龍燦 葛明建
摘要:淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)最主要的轉(zhuǎn)移途徑之一,術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)清掃程度及病理分期是影響患者預(yù)后的主要因素。因此,術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)清掃已成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肺癌手術(shù)的重要組成部分。但迄今為止,早期NSCLC手術(shù)中縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃方式及范圍尚未統(tǒng)一。本文就將目前早期NSCLC手術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)清掃的方式、范圍的現(xiàn)狀及研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:肺腫瘤;淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移;淋巴結(jié)清掃
肺癌是我國(guó)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)約占肺癌85%,是我國(guó)人群死亡率上升最快的癌癥,目前已經(jīng)躍居我國(guó)惡性腫瘤的首位死亡原因[1,2]。其根治平均5年生存率僅為30%~50%,臨床I期肺癌也只達(dá)到61%~70%[3,4]。目前認(rèn)為,非小細(xì)胞肺癌外科治療的適應(yīng)癥狀包括I期、II期和部分可切除IIIa期[5,6],但是臨床I期肺癌的術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)清掃方式和范圍存在一定爭(zhēng)議。本文就將目前早期NSCLC手術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)清掃的方式、范圍的現(xiàn)狀及研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1 肺癌淋巴結(jié)的分區(qū)及轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律
淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是肺癌的最主要的轉(zhuǎn)移途徑之一,多沿肺內(nèi)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移至肺門、縱隔淋巴結(jié),從而向遠(yuǎn)處進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)移[7]。此外,亦有少部分肺癌患者存在跳躍式轉(zhuǎn)移(即越過(guò)N1組淋巴結(jié)而直接轉(zhuǎn)移至N2組淋巴結(jié)[8])。Watanabe等[9]根據(jù)淋巴結(jié)引流特點(diǎn),將縱隔淋巴結(jié)區(qū)劃分為上縱隔和下縱隔。其中,右側(cè)上縱隔淋區(qū)域包括第2、3、4組,右下縱隔區(qū)域包括第7、8、9組;左側(cè)上縱隔區(qū)域包括2、3、4、5、6組,左下縱隔區(qū)域含第7、8、9組。
對(duì)NSCLC縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移狀態(tài)的準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估對(duì)于肺癌患者病理的臨床分期以及相應(yīng)的術(shù)后治療方案的制定尤為重要,對(duì)于術(shù)后放療靶區(qū)的制定也有十分重要的意義,對(duì)于T1期NSCLC更為明顯。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者進(jìn)行了大量的研究以尋求不同肺葉、腫瘤大小、病理類型NSCLC的縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律。
不同肺葉的肺癌其縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移可能有一定的規(guī)律。Okada[10]和Naruke[11]認(rèn)為肺癌縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移根據(jù)其引流特點(diǎn)具有一定的規(guī)律性,即上葉肺癌多轉(zhuǎn)移至上縱隔,很少向下縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移;下葉肺癌一般先轉(zhuǎn)移至隆突下淋巴結(jié),然后再向上縱隔轉(zhuǎn)移,隆突下淋巴結(jié)是各區(qū)域淋巴回流的交匯點(diǎn),肺癌發(fā)生縱隔跨區(qū)域的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)常先累及隆突下淋巴結(jié)。此外,有報(bào)道左肺下葉癌可發(fā)生對(duì)側(cè)縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[12,13]。日本學(xué)者[14]針對(duì)不同肺葉的淋巴結(jié)的具體轉(zhuǎn)移情況進(jìn)行了回顧性分析,總結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律為:右上葉肺癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至3、4R區(qū)、葉間和肺門淋巴結(jié),右肺中、下葉癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至7區(qū)、肺門和肺葉間淋巴結(jié),左肺上葉癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至5區(qū)、肺門和肺葉間淋巴結(jié),左肺下葉癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移至7、8、9區(qū)、肺門和肺葉間淋巴結(jié)。其他學(xué)者[15,16]對(duì)于NSCLC原發(fā)部位與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系也有類似的報(bào)道。
肺腫瘤大小與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移也有一定關(guān)系。蔣偉等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤直徑≤3cm的肺癌患者中胸內(nèi)淋巴結(jié)(包括肺門和縱隔淋巴結(jié))的轉(zhuǎn)移率可以高達(dá)14.2%。謝遠(yuǎn)財(cái)?shù)萚18]就直徑≤3cm的周圍型非小細(xì)胞肺癌進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤直徑在0~1cm、1~2cm和2~3cm時(shí),其N2組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為0%、10.5%和29.7%,提示腫瘤直徑跟縱隔淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移率成正相關(guān)。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)上肺癌主要向上縱隔轉(zhuǎn)移,下肺癌隆突下及上縱隔均可轉(zhuǎn)移;左肺癌主要轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)站數(shù)為 第 5、6、7組,右肺癌主要主要至第5、6、7組,術(shù)中應(yīng)重點(diǎn)清掃。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺腺癌更易發(fā)生縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。賈春諱等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腺癌發(fā)生縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率高于其他類型原發(fā)非小細(xì)胞肺癌。Yuki等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺腺癌比鱗癌更易發(fā)生縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,即使直徑≤2cm的腺癌也是如此。其他研究同樣顯示肺腺癌易引起縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,而且其發(fā)生跳躍式淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的比率也高于其他類型的肺腫瘤[21,22]。
2 肺癌淋巴結(jié)清掃方式的分類
目前肺癌術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)清掃方式及范圍尚未達(dá)成共識(shí),不同醫(yī)療中心對(duì)清掃方式的意見(jiàn)不盡統(tǒng)一,這也是導(dǎo)致臨床結(jié)果不盡相同的重要原因。綜合歐洲胸外科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)制定了肺癌手術(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指南[23]以及各文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,將淋巴結(jié)清掃方式主要可分為如下5類:①根治性淋巴結(jié)清掃(extended lymph node dissection):經(jīng)頸部切口或者胸骨正中切口入路,需清除雙側(cè)縱隔及鎖骨上淋巴結(jié),由于該方式創(chuàng)傷大、 手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng), 已逐漸被拋棄;②系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃(systematic node dissection, SND):系統(tǒng)性清除的范圍包括肺葉間、肺門淋巴結(jié),縱隔的所有淋巴結(jié)及其周圍脂肪組織從而使周圍解剖結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到骨骼化,至少清除3站縱隔淋巴結(jié),并且其中必須包含隆突下淋巴結(jié);③選擇性淋巴結(jié)活檢(selected lymph node biopsy):僅切取幾個(gè)肉眼觀察可疑淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行病理檢查從而確定N 分期;④采樣及系統(tǒng)性采樣(sampling or systematic sampling):采樣是指根據(jù)術(shù)前影像學(xué)檢查及手術(shù)中肉眼觀察,切取可疑轉(zhuǎn)移的淋巴結(jié);系統(tǒng)性采樣即外科醫(yī)師根據(jù)術(shù)前影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)及其淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律,從而對(duì)特定組別淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行切除行病理檢查;⑤選擇性淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù):又稱肺葉特異性系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃(lobe-specific systematic node dissection),即根據(jù)腫瘤原發(fā)部位的不同,清除相應(yīng)肺葉相應(yīng)的肺內(nèi)、肺門及縱隔區(qū)域內(nèi)相對(duì)容易轉(zhuǎn)移的淋巴結(jié)及周圍組織,此種清除術(shù)近年來(lái)被一些學(xué)者提倡作為早期肺癌手術(shù)淋巴結(jié)清掃方式的理想選擇[24~26]。
3 早期非小細(xì)胞肺癌淋巴結(jié)清掃方式
目前對(duì)于縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)主要有兩類,一類是系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)采樣,另一類是系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃。多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃能夠延長(zhǎng)患者生存,這一點(diǎn)尤其在II期、IIIA期肺癌患者中更為明顯,右側(cè)病變的淋巴結(jié)清掃似乎更顯示優(yōu)勢(shì)[27,28]。但早期NSCLC行縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃是否能夠改善生存尚存在一定爭(zhēng)議。美國(guó)東部腫瘤協(xié)作組回顧分析研究(ECOG3590)表明系統(tǒng)性采樣與系統(tǒng)性清掃在不同分期上同樣有效,但系統(tǒng)性清掃能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的N2患者,能提高右肺癌的生存率。2011年美國(guó)腫瘤外科協(xié)作組的一項(xiàng)最新前瞻性研究(Z0030),通過(guò)對(duì)比入組的1111例行縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃或淋巴結(jié)采樣的肺癌患者的結(jié)果提示:縱隔淋巴結(jié)采樣組的5年無(wú)病生存率為68%,系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃組的5年無(wú)病生存率為69%,兩者間無(wú)明顯差異,兩組對(duì)比局部復(fù)發(fā)率、區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)率及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,由此認(rèn)為早期肺癌不能夠從系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)中獲益[29]。Sugi等[30]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于T1期NSCLC行系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃或淋巴結(jié)采樣,兩者5年生存率無(wú)明顯差距,作者認(rèn)為對(duì)于腫瘤直徑<2cm的周圍型肺癌可以不需要徹底行系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃。但是,我國(guó)學(xué)者認(rèn)為美國(guó)腫瘤外科協(xié)作組的研究要求術(shù)中行淋巴結(jié)冰凍切片,對(duì)于縱隔淋巴結(jié)陰性的患者術(shù)中隨機(jī)決定是行縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)還是淋巴結(jié)采樣術(shù),但在日常肺癌手術(shù)中常規(guī)行縱隔淋巴結(jié)冰凍切片是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的[31]。因此該項(xiàng)研究者也建議慎重行淋巴結(jié)采樣術(shù)。另一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為,肺癌術(shù)中行系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃能夠得到更好的生存獲益,其總的生存率和無(wú)病生存率獲得提高,同時(shí)可以提供更精確的N分期,從而為術(shù)后的治療提供可靠的依據(jù)。吳一龍等[32]通過(guò)320 例 I~Ⅲa 期 NSCLC 患者淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍與術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期生存率的前瞻性研究,結(jié)果顯示,行系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)后,各期患者的5年生存率明顯高于淋巴結(jié)取樣組,提高了整組的長(zhǎng)期生存率,I期肺癌患者術(shù)后生存率也明顯提高,提示早期肺癌患者,更需要行縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃。關(guān)于I期NSCLC非小細(xì)胞的淋巴結(jié)清掃的其他研究也提示即便是早期患者,淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目與預(yù)后相關(guān),淋巴結(jié)清掃的站數(shù)與肺癌預(yù)后相關(guān),因?yàn)榍鍜吡馨徒Y(jié)數(shù)目的不足可能導(dǎo)致腫瘤分期上的遷移,遺漏部分可能伴有肺內(nèi)或者縱隔淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移,以及常規(guī)病理檢查未能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的微轉(zhuǎn)移。盡管早期肺癌可能無(wú)法從系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃中獲益,但在無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)快速病理檢查的情況下,仍建議對(duì)所有肺癌患者盡量行系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)[33,34]。
選擇性淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù),根據(jù)原發(fā)腫瘤所在肺葉的不同清除特定區(qū)域內(nèi)包含的淋巴結(jié)以及整塊組織。這一手術(shù)方式既可避免了縱隔淋巴結(jié)取樣時(shí)所遺漏部分的隱匿性縱隔淋巴結(jié),又減少了縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃程度,因而可縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間和減少術(shù)中及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,同時(shí)不影響患者術(shù)后總體生存率及無(wú)病生存率。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者就早期肺癌手術(shù)中系統(tǒng)性縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃與選擇性縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃進(jìn)行了大量的對(duì)比研究。對(duì)于臨床I期肺癌,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為行肺葉特異性縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃可以達(dá)到同系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃一樣的臨床療效。Okada等[36]將臨床I期肺癌患者分為兩組,即肺葉特異性淋巴結(jié)清掃組(377例)和系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃組(358例)。該項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示,兩種淋巴結(jié)清除方式的無(wú)病生存率和總生存率方面無(wú)明顯差異;進(jìn)一步多因素分析提示選擇性淋巴結(jié)清掃方式對(duì)無(wú)病生存率無(wú)明顯影響,兩組術(shù)后相關(guān)局部復(fù)發(fā)率、腫瘤遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移以及病死率無(wú)明顯差異。有研究認(rèn)為選擇性淋巴結(jié)清掃與系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃相比,縱隔淋巴結(jié)陽(yáng)性檢出率相似,術(shù)后遠(yuǎn) 期生存率不亞于系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃,但手術(shù)時(shí)間以及術(shù)中出血量有明顯減少,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷更小,住院時(shí)間更短[36~39]。
目前認(rèn)為,對(duì)早期NSCLC,尤其是T1a的NSCLC,選擇性縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃是可接受的清掃方式,而對(duì)于T1b或T2病例,系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)采樣是可以選擇的,根據(jù)術(shù)中實(shí)時(shí)冰凍切片結(jié)果,決定是否行系統(tǒng)淋巴結(jié)清掃,但前提是需要快速而準(zhǔn)確的術(shù)中冰凍檢查作為保證,否則還是應(yīng)選擇行系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。雖然,我們至今沒(méi)有更具說(shuō)服力的大規(guī)模前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究的證據(jù),但這并不意味著不需要嘗試選擇性淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),對(duì)于部分I期NSCLC,為避免過(guò)度淋巴結(jié)清掃,也可以應(yīng)用肺葉特異性淋巴結(jié)清掃或系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)采樣。相信隨著肺癌外科治療規(guī)范化、個(gè)體化趨勢(shì)的發(fā)展,更有目的性、更為高效的淋巴結(jié)清掃方式會(huì)逐步應(yīng)用于臨床,從而為肺癌患者帶來(lái)福音。
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