阮云軍, 邱 健, 雷 剛, 董鳳英, 何建新, 杜麗根
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老年冠心病患者多種無創(chuàng)性檢測指標(biāo)的變化
阮云軍, 邱 健*, 雷 剛, 董鳳英, 何建新, 杜麗根
(廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科, 廣州 510010)
檢測入選患者的內(nèi)皮功能、動(dòng)脈彈性、頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)、中膜厚度(IMT)、氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥等多種無創(chuàng)指標(biāo),評價(jià)老年冠心病患者這些指標(biāo)的變化及臨床意義。對入選的≥65歲的95例男性患者,根據(jù)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度≥50%為冠心?。┑慕Y(jié)果分為多支病變組(2支以上冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄),單支病變組,及老年對照組(冠狀動(dòng)脈無明顯狹窄),在造影前檢測肱-踝脈搏波傳導(dǎo)速度(baPWV)、踝臂指數(shù)(ABI)和頸動(dòng)脈IMT,并抽血檢測內(nèi)皮功能、氧化應(yīng)激及炎癥指標(biāo):一氧化氮(NO)、內(nèi)皮素-1(ET-1)、丙二醛(MDA)和超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)等。各組baPWV、ABI、頸動(dòng)脈IMT,ET-1和NO水平存在顯著差異(<0.05);但MDA水平及hs-CRP的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。其中隨著冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)的增加,baPWV和頸動(dòng)脈IMT水平亦逐漸增加。Logistic回歸分析表明baPWV、吸煙和糖尿病是影響冠狀動(dòng)脈多支病變的因素(<0.05)。在眾多無創(chuàng)性檢測指標(biāo)中,內(nèi)皮功能受損、動(dòng)脈彈性及頸動(dòng)脈IMT的改變與老年冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化密切相關(guān),其中baPWV和頸動(dòng)脈IMT水平可能能預(yù)測老年冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的程度。
老年人; 冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化; 肱-踝脈搏波傳導(dǎo)速度; 踝臂指數(shù); 頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜厚度
隨著我國人口老齡化趨勢的加快,老年人冠心病發(fā)病日益突出,并成為老年人致殘致死的主要原因。近年來,隨著血管病變防治工作重心的前移,運(yùn)用無創(chuàng)檢測技術(shù)對冠心病的早期篩查逐漸引起重視,但大多數(shù)研究側(cè)重于探討一兩個(gè)指標(biāo)與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變的相關(guān)性,而從不同方面綜合探討多個(gè)指標(biāo)在冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變、特別是與老年冠心病的關(guān)系研究相對滯后,在一定程度上影響了老年冠心病患者有針對性的診斷和防治[1,2]。本文將結(jié)合近兩年血管病變無創(chuàng)性診斷的研究進(jìn)展,探討老年冠心病患者內(nèi)皮功能、動(dòng)脈彈性、頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)-中膜厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT)、氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥等多種無創(chuàng)指標(biāo)的變化及臨床意義。
2008年1月至2011年12月在廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的患者95例,平均年齡(72±6)歲,由于男性冠心病與女性冠心病臨床特點(diǎn)存在顯著差異,為排除性別因素的干擾,本研究納入的患者均為老年男性。所有患者在行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影前均接受肱-踝脈搏波傳導(dǎo)速度(brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity,baPWV)、踝臂指數(shù)(ankle-brachial index,ABI)、頸動(dòng)脈IMT、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、內(nèi)皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(high sensitive-C reactive protein,hs-CRP)的檢測。根據(jù)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果,冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄≥50%者為冠心病,將研究對象分為3組:多支病變組(2支以上的冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄);單支病變組;及老年對照組(冠狀動(dòng)脈無明顯狹窄)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):急性心肌梗死、甲狀腺功能異常、自身免疫性及炎癥性疾病、腫瘤、肝腎疾病、急慢性感染、貧血和手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷及其他代謝異常疾病。
1.2.1 病史采集 詳細(xì)收集記錄臨床資料,包括入院時(shí)收縮壓、舒張壓、脈壓、年齡、性別、吸煙史、確診的高血壓病史和糖尿病史。高血壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為收縮壓≥140mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),或舒張壓≥90mmHg,或服用降壓藥者;糖尿病標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為空腹血糖≥7.0mmol/L,或餐后血糖≥11.1mmol/L或服用降糖藥物;吸煙史為每天至少吸1支持續(xù)5年以上,所有患者服用常規(guī)劑量的雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物治療(阿司匹林100mg/d,硫酸氫氯吡格雷75mg/d)以及阿托伐他?。?0mg/d),住院期間如有心絞痛發(fā)作常規(guī)服用單硝酸異山梨醇酯50mg/d。
1.2.2 生化指標(biāo)檢測 所有患者在行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影前采集空腹血標(biāo)本,應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法測量如下血液指標(biāo):血糖、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)等。
1.2.3 冠狀動(dòng)脈造影 采用Judkin¢s法,多體位左、右冠狀動(dòng)脈造影。由兩位介入治療專家在不知道baPWV、ABI、頸動(dòng)脈IMT等測量值的情況下,共同判斷病變血管的狹窄程度。冠心病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:至少有1支主要血管(左主干、左前降支、回旋支和右冠狀動(dòng)脈及其主要分支)狹窄程度≥50%。
1.2.4 內(nèi)皮功能和炎癥指標(biāo)測定 入院后第2天清晨空腹抽靜脈血2ml,EDTA抗凝,3000r/min離心,15min,-70℃保存,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)測定hs-CRP。試劑由上海太陽生物技術(shù)有限公司生產(chǎn);用硝酸還原酶法測定NO,放射免疫法檢測ET-1,比色法檢測MDA水平,以上試劑盒由南京建成生物工程研究所提供。
1.2.5 動(dòng)脈硬化無創(chuàng)指標(biāo)檢測 baPWV、ABI測定采用日本OMRON Colin 公司生產(chǎn)的全自動(dòng)動(dòng)脈硬化測定儀VP-1000(BP-203RPE11)測定。測前受檢者休息5min,取仰臥位,全身放松。將袖帶縛于上臂及下肢踝部。上臂袖帶氣囊標(biāo)志處對準(zhǔn)肱動(dòng)脈,袖帶下緣距肘窩橫紋2~3cm,袖帶松緊合適。下肢袖帶氣囊標(biāo)志處位于下肢內(nèi)側(cè),袖帶下緣距內(nèi)踝1~2cm,松緊度同上。心電感應(yīng)器放置于左側(cè)第二肋間輸入身高。儀器自動(dòng)顯示同步肱動(dòng)脈和后脛動(dòng)脈搏曲線和傳播時(shí)間,并計(jì)算baPWV,ABI。
1.2.6 頸動(dòng)脈IMT檢測 患者取臥位,頸部側(cè)伸45°用美國PHLIPS IE33超聲多普勒8~14MHz高分辨率探頭,由同一檢查者進(jìn)行操作,測定雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈起始2cm內(nèi),距頸總動(dòng)脈分叉1cm處最大IMT,頸動(dòng)脈IMT>0.9mm為內(nèi)中膜增厚。
根據(jù)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果,老年對照組33例,單支病變組33例,多支病變組29例。老年對照組、單支病變組、多支病變組3組間吸煙、糖尿病例數(shù)、LDL-C的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05)。其他指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05;表1)。
三組baPWV、ABI、頸動(dòng)脈IMT,ET-1和NO水平存在顯著差異(<0.05);但MDA水平及hs-CRP的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。其中隨著冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)的增加,baPWV和頸動(dòng)脈IMT水平亦逐漸增加,多支病變組顯著高于單支病變組,而單支病變組顯著高于老年對照組(表2)。
應(yīng)用logistic回歸分析顯示在校正動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化多種危險(xiǎn)因素后baPWV的OR值1.652(95%CI∶1.106~1.784,=0.005);吸煙的OR值4.32(95%CI∶1.022~14.22,<0.001);糖尿病的OR值3.05(95%CI∶1.065~10.21,=0.025)。提示在校正動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等多種危險(xiǎn)因素后,baPWV、吸煙和糖尿病仍然是影響老年多支冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的因素。
近年來,圍繞著老年人冠心病的診療策略的研究進(jìn)展非常迅速,尤其是冠狀動(dòng)脈介入診療技術(shù)使更多的老年冠心病患者受益。雖然侵入性的介入技術(shù)已成為診治冠心病直接和起效快速的方法,但限于其有創(chuàng)性、滯后性和高昂的費(fèi)用,且不適合重復(fù)性的隨訪和觀察,因此降低老年冠心病患者臨床心血管事件發(fā)生率和致死致殘率最關(guān)鍵的方法是開展無創(chuàng)性測評技術(shù),對相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控,從而進(jìn)行針對性的強(qiáng)化干預(yù)[3,4]。除了干預(yù)傳統(tǒng)的危險(xiǎn)因素外,近來對內(nèi)皮功能受損、動(dòng)脈彈性和內(nèi)中膜的改變、氧化應(yīng)激與炎癥方面的監(jiān)測與調(diào)控成為冠心病防治的新靶點(diǎn)[5-12]。這些因素在老年冠心病患者會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出什么樣的狀態(tài),目前還不清楚。
本研究以老年冠心病患者為研究對象,發(fā)現(xiàn)其與冠狀動(dòng)脈造影正常老年人比較各項(xiàng)無創(chuàng)指標(biāo)存在以下特點(diǎn):(1)內(nèi)皮功能降低。反映內(nèi)皮功能狀態(tài)的兩項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)血清NO和ET-1水平在老年冠心病組均發(fā)生了顯著性的改變,前者顯著降低,而后者明顯升高,而且這種改變在單支病變組即已發(fā)生,提示內(nèi)皮功能受損與老年冠心病的發(fā)生存在著密切的關(guān)聯(lián)。(2)動(dòng)脈功能和結(jié)構(gòu)異常。在老年冠心病組,反映動(dòng)脈僵硬度的PWV明顯升高,而頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜厚度增加,ABI降低,而且隨著病變支數(shù)的增加,PWV和頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜厚度改變更為明顯,提示動(dòng)脈彈性降低和動(dòng)脈結(jié)構(gòu)的變化不僅是反映老年人冠心病患者的“窗口”指標(biāo),還可能是預(yù)測老年人冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度的重要指標(biāo)。(3)氧化應(yīng)激與炎癥狀態(tài)未見顯著異常改變。各組MDA和hs-CRP的水平與正常組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這可能與本研究未納入急性心肌梗死患者有關(guān),但該研究結(jié)果仍可提示在老年人冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的慢性發(fā)展過程中氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥指標(biāo)變化并不明顯。
表1 三組臨床資料比較
注: TG: 甘油三醇; TC: 總膽固醇; LDL-C: 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇; HDL-C: 高密度脂蛋白膽固醇。三組間兩兩比較,*<0.05
表2 三組多種無創(chuàng)指標(biāo)比較
注: NO: 一氧化氮; ET-1: 內(nèi)皮素-1; baPWV: 肱-踝脈搏波傳導(dǎo)速度; ABI: 踝臂指數(shù); IMT: 內(nèi)-中膜厚度; hs-CRP: 超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白; MDA: 丙二醛。與老年對照組比較,*<0.05; 與單支病變組比較,#<0.05
我國老年人是冠心病高發(fā)人群,對于這一日益龐大的人群如何進(jìn)行篩查和管理成為當(dāng)前各級醫(yī)院重點(diǎn)工作之一。本研究立足于無創(chuàng)角度觀察了老年人冠心病各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的變化,研究結(jié)果提示內(nèi)皮功能以及動(dòng)脈功能與結(jié)構(gòu)的異常與老年人冠心病存在密切關(guān)聯(lián),對相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)觀察或許是篩查老年人冠心病的一種有效的無創(chuàng)檢測方法。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Changes of multi-noninvasive indices in elderly patients with coronary artery disease
RUAN Yunjun, QIU Jian*, LEI Gang, DONG Fengying, HE Jianxin, DU Ligen
(Department of Cardiology, Guanzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China)
To investigate the changes of multi-noninvasive indices, including endothelial function, arterial flexibility, carotid indima-media thickness (IMT), oxidative stress and inflammation in elderly patients with coronary artery disease.Sixty-two male coronary artery disease patients (≥65 years old) with coronary artery stenosis ≥50% identified by coronary arteriography in our department from January 2008 to December 2011 were subjected in this study. They were divided into 2 groups according to the result of coronary angiography, that is, multiple vessel lesion group (=29) and single vessel lesion group (=33). Another 33 age-matched elderly male patients receiving coronary arteriography at the same period served as control. Before coronary arteriography, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), ankle-brachial index (ABI) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured, and serum level of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), malondialdehyde (MDA) and high sensitive-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) were detected in all subjects.Significant differences were observed among the 3 groups in the levels of NO and ET-1, and baPWV, ABI and IMT (<0.05), but no difference was seen in the level of MDA and hs-CRP (>0.05). Moreover, carotid artery IMT became higher and higher with the increase of the number of diseased vessels. Logistic regression analysis showed that baPWV, smoking and diabetes mellitus were important factors for multiple vessel lesion in coronary artery disease (<0.05).Among these multi-noninvasive indices, impaired endothelial dysfunction, the changes of the arterial flexibility as well as carotid artery IMT have close relation with the occurrence and development of coronary artery disease in elderly male patients. baPWV and carotid artery IMT may be predictors for the severity of coronary artery disease for the elderly.
elderly; coronary atherosclerosis; brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; ankle-brachial index; carotid intima-media thickness
(2012B031800418)
R541.4
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2013.00046
2012-12-25;
2013-01-05
廣東省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012B031800418)
邱 健, Tel: 020-88653567, E-mail: qjxnk0609@163.com