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慢性完全閉塞性病變PCI血運重建的合理性

2016-04-05 14:55:33袁馳柯永勝
關(guān)鍵詞:生活質(zhì)量

袁馳,柯永勝

(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,安徽蕪湖241000)

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慢性完全閉塞性病變PCI血運重建的合理性

袁馳,柯永勝*

(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,安徽蕪湖241000)

摘要慢性完全閉塞性病變( chronic total occlusions,CTO)在行冠狀動脈造影的患者中非常普遍。觀察性的研究顯示,成功開通CTO可以改善患者生活質(zhì)量,提升心血管病患者臨床預(yù)后。但由于缺乏隨機試驗,其臨床獲益仍然存在爭論。最新的歐洲心臟病協(xié)會指南仍然將CTO患者行PCI治療推薦為Ⅱa類( B級證據(jù))。

關(guān)鍵詞慢性完全閉塞性病變; PCI;臨床結(jié)局;生活質(zhì)量

慢性完全閉塞性病變( chronic total occlusion,CTO)被定義為冠狀動脈閉塞血管段前向血流TIMI 0級,且閉塞時間至少3個月。CTO在行冠狀動脈造影的患者中非常普遍,其發(fā)生率可達18%~52%[1]。盡管有幾個觀察性的研究顯示,成功開通CTO可以改善患者生活質(zhì)量( quality of life,QOL)[2-3],提升心血管病患者臨床預(yù)后[4]。但由于缺乏隨機試驗,其臨床獲益仍然存在爭論。在CTO患者中,冠狀動脈造影時往往可見良好的側(cè)支循環(huán),臨床癥狀也是不典型的[5]。此外,由于在設(shè)備和技術(shù)層面有了可觀的發(fā)展,一些從事介入學(xué)的學(xué)者對于CTO產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。甚至在處理一些極為復(fù)雜的病例時,一些有經(jīng)驗的術(shù)者已經(jīng)顯著提高血管開通率以及減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[6]。盡管如此,最新的歐洲心臟病協(xié)會指南仍然將CTO患者行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入( PCI)治療推薦為Ⅱa類( B級證據(jù)),以便相應(yīng)減少缺血心肌面積和緩解心絞痛癥狀[7]。本文就血運重建后的臨床結(jié)局以及患者的QOL作一綜述。

1  CTO血運重建和心血管結(jié)局

對于合并有ST段抬高型心肌梗死的CTO患者,其行急診PCI將會有更糟糕的早期和晚期的臨床結(jié)局[8]。類似地,在合并非ST段抬高型心肌梗死時,Gierlotka等[9]研究顯示其之后隨訪的1年內(nèi)死亡率將更高。Nakamura等[10]對180例CTO患者進行6個月的隨訪,成功進行藥物洗脫支架植入的患者可提高左室射血分數(shù)。Cheng等[11]對40例進行血運重建的患者進行了半年的隨訪,成功開通血管可明顯增加心肌血流量。另外,Cetin等[12]對114例成功開通血管的CTO患者其24~48 h后惡性心律失常明顯減少。目前關(guān)于CTO的相關(guān)PCI技術(shù)已取得巨大進展,一些專家通過正向途徑和逆向途徑已經(jīng)獲得了很高的開通成功率。Werner等[13]指出,在非CTO和CTO中,兩者之間的并發(fā)癥差異并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。有報道指出行PCI治療的CTO患者會有更高的住院負性事件,且與正向途徑相比,逆向途徑可能會引起冠狀動脈穿孔和非Q波型心肌梗死[5]。近來,日本的JCTO注冊研究利用J-CTO評分預(yù)測30 min內(nèi)導(dǎo)絲能否通過病變處。Galassi等[14]認為當(dāng)J-CTO積分≥3分時,利用逆向途徑可能會帶來更糟糕的遠期預(yù)后。

一些學(xué)者認為有良好側(cè)支循環(huán)的的CTO患者無需行PCI治療。事實上,盡管良好的側(cè)支循環(huán)可以提高生存率,但其只能為心室提供5%的血供[15]。Sachdeva等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)CTO病變的側(cè)支循環(huán)中,有75%的患者血管遠近端的壓力比<0.8。Jang等[17]最近將側(cè)支循環(huán)為3級的2 024例CTO患者隨機分組,試驗組行PCI或冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)( coronary bypass grafts,CABG),對照組行單純藥物治療,進行為期42個月的隨訪,結(jié)果試驗組心源性猝死( 9% vs 9.3%,P = 0.02),主要心血管事件( 10.7% vs 24.7%,P = 0.01),全因死亡率( 7.4% vs 18.1%,P<0.01)均明顯減少。

與處理急性冠狀動脈綜合征( acute coronary syndrome,ACS)一樣,能否成功開通CTO病變血管高度依賴于術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗。事實上,經(jīng)過經(jīng)驗豐富的術(shù)者之手,無論是否為CTO,其臨床結(jié)局相差無幾。然而開通失敗的CTO患者將有更惡劣的心血管預(yù)后[14]。Joyal等[18]的研究顯示血運重建的CTO患者將有更多的生存獲益,減少CABG可能,緩解心絞痛。對于多支血管病變的患者,完全開通血管與非完全開通血管相比,前者將會有更多的生存獲益。

閉塞動脈試驗( Occluded Artery Trial,OAT)研究的陰性結(jié)果經(jīng)常被引用來反對CTO行PCI治療[19]??墒牵琌AT研究的入選對象沒有剔除合并ACS的CTO患者。因此,OAT研究的結(jié)果不能應(yīng)用于判斷CTO病變是否應(yīng)行PCI。

2  CTO血運重建和QOL

評價冠心病患者血運重建獲益的重要手段是QOL的評估,尤其是西雅圖心絞痛量表( Seattle Angina Questionnaire,SAQ),其評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括以下5個方面:體力活動的限制程度、心絞痛的穩(wěn)定性、心絞痛的發(fā)作頻率、對疾病的認知以及對心絞痛發(fā)作時的治療措施滿意程度[20]。Borgia等[21]對380例接受PCI的CTO患者進行為期4年的隨訪,其中包括手術(shù)失敗的78例。其結(jié)果顯示手術(shù)成功組患者的體力活動受限程度明顯較輕,對心絞痛發(fā)作時的治療措施也較為滿意。Safley等[2]將來自10個中心的1 616例非CTO接受PCI患者和147例CTO接受PCI患者,比較其QOL指數(shù),盡管CTO組的手術(shù)成功率稍低( 85% vs 98%),但2組在接受PCI治療后的半年里,其SAQ積分都有所增加。Wijeysundera等[3]將接受冠狀動脈造影證實為CTO的患者分為血運重建組和單純藥物治療組,后者的SAQ積分無明顯變化,但前者QOL得到明顯改善。但是SAQ基本都為患者的主觀癥狀,現(xiàn)有可利用的工具對CTO患者的QOL評估仍然存在不足之處。所以評估工具仍需細化、完善。

3  CTO血運重建的臨床適應(yīng)證

CTO患者都有保留較好的左室功能,且完全閉塞血管所支配的區(qū)域在多于80%的患者中不出現(xiàn)病理性Q波,這也表明有存活心?。?2]。盡管側(cè)支循環(huán)可能會阻止心肌梗死的發(fā)生,但其在狹窄95%的血管所支配的心肌區(qū)域,并不能滿足運動增加時的心肌耗氧,這就促成了心絞痛癥狀以及運動儲備的減少。在CTO患者中,是否行血運重建應(yīng)依照以下三步:評估癥狀,評估心肌缺血負擔(dān)和論證其可行性[23]。CTO有時表現(xiàn)出非典型癥狀,氣短和運動受限比典型心絞痛更常見。Grantham等[24]指出CTO血運重建對心絞痛的改善,QOL的提高只能在典型癥狀的患者中常見。Galassi等[25]通過掃描心肌的方法,觀察到與正常心肌相比,非血運重建的CTO心肌灌注量嚴(yán)重不足。Safley等[26]證實心肌缺血負擔(dān)為12.5%是最佳界點,這些CTO患者行PCI術(shù)后心肌缺血負擔(dān)將明顯減輕。相反地,如果心肌缺血負擔(dān)小于6.25%,開通血管可能會使缺血負擔(dān)加重。這也就表明此時保守策略可能是合適的處理方法。Gerber等[27]指出,合并有左心功能不全的患者,與單純藥物治療相比,行血運重建( PCI或CABG)將增加3年生存期。Kirschbaum等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),通過心臟MRI成像,CTO病變血管所支配區(qū)域的心肌運動早期和晚期的改善與梗死的透壁程度有關(guān)。他們同時也報道了利用MRI來評估CTO患者行PCI血運重建的獲益會更好。

4 怎樣更進一步證明CTO患者行PCI治療是有益、有用、有效

雖然對于有經(jīng)驗的術(shù)者來說,CTO病變與非CTO病變手術(shù)的成功率相差無幾,但是高額的手術(shù)耗材費,患者和醫(yī)生接受的放射劑量大成為其發(fā)展的障礙。在SYNTAX試驗中,接近1/3的CTO患者,本應(yīng)接受PCI治療而實際卻沒有[29]。此外,靜脈橋血管1年內(nèi)的閉塞率也很高[30]。因此我們認為CTO患者行CABG的臨床結(jié)局會比PCI好。盡管有大于20 000個樣本的觀察性數(shù)據(jù)以及穩(wěn)定上升的血管開通率支持CTO應(yīng)行PCI術(shù),但需要有隨機試驗來證明其合理性,目前至少有3項隨機試驗正在進行:由歐洲CTO俱樂部主持的EURO-CTO試驗,比較為期1年純粹藥物強化治療和行PCI治療的患者,運用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的量表來評估2組的QOL指數(shù);為期3年的臨床終點來評估不同介入途徑的安全性也在進行中。另外一個來自韓國的團隊將具有穩(wěn)定型心絞痛的CTO患者隨機分為PCI組和藥物治療組( DECISION-CTO),進行為期5年的隨訪,用來評價行介入對心源性死亡和心肌梗死的影響。正在進行的EXPLORE試驗是一項臨床隨機試驗,入選因ST段抬高型心肌梗死而行急診PCI的300例患者,隨機分為7 d內(nèi)行非梗死相關(guān)血管的CTO經(jīng)PCI血運重建組和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化藥物治療組,該試驗的主要終點是利用MRI測量左室射血分數(shù)值和左室內(nèi)徑。該試驗入組已完成,結(jié)果有望在近期公布。

5 結(jié)論

盡管幾個觀察性的研究已經(jīng)顯示出CTO行PCI治療會提升心血管結(jié)局和改善QOL,但其遠期預(yù)后仍然存在爭論。因此,與非CTO相比,當(dāng)前指南對CTO經(jīng)PCI血運重建并非為首選推薦。此外由于精致設(shè)備的發(fā)展以及不同介入中心的血管開通成功率在提升,加上隨機試驗的預(yù)期結(jié)果,很有希望會消除人們對CTO行PCI的效率和安全性的懷疑,從而擴大其適應(yīng)證。當(dāng)然,患者的合理選擇和術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗仍然是保證手術(shù)安全和最佳臨床結(jié)局的關(guān)鍵因素。

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(文敏編輯)

The Rationality of PCI for Revascularization in Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion

YUAN Chi,KE Yongsheng*
( Department of Cardiology,Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College,Wuhu 241000,China)

AbstractChronic total occlusion ( CTO) are commonly encountered in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Several observational studies have demonstrated that successful CTO revascularization is associated with better cardiovascular outcomes and enhanced quality of life.However,in the absence of randomized trials,its prognostic benefit for patients remains debated.The new guideline of the European Society of Cardiology will still be assigned a classⅡa ( level of evidence B) recommendation for patients with CTO undergo PCI.

Key wordschronic total occlusions; PCI; clinical outcome; quality of life

收稿日期2015-11-10

通訊作者柯永勝( 1962—),男(漢),主任醫(yī)師,教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師.研究方向:冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病的介入診治.E-mail: keyongsheng@ 163.com

doi:10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2016.01.014

中圖分類號R541.4

文獻標(biāo)識碼A

文章編號1008-2344( 2016) 01-0037-04

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