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應(yīng)用高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)提高學(xué)生寫作能力的策略研究

2014-04-20 01:35:52黃世昌
中小學(xué)教學(xué)研究 2014年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:外語教學(xué)句式短語

黃世昌

(三明市尤溪縣第一中學(xué),福建 三明 365100)

《2010 年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱英語考試說明》對(duì)高考英語寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的檔次提出了明確的要求,其最高檔次(21 分~25 分)的要求是:完全完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù);覆蓋所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;語法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤,但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致。也就是說,教師要想讓學(xué)生拿到高考作文最高檔次得分,改變目前寫作的瓶頸現(xiàn)象,就必須著眼于指導(dǎo)學(xué)生應(yīng)用較高級(jí)的詞匯和豐富的句式及結(jié)構(gòu)。

一、在簡單句中使用高級(jí)形式

(一)提取高級(jí)詞匯

詞匯量能反映一個(gè)人知識(shí)貯存量的多少,也是衡量英語水平的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。表達(dá)要生動(dòng)具體、準(zhǔn)確多樣,要有細(xì)節(jié)支撐。具體做法為:多用高中學(xué)過的詞匯代替初中的詞匯,孤獨(dú)的名詞用形容詞來修飾,孤獨(dú)的形容詞、動(dòng)詞、過去分詞可以用副詞來修飾,孤獨(dú)的介詞短語中可加入適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~或副詞??忌肴〉酶叻郑鸵獜?qiáng)化使用復(fù)雜、高級(jí)的詞匯。高中學(xué)過的形容詞、副詞比初中更高級(jí),如果能運(yùn)用嫻熟,則具有表達(dá)生動(dòng)、情感豐富之功效。例如:

The majority of students believe that the part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal (人際的)skills.

→The majority of students firmly believe that the part-time job will undoubtedly provide them with golden opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills tremendously (巨大地).

Necessary facilities are also available, making it more convenient for students’study.

Fortunately, under the leadership of the government, we can delightedly find the school as well-built as it was before.

(1)短語優(yōu)先。寫作時(shí)優(yōu)先使用習(xí)語(短語、成語),可以使語言有文采。例如:

In his(Edison’s)life time, he wanted to know how things worked.

→In his life time, he was always eager to know how things worked.

I can no longer bear the way he speaks to us.

→I can no longer put up with the way he speaks to us.

(2)避免重復(fù)。盡量避免過多地使用某一個(gè)單詞,必要時(shí)選擇使用其他恰當(dāng)?shù)耐x詞或詞組來代替。如2012 屆高三調(diào)研測(cè)試(二)的英語作文題:有人對(duì)林書豪(Jeremy Lin)的未來發(fā)展進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)社會(huì)調(diào)查,請(qǐng)你根據(jù)調(diào)查結(jié)果寫一篇150 詞的英語短文。

為什么能成功有人認(rèn)為是因?yàn)榍趭^有人認(rèn)為是因?yàn)樘熨x有人認(rèn)為是因?yàn)榻逃腥苏J(rèn)為是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)氣是否會(huì)超越姚明70%的人認(rèn)為一定能20%的人認(rèn)為不可能10%的人認(rèn)為不好說你的觀點(diǎn)及理由

Some people think he is successful because of his hard work. Some people consider his talent as a main factor of his success. It’s also believed that the good education he has received leads to his success. But some people argue that he has achieved success just because he is lucky.(葛文山,2013)

(二)使用較豐富的句式

運(yùn)用得當(dāng)?shù)木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)可以給文章增色不少,整篇文章也會(huì)因此而生輝。利用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思,則能增加文章的文采。

(1)同位語。同位語的使用,可以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)既精練,又生動(dòng)。例如:

The big fellow was Jim Thorpe, the greatest American athlete of modern times.

(2)非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)重要語法點(diǎn),具有簡化句子、表達(dá)生動(dòng)的特點(diǎn),書面性強(qiáng)。例如:

過去分詞:Once seen, it can never be forgotten.

現(xiàn)在分詞:On arriving /his arrival ,please give me an e-mail.

I will come tomorrow, weather permitting.

不定式短語:He is so kind as to help me.

(3)介詞短語。使用介詞短語能使句子緊湊,不冗長,體現(xiàn)嫻熟駕馭語言之功。例如:

Concerning this phenomenon, different people have different opinions.

At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow.

I saw a young lady walking slowly in the street with a handbag in her hand.

(4)獨(dú)立主格。獨(dú)立主格的靈活運(yùn)用,可以使句子更具有表現(xiàn)力,語言地道且具有美感。例如:

All things considered, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.

I will come tomorrow, weather permitting.

There being no bus, we had to walk home.

(5)倒裝。倒裝句具有調(diào)節(jié)句子平衡、抒發(fā)強(qiáng)烈感情色彩的功效,且使用起來比較不容易出錯(cuò),常用于提出建議、發(fā)表看法的文章。例如:

Only in this way can we learn English well.

There comes the police car.

Hardly had they got to the station when they met the young man.

Though I’m weak, I’ll make the effort.

→Weak as I am, I’ll make the effort.

(6)改變語態(tài)。漢語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)很少用,大多表達(dá)一些對(duì)主語而言是不如意或不希望發(fā)生的事情。但是,英語中使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)頻率較高,所以教師應(yīng)該指導(dǎo)學(xué)生換個(gè)思維去表達(dá),不一定全部使用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。改變語態(tài),會(huì)使句子表現(xiàn)不單一。例如:

People suggest that the conference be put off.

→It is suggested that the conference be put off.

(7)改變句子開頭的方式。不要一味地采用“主語—謂語—賓語”的語序,可以適當(dāng)?shù)匕岩恍┏煞郑ㄈ鐮钫Z)提前,放在句子的開頭,這樣使整個(gè)句子讀起來跌宕起伏,增加了書面表達(dá)的表現(xiàn)力。例如:

Our library is in the center of our school. It is between the garden and the teaching building.

→In the center of our school lies our library,which is between the garden and the teaching building.

(8)使用諺語。首先,英語諺語具有語言凝練、生動(dòng)形象、句子結(jié)構(gòu)靈活多變等特點(diǎn),是幫助學(xué)生寫作的好材料。例如:

Practice makes perfect.(熟能生巧)

Rome was not built in a day.(羅馬并不是一天建成)

God helps those who help themselves.(天助自助者)

二、各種復(fù)合句的綜合運(yùn)用

(一)使用各種從句

包括定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句在內(nèi)的從句的使用明確了概念的外延,增大了概念的內(nèi)涵,邏輯性強(qiáng)。再有,長短句結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用后,語句內(nèi)部抑揚(yáng)頓挫的節(jié)奏感就出來了,文章流暢自然,生動(dòng)活潑。

(1)名詞性從句。例如:

The fact that he did not turn up disappointed everybody.

What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.

(2)定語從句。例如:

The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.

The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.

Let’s come to the main teaching building, at the back of which stands the school library

(3)狀語從句。例如:

The moment we reached the farm, we got down to harvesting.

No matter what he says, I won’t believe.

Supposing that she doesn’t agree, what shall we do?

(二)使用虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣表示說話人的一種愿望、假設(shè)或懷疑等,可以充分地表現(xiàn)出感情色彩,使文章更具有感染力。例如:

The ship didn’t sink with all on board because there were the efforts of the captain.

→But for the efforts of the captain, the ship would have sunk with all on board I passed the physics exam because of your help.

→I couldn’t have passed the physics exam but for your help.

(三)使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句

強(qiáng)調(diào)句是為了突出句子某一成分,引起他人的注意,以達(dá)到表達(dá)自己意愿的效果的句式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)更容易駕馭,學(xué)生使用起來不容易出錯(cuò)。例如:

He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.

It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.

三、指導(dǎo)學(xué)生多使用連接詞

把幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)松散、條理不清的句子用一定的連接方式連接起來,能起到承上啟下、緊湊語篇的效果。下面是2008 年全國高考(Ⅱ)的作文:

Dear Peter,

I’m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well.

To start with, it is important to take a Chinese course, as you can learn from the teachers and practice with your classmates.

Besides, it helps to watch TV and read books,newspapers in Chinese whenever possible. In addition,it should be a good idea to learn and sing Chinese songs.In short, I suggest you should make more Chinese friends who can help you learn Chinese.

可見,巧妙運(yùn)用銜接語可以給文章增色,使文章渾然一體,語句流暢。

另外,教師還要注重指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)。首先,在對(duì)學(xué)生寫作訓(xùn)練指導(dǎo)時(shí),尤其在列提綱時(shí),要建議學(xué)生認(rèn)真考慮如何精選高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯,全面地搜索高中學(xué)過的短語、句式。其次,在批閱作文的過程中,要注意收集學(xué)生寫的優(yōu)美句子及表達(dá)單一的句子,以便在講評(píng)時(shí)更有針對(duì)性。最后,講評(píng)時(shí),多進(jìn)行一句多譯的對(duì)比講解,變換句式,拓展學(xué)生的思維,靈活地使用不同的句式,讓學(xué)生更深刻地體驗(yàn)英語句子如何表達(dá)得地道、有文采。

總之,寫作教學(xué)是個(gè)費(fèi)時(shí)又費(fèi)力的過程,教師不要急功近利。首先,夯實(shí)語法知識(shí),積累美文佳句,要把短期和長期目標(biāo)結(jié)合起來,做好每一個(gè)階段的工作,循序漸進(jìn)地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫作。其次,學(xué)生要想突破自己,取得高分,高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的有意識(shí)滲入是關(guān)鍵。這就要求教師在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中,多引導(dǎo)學(xué)生欣賞美文,讓學(xué)生感受英語文學(xué)的魅力,激起學(xué)生想充分表達(dá)的欲望。最后,多鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在保證準(zhǔn)確的前提下,根據(jù)書面表達(dá)的內(nèi)容、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和自己的實(shí)際水平,敢于并善于使用高級(jí)詞匯、語法結(jié)構(gòu),以增加語言的“亮點(diǎn)”。當(dāng)然,在使用時(shí)要恰如其分,不是越多越好,要長短句式結(jié)合。

[1]龐公平.諺語在教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),2010(2).

[2]殷志勇.英漢差異對(duì)學(xué)生英語寫作的影響[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),2008(1).

[3]王干華.對(duì)高考英語作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中“復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)”的解讀[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),2013(3).

[4]葛文山.英語好作文:高考寫作訓(xùn)練指導(dǎo)——從第三屆全國“蘇派名師”展示課談起[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),2013(3).

[5]沈正南.銜接語在書面表達(dá)中的妙用[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),2009(3).

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