張國(guó)發(fā)
(天津商務(wù)職業(yè)學(xué)院,天津 300170)
否定詞Not虛用和弱用
張國(guó)發(fā)
(天津商務(wù)職業(yè)學(xué)院,天津 300170)
英語(yǔ)否定詞not是英語(yǔ)中表示否定的主要手段之一,但在特定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中卻具有不同的用法和含義,尤其是與其他詞語(yǔ)搭配時(shí),其用法和表達(dá)意義更為復(fù)雜。本文現(xiàn)將否定詞not虛用和弱用的一些用法歸納、總結(jié)、分述如下。
否定詞not;虛用;弱用
下面的例句:
What Tom has suffered!湯姆受了怎樣的苦!
What has Tom not suffered? 什么樣的苦湯姆不曾受過(guò)呢?
第二句比第一句多了個(gè)否定詞not,但兩句的意思基本相同,作為否定詞的not在句中并沒(méi)有起到否定的作用。not的這種用法稱為虛用,也叫做“多余的否定”(pleonastic negative)。下面談?wù)刵ot在句中虛用的場(chǎng)合。
(一)英語(yǔ)中的反意疑問(wèn)句,如果陳述部分用肯定,附加的部分即用否定,但在祈使句中,反意疑問(wèn)句中的疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式或否定形式都可以。例如:
Pass me the dictionary, won't you (=will you)? 請(qǐng)把字典遞給我,好嗎?
Comrades, be quiet, will you (=won't you)? 同志們,安靜點(diǎn),好嗎?
Let's go for a swim , shall we (=shan't we) ? 我們游泳去,好不?
Let's do the work at once, shan't we (=shall we)? 我們說(shuō)干就干,可好?
當(dāng)然,用了not和不用not的句子雖然在意思上相似,但在語(yǔ)氣上是有區(qū)別的:以肯定式(即不加not的句子)較為婉轉(zhuǎn)。
(二)will和won't,do和don't在用來(lái)征求別人意見(jiàn)時(shí),往往可以通用,表達(dá)相同的意思。例如:
Will (=Won't) you have a cup of tea? 喝杯茶好嗎?
Don't (=Do) you like swimming? 你喜不喜歡游泳?
Won't (=Will) you stay a little longer? 請(qǐng)你多待一會(huì)兒好嗎?
Will (=Won't) you have some more? 請(qǐng)?jiān)俪渣c(diǎn)?
(三)在修辭疑問(wèn)句中(rhetorical question),“not”一詞常表示“難道”的意思,而不含有否定的含義,肯定和否定的意思常常相似,試比較:
Haven't I told you to get ready? 難道我沒(méi)有叫你做好準(zhǔn)備?
Can't man change the nature? 人類不是可以改造自然嗎?比較:Man can change the nature.人類可以改造目然。
這兩句表達(dá)的意思相同,它們之間的區(qū)別與上面一樣,也只是在語(yǔ)氣上。
本文開(kāi)頭的 “What has Tom not suffered?”也是屬于這種情況。類例:
What did that worker not suffer in those days?
那個(gè)工人在那些歲月里什么苦未受過(guò)!
(四)由if和whether引起的間接疑問(wèn)句的賓語(yǔ)部分,not的虛用常見(jiàn)于賓語(yǔ)從句中,此時(shí)否定詞not的用否意思并無(wú)變化。例如:
I asked him if I could not do anything for him。我問(wèn)他我是否能幫他做點(diǎn)什么。(句中的 could not =could)
Try and think whether you have not any friends to help you.想一想是不是有什么朋友能幫助你。(句中的have not=have)
I should not wonder if it wasn't the gin again.那怕又是醋酒,我也不會(huì)感到驚 奇。(句中的wasn't=was)
I wonder if Mss. Grace is not woefully mistaken. (句中的is not=is)
該句意思相當(dāng)于I wonder if Mrs. Grace is woefully mistaken.可譯為: 我真想知道格雷斯夫人是否全然搞錯(cuò)了。不譯作: 我真想知道格雷斯夫人是否不是全然搞錯(cuò)了。
(五)當(dāng)疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)用作感嘆句,稱作 “exclamatory questions”,句中not的用否意思相同。表示感嘆、贊賞、驚訝等感情色彩,表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一種說(shuō)法強(qiáng)烈的認(rèn)同感。例如:
How many feet, I wonder, had not trodden that path! 不知有多少雙腳走過(guò)了 那條小路!(句中的had not=had)
Wasn't it a marvelous concert! 那不是一次奇妙的演奏會(huì)嗎!(=What a marvelous concert it was!)
Hasn't she grown! 她不是長(zhǎng)大了嗎!(=She has grown.)
Didn't I guarantee it would be all right! 我不是說(shuō)過(guò)保險(xiǎn)錯(cuò)不了嗎?
How often have I not seen them coming back, tired as rats!
(“have I not seen…=…h(huán)ave I seen”) 有多少回我看見(jiàn)他們筋疲力盡地回來(lái)!
這種疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)用作感嘆句時(shí),后面可以用感嘆號(hào),也可以用問(wèn)號(hào)。但應(yīng)注意,符號(hào)不同句子的朗讀音調(diào)也相異。試比較:——Isn't he kind? (升調(diào)) Isn't he kind !(降調(diào)) 譯成漢語(yǔ)為:他難道不和氣嗎?!
(六)感嘆句以if引導(dǎo)的特殊感嘆句.以否定形式表示一種肯定的驚訝:
If that isn't what I want! 我想要的東西就是這個(gè)呀!
Oh,if it isn't wonderful! 啊,這可是好極了!
(七)有些單詞,因?yàn)樵~義的解釋不一樣,not的用否并不影響原句的意思。試看;—Would you mind opening the window?
—Certainly. (or Certainly not.)
當(dāng)回答certainly時(shí),是針對(duì)問(wèn)話人的請(qǐng)求而言,意為:Certainly I would open the window, 當(dāng)回答certainly not時(shí),是針對(duì) mind而答的,意為:Certainly I wouldn't mind opening the window.
Excuse一詞也有同樣的情況,試比較:
He excused my going.
He excused my not going.
有了not的第二句和第一句意思一樣,因?yàn)榈谝痪渲械膃xcuse=dispense with(免除),而第二句中的excuse=pardon(原諒)。第一句說(shuō)“免除我去”,第二句說(shuō)“原諒我不去”, 二者意思相一致。
(八)hardly,scarcely,這兩個(gè)詞含有否定意思,有時(shí)加上not以后并不構(gòu)成否定之否定,仍為否定,與不加not意思一樣。試比較:
He doesn't seem hardly able to help me. (=He seems hardly able to help me.)
She cannot hardly have arrived yet. 她大概還沒(méi)有到。
I can't scarcely keep me from going out. (=I can scarcely keep me from going out.)
He doesn't scarcely ever go to bed before midnight. 他很少在半夜以前就寢
在“He is a student.”和“He is not a student.”兩句中,因?yàn)橐痪溆昧薾ot,把“他是學(xué)生?!焙汀八皇菍W(xué)生?!眱蓚€(gè)意思表達(dá)得涇渭分明,是就是,不是就不是,毫不含糊。這兒not所表達(dá)的“不”的意思非常鮮明、十分強(qiáng)烈。但有時(shí)not雖有“不”的意思,含意并不強(qiáng)烈。在和表示全部的總括詞搭配時(shí),(以及與其他詞構(gòu)成固定搭配或習(xí)語(yǔ)時(shí)) not的否定意思削弱了,意為“并非一切……都是”或“一切……不都是”,例如“not all people意為“并非所有的人”,不是“所有的人都不”……。not的這種用法稱為弱用,“Light Not”,常見(jiàn)于“部分否定”(partial negative)等結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:Some girls are not here.(暗含著:Some girls are here.)又如:2. All of them have not come. (暗含著:Some of them have come, while others have not.)
(一)not 用于部分否定句:
英語(yǔ)中表示全部的總括詞主要有:all,both,every (及 everybody,everything, everywhere等派生詞),always,altogether,entirely,wholly等。這些詞和not的搭配在理解時(shí)很容易弄錯(cuò)。本文下面例舉數(shù)例:
1.All is not gold that glitters. (=Not all that glitters is gold.)閃光的未必都是金子。(不是“閃光的都不是金子”。)
2. All of his plans are not pull into actions.他并沒(méi)有把全部計(jì)劃都付諸實(shí)施。不是“他的全部計(jì)劃都未付諸實(shí)施?!?/p>
3.The teacher does not remember all the names of his students. 學(xué)生的名字老 師不是都記得。不是“學(xué)生的名字老師都不記得?!?/p>
4.Both the answers are not correct. 并不是兩個(gè)答案都不對(duì)。(意為:One of the answers is correct, the other is not.“一個(gè)答案是對(duì)的,一個(gè)答案是不對(duì)的”。)不是“兩個(gè)答案都不對(duì)”。(Neither of the answers is correct.)
又如:Both the proposals are not acceptable,(=Not both the proposals are acceptable. ) 這兩項(xiàng)建議并非都可以接受。(意思是“一個(gè)可以接受,一個(gè)不可以接受。”比較:Neither of the proposals is acceptable. 這兩項(xiàng)建議都不可接受。)
5.I don't like both of the brothers. 那倆兄弟我并不都喜歡。不是“倆兄弟我都不喜歡”。
又如:Both the brothers are here(兄弟兩人都在這里)。若加否定詞,句子就成為Both the brothers are not here,此句不可理解為兩兄弟都不在這兒,而應(yīng)理解為兩兄弟并不都在這兒,意即一個(gè)在,一個(gè)不在這兒。要是兩者都不在這兒,英語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是這樣表達(dá)的:Neither brother is here.
6.Every student is not diligent. 不是每個(gè)學(xué)生都是用功的。不是“每個(gè)學(xué)生都不用功”。
7.He didn't know everything about me.我的情況他并不完全知道。(比較:He didn't know anything about me.或He knew nothing about me.“我的情況他完全不知道”。)
8.He didn't always keep his words. 他并不是常常恪守諾言的。不是“他總是不恪守諾言”。
又如:I do not always believe what he says之句,不能理解為(I never
believe what he says. “我始終不相信他所說(shuō)的話”。)應(yīng)該是我并不是始終相信他所說(shuō)的話,也就是說(shuō),我有時(shí)相信,有時(shí)不相信他的話。
9.My friend does not wholly agree. 我的朋友不是完全同意。不是“我的朋友完全不同意” 。
10.This is not altogether good. 那并不是都好。不是“那都不好”。
(二)Not在某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)和習(xí)語(yǔ)中的意義:
英語(yǔ)中構(gòu)成否定句,not是個(gè)常用詞,可是在下列含not的短語(yǔ)中,并沒(méi)有否定的含義。例如:
as likely as not =probably可能,也許:
1. He'll be at home now,as likely as not.他現(xiàn)在可能在家。
2.He'll forget all about it as likely as not.他多半會(huì)將此事忘了。
as soon as not=most willingly很愿意,再樂(lè)意不過(guò)
1.I would go there as soon as not.我很愿意去那兒。
2.He would go as soon as not.他很樂(lè)意去。
as often as not (more often than not) =very frequently常常,往往,屢屢
1.During foggy weather the trains are late more often than not.有霧的時(shí)候,火車常常誤點(diǎn)。
not but that (Not but what)=nevertheless;although雖然;雖然……但是
2.He is very strong—not but he will catch cold sometimes.
他雖然身體很強(qiáng)壯,但有時(shí)仍要感冒。
Not...but后面跟數(shù)詞時(shí),not but=only
1.I didn't bring but two. (=I only brought two.) 我只帶了兩個(gè)。
Not long ago,not unreasonably,not far away都含有否定詞not,但并不表示否定。
1.Not long ago it rained.不久前下雨了。
2.Not unreasonably, one may expect results from him.
自然,希望從他那得到結(jié)果。
Can not—too, can not—over, can not—enough,這三個(gè)短語(yǔ)表示的意義相同。意為“無(wú)論……也不過(guò)分”“越……越……”。雖有否定詞,卻不是否定句。例如:
1.One can not be too careful.越小心越好。
2.He couldn't get home fast enough.他恨不得馬上到家。
Can not but do ( Can not help but do=have to,屬美語(yǔ)用法。)意為“不得不,不能不”,可換為have to do
1.I can not but agree.那我只好同意了。
2.One can not but be struck by that.任何人也不能不為之所感動(dòng)。
Can not help doing“情不自禁……”
1.I can not help thinking of my sister whenever I see the little girl. 每當(dāng)我看見(jiàn)這個(gè)女孩時(shí)就情不自禁地想起了我妹妹。
2.We can not help admiring his courage.對(duì)于他的勇氣我們不勝佩服。
在意義上,not so much—as—結(jié)構(gòu)表示選擇比較,常常譯為“與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)……,”例如:
1.He is not so much a writer as a reporter.
他與其說(shuō)是位作家,不如說(shuō)是位記者。
2.Her success was not so much by chance as by diligence.
她的成功與其說(shuō)由于機(jī)遇不如說(shuō)是由于勤奮。
受固定搭配的影響,如“not”本來(lái)表示否定,而“not only... but also...”不再有否定含義。例如:
1.She has not only knowledge, but also experience.她既有知識(shí),又有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
2.He not only write to her but also send her some money.他不但給她寫信,而且給她寄了錢。
除了上述形式外,比如英語(yǔ)里常用的詞組(1) not for nothing并非沒(méi)有酬勞,結(jié)果,收獲。例如: It was not for nothing that he spent three years studying the subject. (花了三年的時(shí)問(wèn)研究這個(gè)題目,并非毫無(wú)收獲。意思是有收獲,但并不是達(dá)到了全部預(yù)期結(jié)果。(2) not...and這種句型也是一種“部分否定”,例如: She cannot write and read. 她會(huì)讀,但不會(huì)寫。試比較:She cannot write or read. 她不會(huì)讀,也不會(huì)寫。
not弱用時(shí)在句中的位置。
《英語(yǔ)分類句型》(雷馨編著,1979年商務(wù)版)p.10上說(shuō),按英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣與其將not置于all,every等詞的前面,還寧愿將not置于謂語(yǔ)當(dāng)中,因此,“Every man can not do it.”比“Not every man can do”要更加正確。也就是說(shuō),not應(yīng)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在一起為好。
英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家H. W.Fowler在他的A Dictionary of Modern English Usage pp.382-383上僅舉兩例:
All is not gold that glitters
Every land does not produce everything.并非每個(gè)國(guó)家什么都生產(chǎn)。
Fowler認(rèn)為,嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)來(lái),第一句可改成:Not all is gold that glitters或Not all that glitters is gold,第二句可改成:Not every land produce everything,因?yàn)閺倪壿嬌险f(shuō),not是否定all和every的,并不是否定動(dòng)詞。他還認(rèn)為,用“all…not”來(lái)代替“not all”雖合乎習(xí)慣,但這種結(jié)構(gòu)可能會(huì)消失。
當(dāng)然,not的位置無(wú)論是位于句首還是置于謂語(yǔ)當(dāng)中對(duì)我們說(shuō)來(lái)并非緊要。問(wèn)題是當(dāng)我們碰到 “not all…”或“all…not”這一類句型時(shí)能注意到not的弱用,即部分否定,就算是抓住了問(wèn)題的本質(zhì)。
綜上所述,否定詞not在英語(yǔ)中運(yùn)用十分廣泛,稍不留意就會(huì)陷入理解的誤區(qū),但只要我們注意辨明否定之對(duì)象,否定之范圍,否定之焦點(diǎn),平時(shí)留心辨別并積累一些常用句型和固定表達(dá)方式,掌握英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的差異,便可正確理解甚至靈活運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)否定詞not。本文僅從語(yǔ)法以及語(yǔ)義角度對(duì)否定詞not的弱用和虛用加以分析論述,然而在實(shí)踐中,其確切涵義往往要同具體語(yǔ)境相聯(lián)系。不但要理解其表層意義,還應(yīng)理解其內(nèi)在的含義。
參考書目:
[1]雷馨編著.英語(yǔ)分類句型[M].北京:商務(wù)出版社,1979.
[2]葛傳槼編著.英語(yǔ)慣用法詞典[K].上海:上海譯文出版社,2002.
[3]趙振才.英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題解答大辭典[K].哈爾濱:黑龍江人民出版社,1998.
[4]李長(zhǎng)忠,趙修臣.學(xué)英語(yǔ)規(guī)律手冊(cè)[K].北京:中國(guó)書籍出版社,1999.
[5]張道真.實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法[K].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2003.
The Empty and Weak Usage of Negative Word Not
ZHANG Guo-fa
(TianjinBusinessVocationalCollege,Tianjin300170)
In English, the negative word not is one of the main means to express negation, but in specific language environment, it has different usage and meaning. Especially in the collocation with other words, its usage and expression meaning is more complicated. This article will summarize and analyze the empty usage and weak usage of the negative word not.
negative word not; empty usage; weak usage
2015-05-15
張國(guó)發(fā)(1955-),男,本科,教育碩士,天津商務(wù)職業(yè)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)講師,主要從事高等職業(yè)教育商務(wù)英語(yǔ)及英語(yǔ)學(xué)科的教學(xué)與研究工作。
H314.1
A
1673-582X(2015)09-0123-06
天津職業(yè)院校聯(lián)合學(xué)報(bào)2015年9期