuǎn)染2 μl的空載腺病毒或者干涉腺病毒載體,轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h和72 h收集細(xì)胞進(jìn)行后續(xù)試驗(yàn)。各實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3~5批次。
2. 蛋白質(zhì)印跡(Western Blot)檢測目標(biāo)分子蛋白表達(dá):轉(zhuǎn)染腺病毒72 h后收集細(xì)胞提取總蛋白,BCA法測定蛋白濃度,12%的十二烷基磺酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠(SDS-PAGE)分離蛋白,濕轉(zhuǎn)法轉(zhuǎn)膜250 mA 2 h,5%脫脂牛奶37℃搖床封閉1~2 h,一抗(抗SET蛋白多克隆抗體1∶500,β-actin 1∶10 000作為內(nèi)參)4℃過夜,用TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min,HRP標(biāo)記的二抗(抗IgG 1∶1 000)37℃搖床孵育1 h,再用TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min,洗膜后使用增強(qiáng)化學(xué)發(fā)光(ECL)檢測試劑盒(Millipore,美國)顯影特異蛋白條帶。采用天能Gel Image System分析軟件進(jìn)行灰度值分析,以目的蛋白與內(nèi)參蛋白條帶灰度值的比值均數(shù)作為各蛋白的相對表達(dá)量。
3. 熒光免疫和激光共聚焦檢測SET蛋白在細(xì)胞中的定位:消過毒的小圓片置于24孔板中,GC-1 spg以2.5×104個(gè)/孔的密度接種于24孔板中,37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng),細(xì)胞密度達(dá)到60%~70%時(shí),PBS洗2次,每次5 min,4%多聚甲醛固定60 min,PBS洗4次,每次5 min,0.4%的triton-100細(xì)胞打孔5 min,PBS洗3次,室溫下5%BSA濕盒內(nèi)封閉1~2 h,1∶50稀釋SET一抗,4℃濕盒內(nèi)過夜,PBS洗膜,1∶500稀釋TRITC熒光二抗,37℃濕盒內(nèi)1 h,PBS洗膜3次,4,6-聯(lián)脒-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染核1 min,PBS洗膜3次,Debico封片,在共聚焦顯微鏡下進(jìn)行拍攝。陰性對照,是用無抗體活性的IgG替代SET一抗,其余操作與實(shí)驗(yàn)組一致。
4.CCK8檢測細(xì)胞活率:GC-1 spg以1 250個(gè)/孔的密度接種于96孔板中,37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)24 h,轉(zhuǎn)染干涉腺病毒72 h后,96孔板每孔加10 μl的CCK8溶液,孵育2 h,用酶標(biāo)儀測定450 nm處的吸光度值。
5.BrdU ELISA試劑盒檢測細(xì)胞增殖:GC-1 spg以1 250個(gè)/孔的密度接種于96孔板中,37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)24 h,轉(zhuǎn)染干涉腺病毒24 h后,每孔加入10 μl的BrdU標(biāo)記液,再37℃孵育24 h,去掉標(biāo)記液,60℃放置1 h,每孔加入200 μl的FixDenat,室溫孵育30 min,去掉FixDenat,拍板,每孔加入100 μl抗BrdU-POD工作液(1∶25稀釋),室溫孵育2 h,倒掉抗體工作液,用每孔200 μl洗液洗板3次,倒掉洗液,拍板使孔內(nèi)沒有殘余,每孔加入100 μl的底物溶液,室溫孵育30 min,讀取370 nm處的光密度(OD)值,OD值越高,說明細(xì)胞增殖能力越強(qiáng)。
6. 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡:GC-1 spg以5×104個(gè)/孔的密度接種于6孔板中,37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)24 h,轉(zhuǎn)染干涉腺病毒72 h后消化、收集各組細(xì)胞,PBS洗滌后離心,PBS重懸后轉(zhuǎn)移至流式管中1 500 rpm/min,離心5 min,倒掉PBS,加入400 μl的1×結(jié)合緩沖液及5 μl的APC Annexin V和5 μl的7-AAD,震蕩混勻后,避光室溫孵育15 min,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
結(jié)果
一、SET蛋白在GC-1 spg細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)及定位
激光共聚焦結(jié)果顯示,SET蛋白在GC-1 spg細(xì)胞核和胞漿中都有表達(dá),且胞漿表達(dá)高于胞核(圖1)。
A:陰性對照組DAPI染細(xì)胞核;B:陰性對照組TRITC標(biāo)記的二抗熒光染色;C:陰性對照組細(xì)胞核和SET的合并熒光染色圖;D:實(shí)驗(yàn)組DAPI染細(xì)胞核;E:實(shí)驗(yàn)組TRITC標(biāo)記的SET一抗熒光染色;F:實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞核和SET的合并熒光染色圖。圖1 共聚焦激光掃描顯微鏡檢測SET蛋白在GC-1 spg細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)與定位(×600)
二、GC-1 spg轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒后SET蛋白水平的變化
GC-1 spg轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒72 h后,SET蛋白表達(dá)水平(0.217±0.044)較對照組(0.629±0.170)顯著降低,干涉率為65%,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖2)。
三、SET蛋白干涉后GC-1 spg細(xì)胞數(shù)目和細(xì)胞增殖的變化
GC-1 spg轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒72 h后,CCK8檢測細(xì)胞數(shù)目結(jié)果表明,SET蛋白干涉組OD值為(0.281±0.068)較對照組的(1.193±0.005)明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)(圖3A)。
為了研究細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少是由于增殖減少還是凋亡增加引起的,GC-1 spg轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒48 h后,采用BrdU ELISA法檢測細(xì)胞增殖情況。結(jié)果表明,SET蛋白干涉組的OD值(0.080±0.004)較對照組(0.098±0.005)明顯下降(P<0.01)(圖3B)。
四、SET蛋白干涉后GC-1 spg細(xì)胞凋亡結(jié)果
GC-1spg轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒72 h,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡。結(jié)果表明,干涉組細(xì)胞凋亡率[(21.663±1.287)%]較對照組[(8.813±0.671)%]顯著升高(P<0.01)(圖4)。
討論
本文初步研究SET蛋白在精子發(fā)生中的作用及其作用機(jī)制,采用SET干涉腺病毒轉(zhuǎn)染精原細(xì)胞株GC-1 spg,免疫熒光及共聚焦實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)SET蛋白在GC-1 spg胞核和胞漿中都有表達(dá),且胞漿多于胞核;利用Western Blot檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)GC-1 spg轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒后,SET蛋白的干涉效率為65%。免疫熒光可以進(jìn)行細(xì)胞亞定位觀察,并由此推導(dǎo)其潛在的生物學(xué)功能;結(jié)合Western Blot結(jié)果,探討了SET蛋白在細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用。諸多研究提示,隨細(xì)胞狀態(tài)改變,SET蛋白可分別定位于細(xì)胞核、細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)及內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)。如在HeLa和HOS細(xì)胞、HeLa細(xì)胞的分裂間期,SET蛋白主要定位于細(xì)胞核內(nèi),亞細(xì)胞定位可能與其分子伴侶功能相關(guān)[11-12]。在大腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞,SET蛋白也主要定位于細(xì)胞核內(nèi),而當(dāng)毒性誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元凋亡時(shí),SET蛋白在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)減少而在細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)增多[13]。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)未能顯示RNAi后GC-1 spg細(xì)胞內(nèi)SET蛋白免疫熒光亞定位的改變,可能與干涉效率65%不足以形成熒光強(qiáng)度、顯微鏡圖像處理、所用熒光抗體與AdH1-siRNA/SET攜帶綠色熒光蛋白(GFP)相互干擾等原因有關(guān)。
本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),降低GC-1 spg細(xì)胞的SET蛋白表達(dá)水平,能抑制GC-1 spg細(xì)胞的增殖,同時(shí)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SET蛋白表達(dá)于精原細(xì)胞和精母細(xì)胞,以及睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞,提示SET蛋白一方面可能調(diào)節(jié)睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞雄激素合成,另一方面可能作用于生精細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)精子發(fā)生。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SET過表達(dá)可以降低細(xì)胞的解毒作用,使細(xì)胞毒性物質(zhì)和致癌物質(zhì)積聚于細(xì)胞內(nèi),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡或腫瘤發(fā)生[14]。SET蛋白積聚在神經(jīng)元胞漿中會使細(xì)胞對DNA損傷更加敏感,容易誘發(fā)細(xì)胞死亡[13]。不存在氧化應(yīng)激時(shí),聚集的SET蛋白在人源胚胎腎細(xì)胞HEK293T細(xì)胞的胞核和胞漿中均等分布,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡;而當(dāng)細(xì)胞處于輕度氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)時(shí),SET蛋白則主要聚集在胞漿中,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡[15]。在氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下,SET蛋白通過改變叉頭框蛋白O1(FoxO1)的乙?;癄顟B(tài)正向調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡[16]。
SET蛋白通過多條通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖,其中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)和細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(ERK)信號通路是SET調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖的重要通路。在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中,敲除SET蛋白,上調(diào)蛋白磷酸酶2A (PP2A)的活性,從而抑制AKT和ERK信號通路,抑制細(xì)胞增殖[17]。在前列腺癌中也發(fā)現(xiàn)SET蛋白通過PI3K/AKT信號通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖[18]。在頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞系HN12和Cal27中,SET蛋白通過ERK信號通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖和存活[19]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SET蛋白通過不依賴caspase途徑和依賴caspase途徑來調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡[20-21]。劉雁峰等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),干涉SET蛋白能夠通過激活外源性細(xì)胞凋亡通路引起人早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病維甲酸耐藥細(xì)胞株NB4-R1凋亡。在HEK293T細(xì)胞中超表達(dá)的SET蛋白能夠抑制caspase 9和caspase 3的活性,抑制內(nèi)源性凋亡通路[15]。Cristobal等[23]也發(fā)現(xiàn)SET蛋白能夠抑制PP2A激活的caspase凋亡途徑。SET蛋白調(diào)節(jié)GC-1 spg細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的機(jī)制,尚有待于進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,SET蛋白表達(dá)于精原細(xì)胞GC-1 spg胞核和胞漿中,且胞漿多于胞核。降低SET蛋白表達(dá)水平,可以抑制GC-1 spg細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,表明SET蛋白可能在精子發(fā)生中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。深入研究SET蛋白在精子發(fā)生中的作用機(jī)制,有利于我們進(jìn)一步了解男性少、弱、畸形精子癥的發(fā)生,可能為男性不育癥的治療提供新線索。
注:與對照組比較,*P<0.05圖2 Western Blot檢測轉(zhuǎn)染SET干涉腺病毒后GC-1 spg細(xì)胞中SET蛋白的表達(dá)情況
A:干涉SET蛋白表達(dá)后,GC-1 spg細(xì)胞數(shù)目變化;B:干涉SET蛋白表達(dá)后,GC-1 spg細(xì)胞增殖情況。注:與對照組比較,**P<0.01圖3 干涉SET蛋白表達(dá)對GC-1 spg細(xì)胞數(shù)目和細(xì)胞增殖的影響
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[編輯:辛玲]
Effects of SET protein on proliferation and apoptosis of spermatogonia cell line GC-1 spg
ZHU Qian1,XU Wen-dan1,ZHANG Bei1,XU Bo-qun2,GAO Chao1,GAO Li1,LIU Jia-yin1,CUI Yu-gui1*
1.Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing210029
2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing210036
【Abstract】
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-3845.2016.05.012
【收稿日期】2015-11-13;【修回日期】2016-01-14
【基金項(xiàng)目】國家自然科學(xué)基金(81370754,81170559,31301182);江蘇省衛(wèi)生廳項(xiàng)目(ZX201110,F(xiàn)XK201221)
【作者簡介】朱倩,女,江蘇鎮(zhèn)江人,碩士研究生,生殖醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè).(*通訊作者,Email:cuiygnj@njmu.edu.cn)