王敏
任務(wù)型教學(xué)是指根據(jù)語(yǔ)言使用的不同目標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)不同的語(yǔ)言任務(wù),以具體的任務(wù)為學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī),以完成任務(wù)的過(guò)程為學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程,以展示學(xué)習(xí)成果的方式來(lái)體驗(yàn)教學(xué)的成就,是我國(guó)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中明確提出要倡導(dǎo)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)模式。但在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中,一些教師常會(huì)感到在進(jìn)行任務(wù)型教學(xué)時(shí), 付出頗多卻沒有收到良好的成效。為此,筆者總結(jié)了幾點(diǎn)教師在進(jìn)行任務(wù)型課堂教學(xué)時(shí)存在的一些誤區(qū),以求真正提高初中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)的實(shí)效性。
一、設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)不應(yīng)脫離學(xué)生實(shí)際
【案例一】復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)
T: What time do you have breakfast every day?
S: I have breakfast at about...every day.
T: Did you have breakfast this morning?
S: No ,I didnt. Because I...
T: Many students go to school without having their breakfast, why? Please design a questionnaire about the breakfast , then do a survey with your classmates.Try to find out the answers.
以下是學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)卷之一:
Questionnaire1:
1.What time do you have breakfast every day?
2.Did you have breakfast this morning? Why/Why not?
3.Have you ever had noodles/drunk juice for breakfast?
案例分析:教師通過(guò)復(fù)習(xí)對(duì)比“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”和“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”的用法,使學(xué)生能夠靈活、準(zhǔn)確地使用這三種時(shí)態(tài)。首先把學(xué)生引領(lǐng)到一個(gè)問(wèn)題情景中:“Many students go to school without having their breakfast,why?”然后組織學(xué)生以小組為單位,運(yùn)用三種時(shí)態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)卷,調(diào)查學(xué)生不吃早餐就上學(xué)的原因。任務(wù)是與學(xué)生生活息息相關(guān)的,是他們感興趣的,所以學(xué)生們是有話可說(shuō)的,他們?cè)谕瓿蛇@個(gè)任務(wù)的過(guò)程中,很好地發(fā)揮自己的主觀能動(dòng)性,實(shí)現(xiàn)了師生互動(dòng)、生生互動(dòng)的全方位互動(dòng),同時(shí)也很好地鞏固了所學(xué)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。
二、設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)不應(yīng)過(guò)難或過(guò)易
【案例二】牛津版英語(yǔ)教材8B Unit 2 Travelling的Reading部分:新授課文后,教師準(zhǔn)備復(fù)習(xí)課文內(nèi)容,設(shè)計(jì)了以下幾個(gè)任務(wù):
Task 1: Who did Kitty go to Disneyland with?How many parks does Disneyland include?What are they?What was the best part of that day?What did they do in Adventureland?
Task 2: Kitty went to Hongkong with____.They stayed there for about___.They went to ___,____,_____and___.
_______was the best part of that day. The performers _______.The children _________.Kitty and her parents__________________.
Task 3:If you were Kitty, please tell your classmates about the trip to Disneyland with the key words.
案例分析:在學(xué)生獲取詞匯和語(yǔ)法,初步掌握文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上,教師為了讓學(xué)生鞏固文章的內(nèi)容,設(shè)計(jì)了以上三個(gè)任務(wù)供學(xué)生來(lái)復(fù)習(xí),但這三個(gè)活動(dòng)有層次上的區(qū)別嗎?是否考慮到了所有學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平?是否真正鍛煉了學(xué)生的閱讀能力和英語(yǔ)思維能力?也許課堂氣氛看似熱火朝天, 實(shí)質(zhì)上這樣的任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施并沒有吸引學(xué)生的興趣和注意力, 更沒有使學(xué)生真正達(dá)到運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的目的。
改進(jìn)方法:教師可以先組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論,根據(jù)課文中出現(xiàn)的表示先后順序的時(shí)間短語(yǔ),完成Kitty的活動(dòng)行程,并仿照 Kitty的活動(dòng)行程,完成自己的行程。依據(jù)學(xué)生的水平設(shè)置基礎(chǔ)和提高兩種梯度的任務(wù),讓學(xué)生由易到難,由模仿到創(chuàng)造平穩(wěn)過(guò)渡,從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)信心和學(xué)習(xí)興趣。
三、設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)不應(yīng)重形式而輕內(nèi)容
【案例三】牛津版英語(yǔ)教材8B Unit4 Grammar
Step1 :T: What does Ricky hope at the end of his e-mail?
S: He hopes more events like this will be organized to raise money for charity.
(投影片):①The classroom will be/is going to be cleaned by Tom tomorrow.② More trees will be/are going to be planted in our school next year.(請(qǐng)學(xué)生總結(jié)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法,并完成相關(guān)的練習(xí))
Step2 :T: Why was Ricky so busy before the show?
S: A lot of work should be finished.
(投影片):① A lot of money can be raised at the charity show.② The rubbish should be put into the dustbin over there. (請(qǐng)學(xué)生總結(jié)帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法,并完成相關(guān)的練習(xí))
Step3 :T: Was the show a success? How do you know?
S: A lot of money has been donated to Project Hope.
播放投影:① Hobo has been chosen to be the host of a charity show. ②Many new buildings have been built since 2000. (請(qǐng)學(xué)生總結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法,并完成相關(guān)的練習(xí)。)
案例分析:這是一堂語(yǔ)法課,教師通過(guò)“呈現(xiàn)—?dú)w納—練習(xí)”等三個(gè)步驟分別教授了三種不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),盡管教師為了引出本課每一種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),以reading部分的課文為教學(xué)情景,通過(guò)復(fù)習(xí)reading讓學(xué)生回答三個(gè)含有不同時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的問(wèn)題,但這三個(gè)任務(wù)是孤立的,只是機(jī)械地按照課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)備課,或是仍舊用自己多年的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)方法, 忽視了“任務(wù)” 的內(nèi)涵,只注重任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的形式,忽視任務(wù)背后需要學(xué)生掌握的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容。
改進(jìn)方法: 圍繞a charity show這一主題,可以從海報(bào)的張貼,舞臺(tái)的布置,邀請(qǐng)函的設(shè)計(jì)這三個(gè)方面依次完成任務(wù),巧妙地融入各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),目標(biāo)明確,方法有效,避免了“假交際”。 通過(guò)創(chuàng)設(shè)情境去設(shè)計(jì)一些任務(wù),讓學(xué)生通過(guò)完成任務(wù),在運(yùn)用中掌握語(yǔ)言形式、語(yǔ)言規(guī)則。
總之,任務(wù)型教學(xué)著眼于新課程的精神,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言綜合能力,給初中英語(yǔ)課堂帶來(lái)了更多的活力。教師只有真正關(guān)注學(xué)生,提高課堂教學(xué)的有效性,才能激發(fā)學(xué)生的認(rèn)知需求,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新精神和語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐能力。