■閆 慧
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提升高考英語寫作能力的探索與思考
■閆 慧
正如老話所講,“書讀百遍,其義自現(xiàn)”,“熟讀唐詩三百首,不會做詩也會吟”。語言學(xué)習(xí)重在積累,積累沉淀的語言知識和寫作素材(包括各類范文和片段)越多,寫作的根基就越牢固,考場上應(yīng)對寫作的能力就越強(qiáng)。因此,加強(qiáng)寫作訓(xùn)練,不僅要磨合寫作方法和技巧,尤其要學(xué)會把已有“知識和素材”靈活應(yīng)用于創(chuàng)作中,這是一種很重要的寫作能力。
那么,我們在寫作中如何應(yīng)用已有知識和素材來完成寫作任務(wù)呢?
在考場上,雖然“押中”作文題的情況很罕見,但在行文結(jié)構(gòu)、寫作話題或所用例子等方面雷同還是完全有可能的。
優(yōu)秀范文(包括近年高考作文和考前模擬試題作文)在語言、內(nèi)容安排、文章結(jié)構(gòu)以及連貫手法方面是我們寫作的“樣板”。如書信、日記、通知、發(fā)言稿以及議論文的寫作都有一定的模式,行文方式比較固定,遇到同題材的作文完全可以模仿這些“熟悉套路”寫作。
例一:(河南鄭州2015屆高三第一次質(zhì)量檢測)假定你是李華,王平約你本周日一同參加同學(xué)黎明的十八歲生日聚會,但你有以下幾件事情不明白,請你用英語給王平寫一封電子郵件進(jìn)行詢問。要點(diǎn)如下:
1.地點(diǎn)及開始時間;2.交通方式;3.準(zhǔn)備禮物;4.安排及結(jié)束時間。
注意:1.詞數(shù):100左右(已給出的開頭和結(jié)尾不計(jì)入總詞數(shù));
2.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
Dear Wan Ping,
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
該文要求寫一封信,詢問黎明生日聚會的時間、地點(diǎn)、購買禮物以及交通等問題。通過掃描記憶材料,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)該題在行文上與2014年新課標(biāo)卷I作文題十分相似,完全可以套用其中詢問“培訓(xùn)班的開始日期、班級規(guī)模、周課時、費(fèi)用以及食宿方式”的“熟路”寫作。
素材一(2014新課標(biāo)卷I,片段):…Would you please tell me the exact start date and class size?By the way,how many school hours are there per week?Besides,I’d also like to know how much I’d pay for the course and what type of accommodation you’ll provide for me.
I’d be grateful if you’d explain to me these questions in detail.
習(xí)作一:
Dear Wang Ping,
I’m very happy to go with you to Li Ming’s 18th birthday party,but I have something unclear to ask.Would you please tell me the exact time and place to hold the party?By the way,how shall we go to the party,by bus or by bike?Besides,I’d also like to know what you have in mind if we want to get him a nice gift and how he plans the party.Any dance,singing,games or anything else?Anyway,all that counts is to have fun at the party.(93 words)
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
習(xí)作者創(chuàng)造性地使用新課標(biāo)范文中的表示“詢問”課程的套路完成了寫作,圓滿地完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù),實(shí)為模仿寫作的佳作。
另外,范文中優(yōu)秀的語句也可借用,如Here’re my tips/suggestions,My advice is as follows這樣承上啟下的句子就可靈活套用到有關(guān)建議的文章中。
在平時所背誦積累的范文和素材(譬如建議、計(jì)劃、道歉、感謝、安慰以及措施、看法或態(tài)度等),如果其內(nèi)容和材料適合考場作文,那就移植到自己的文章中,既省時又省力,還不易出錯,實(shí)為一劑良方。
譬如2014年新課標(biāo)卷II“十年后的我”中有個要點(diǎn)為“業(yè)余生活”,這與2013年山東卷(假期的打算)很“對路”,范文中提供的“旅游”片段完全可以移植過來,事實(shí)上當(dāng)年有很多考生的“業(yè)余生活”寫的就是“旅游”。同時,2014年北京卷第一節(jié)的“道歉”部分,也可參考2013年山東卷的“未及時回信的原因及道歉”模式表述。再如:
素材二:(旅游的好處)I like traveling,because not only can travel make me relaxed but also it can widen my horizons and enrich my knowledge.It is a great way to get entertained,too.
習(xí)作二:(閱讀的好處)I like reading,because not only can it make me relaxed but also it can widen my horizons and enrich my knowledge.It is a great way to get entertained,too.
素材三:(吸煙對人的危害)Smoking is bad for health.Smoking causes many illnesses,which caused millions of deaths every year.It not only does harm to smokers themselves,but also damages the health of their family.
習(xí)作三:(飲酒的危害)Drinking is bad for health.Drinking causes many illnesses,…Drinking not only does harm to drinkers themselves but also affects their families.
值得一提的是,在借用中不要太機(jī)械了,否則容易讓人感到困惑。
有些書面表達(dá)范文可以經(jīng)過加工,尤其是調(diào)整文章的開頭、結(jié)尾方式,能完成不同文體間的轉(zhuǎn)換。這種形式的磨合訓(xùn)練有助于同學(xué)們掌握各類文體的行文模式,不至于在格式或文體用語上出現(xiàn)紕漏。請看下面的例子:
素材四:(山東菏澤市2015屆高三上學(xué)期聯(lián)考)
Dear editor,
I’m a new teacher in a middle school(1).Now I want to tell you an impressive story in my class(2).
This morning,the students entered the classroom quickly on hearing the bell(3).But Li Ming was late for class(4).He stood outside the classroom silently(5).I walked to him and asked what had happened(6).He told me that his mother was ill and he had to buy some medicine for her(7).At the same time,he apologized to me for his lateness(8).Moved by his words,I praised him for his deeds(9).I smiled to him and let him come in(10).
From the story I felt we should respect our students and do our best to help them(11).Do you think so(12)?I’m looking forward to your reply(13).(128 words)
Yours truly,
Li Hong
該習(xí)作為一封寫給報(bào)社的信,講述了“你”的課堂上發(fā)生的事情、處理方式以及“你”的感想等,文章層次清晰,語言準(zhǔn)確,句式多樣,完成了寫作任務(wù)。
通過以下方式還可以將素才四變成一篇日記:去掉句(1),(2)和(12),(13)幾句話,再加上時間和天氣等日記格式。見習(xí)作四。
習(xí)作四:Friday, Fine
This morning,students came into the classroom quickly on hearing the bell.But Li Ming was late for class…
另外,還可以從學(xué)生的角度通過改變?nèi)朔Q及結(jié)尾方式來編寫一篇故事或?qū)W生日記。但應(yīng)記著把最后一段改為評價(jià)或看法,如From the story,we can see that our teacher did right and we are proud of such a good teacher.這樣經(jīng)過修改開頭和結(jié)尾,以及人稱、時態(tài)等,實(shí)現(xiàn)了“一材多用”的目的。
在考場里,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)要借用的是課本或雜志上的文章,因?yàn)檫@些文章大家都是大家耳熟能詳?shù)模虼诵枰m當(dāng)加些“自己的東西”,否則,就有可能出現(xiàn)雷同作文,人云亦云,反而不易得高分。
我們知道,全國有十幾套高考試題,作文要求不盡相同,差異很大,主要體現(xiàn)在提示方式和文章的篇幅(詞數(shù))上。譬如北京高考寫作第一節(jié)詞數(shù)不少于50詞,第二節(jié)不少于60詞;重慶卷寫作一不少于60詞,寫作二不少于80詞;而新課標(biāo)卷則要求100詞左右,還有要求不少于120詞的。
盡管如此,文章的構(gòu)成和寫作路子還是相通的,其他考區(qū)的寫作范文或素材仍可“為我所用”。當(dāng)遇到詞數(shù)不合乎要求時,可通過“適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)”或“適當(dāng)刪減細(xì)節(jié)”的方式來充實(shí)或壓縮文章,達(dá)到規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。請看下面的例子:
素材六:(2014北京寫作第一節(jié))
Dear Chris,
How are you getting along with your studies?
I remembered that we planned to travel to Yunnan in July.Unfortunately,I had my feet seriously injured,so I regret to tell you that we have to delay the plan.
I am really sorry about it.I have to stay at home for a few days.Can I suggest we put it off until early August?
Looking forward to your reply.(70 words)
Yours,
Joe
很明顯,從篇幅上來看,上面的范文雖然滿足北京卷高分的要求,但在篇幅上,不合乎新課標(biāo)卷、四川卷、安徽卷、廣東卷等的要求,難以得高分。若想滿足這些試卷的作文要求,就要進(jìn)行拓展,充實(shí),達(dá)到100詞左右。
習(xí)作六:
Dear Chris,
How are you getting along with your studies(1)?
I remembered we once made a plan that we would travel to Yunnan in July(2).But unfortunately,an unexpected accident happened when I went to school last Monday(3).I had my feet seriously injured,so I regret to tell you that I have to delay the plan(4).
I am really sorry about it(5).I have no choice but to stay at home,recovering(6).Can I suggest that we put it off until early August(7)?I hope that you can understand me(8).
Looking forward to your reply as soon as possible(9). (99 words)
Yours,
Joe
該習(xí)作通過以下三種方式進(jìn)行了拓展:1)追加成分,即在某些句子前或后添加合理的有機(jī)成分,使表達(dá)更準(zhǔn)確、細(xì)膩;如句(9)添加了as soon as possible,表達(dá)了急切心情;2)增添法,即在兩個句子之間增加合理的細(xì)節(jié);如句(3)、(6)、(8)。3)改換法,即改變表達(dá)方式,如句(2)用made a plan代替planned,且that從句代替原來的不定式(planned to travel…)。
相反,如果一篇文章過長,譬如江蘇卷、湖北卷等的范文(約150詞),使用新課標(biāo)卷的考生則可采取刪減、壓縮等方式來縮編文章,以適合自己所在省份的作文要求。
由此可看出,只有積累了足夠的材料,才能避免“卡殼”,才能在寫作時左右逢源,游刃有余。因此,我們要重視背誦,積累語言知識和寫作素材,所背材料可以是近年高考作文,各地最新模擬試題作文以及??荚掝}等。
以上我們介紹了幾種活用已有“材料”服務(wù)寫作的技巧和方法。但是應(yīng)記住,我們不提倡機(jī)械地套用范文模式,倡導(dǎo)創(chuàng)造性地使用范文,“移花接木”的最高境界就是借用優(yōu)秀作文觸發(fā)靈感,仿其形,借其材,用其法,寫出有自己特色、有亮點(diǎn)的文章!
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