摘要:目的" 分析CSPG4在不同腫瘤中的表達(dá)對預(yù)后的影響及其可能作用的生物學(xué)通路。方法" 使用TIMER和UALCAN分析CSPG4在泛癌中mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)情況,GEPIA分析癌組織和癌旁組織中CSPG4表達(dá)差異及其對腫瘤患者生存時間的影響。使用R語言clusterProfiler和org.Hs.eg.db程序包對CSPG4進(jìn)行基因本體論(GO)功能富集分析,clusterProfiler和pathview程序包進(jìn)行京都基因與基因組百科全書(KEGG)通路富集分析。用于GO和KEGG通路富集分析的CSPG4表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)及相應(yīng)的臨床信息均來自于癌癥基因組圖譜(TCGA)數(shù)據(jù)庫。結(jié)果" 在多形性膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤和頭頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的癌組織中,CSPG4在mRNA和蛋白水平均呈高表達(dá)。在乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、肺腺癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌中呈低表達(dá)。預(yù)后分析顯示,CSPG4在肺腺癌中高表達(dá),與腫瘤患者的不良預(yù)后顯著相關(guān)(HR=1.4,P<0.05)。GO功能富集分析結(jié)果顯示,CSPG4相關(guān)基因主要富集在肌動蛋白結(jié)合、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)成分和糖胺聚糖結(jié)合等。KEGG通路富集分析結(jié)果顯示,CSPG4作用的信號通路主要集中于粘著斑、人乳頭瘤病毒感染以及PI3K-Akt信號通路。結(jié)論" CSPG4可能通過與機(jī)動蛋白結(jié)合,影響細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)組分或通過PI3K/AKT信號通路參與肺腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程,影響肺腺癌的預(yù)后,CSPG4有可能作為肺腺癌的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。
關(guān)鍵詞:硫酸軟骨素蛋白多糖4;泛癌;肺腺癌;生存預(yù)后;基因突變
中圖分類號:R730.7" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.18.002
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)18-0006-06
Abstract:Objective" To analyze the effect of CSPG4 expression in different tumors on prognosis and its possible biological pathways." " " " "Methods" TIMER and UALCAN were used to analyze the expression of CSPG4 mRNA and protein in pan-cancer tissues. GEPIA was used to analyze the difference of CSPG4 expression between cancer tissues and adjacent tissues and its effect on the survival time of cancer patients. Gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis of CSPG4 was performed using the R language clusterProfiler and org.Hs.eg.db package. ClusterProfiler and pathview package were used for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. The CSPG4 expression data and corresponding clinical information for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.Results" CSPG4 was highly expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in glioblastoma multiforme and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, it was lowly expressed in breast cancer, colon cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and endometrial cancer. Prognostic analysis showed that CSPG4 was highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and was significantly associated with poor prognosis of tumor patients (HR=1.4, Plt;0.05). GO functional enrichment analysis showed that CSPG4-related genes were mainly enriched in actin binding, extracellular matrix structural components and glycosaminoglycan binding. The results of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the signaling pathways of CSPG4 were mainly focused on focal adhesion, human papillomavirus infection and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.Conclusion" CSPG4 may be involved in the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma by binding to the motor protein, affecting the extracellular matrix components or through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, as well as affecting the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Thus, CSPG4 may be used as a potential biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma.
Key words:Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4;Pan-cancer;Lung adenocarcinoma;Survival prognosis;Gene mutation
癌癥不僅嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康,也給人們造成了嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[1]。既往研究表明[2],2020年在全球范圍內(nèi)估計有1930萬新發(fā)腫瘤病例和近1000萬腫瘤死亡病例。探索腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制,尋找有效治療策略對于防治腫瘤具有重要意義[3]。腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展受體內(nèi)外多種因素影響,如吸煙、飲酒、紫外線輻射等環(huán)境因素[4]。硫酸軟骨素蛋白多糖4(CSPG4)基因作為一種跨膜分子存在,在細(xì)胞外間隔的通訊中起重要作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CSPG4具有參與多種分子相互作用的潛力,包括信號分子[5],金屬蛋白酶[6]和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)膠原蛋白[7]。這些研究表明CSPG4可能參與細(xì)胞的生長增殖和粘附遷移過程。近期有研究從人肝癌和胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌血管組織中獲取到表達(dá)CSPG4的細(xì)胞,并將其作為靶抗原源用以開發(fā)腫瘤的免疫治療方法[8]。CSPG4也可作為間變性甲狀腺癌的潛在治療靶點(diǎn),為治療間變性甲狀腺癌提供了新的治療選擇[9]。這些研究提示,CSPG4不僅僅是黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原,而且很可能是其他癌癥的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。本研究旨在分析CSPG4在不同腫瘤中的表達(dá)水平及對預(yù)后的影響,以及可能影響的生物學(xué)通路。
1資料與方法
1.1數(shù)據(jù)獲取" 通過癌癥基因組圖譜(TCGA)(https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov)數(shù)據(jù)庫獲取CSPG4在肺腺癌組織和癌旁組織中的表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù),以及患者年齡、性別、臨床分期和生存時間等臨床信息。獲取選擇條件:①TCGA:Access TCGA Data。②Access TCGA Data:Repository。③Case:Primary Site-bronchus and lung;Program-TCGA;Project-TCGA-LUAD。④Files:Data Category-transcriptome profiling;Data Type-Gene Expression Quantification;Experimental Strategy-RNA-Seq;Workflow Type-STAR-Counts。
1.2 CSPG4 mRNA表達(dá)水平差異分析" 使用TIMER分析CSPG4在泛癌中mRNA的表達(dá)情況[10]。本研究中檢索關(guān)鍵詞:①Home:Cancer Exploration。②Exploration:Gene_DE。③Gene_DE:Gene Expression:CSPG4。
1.3 CSPG4蛋白表達(dá)水平差異分析" 通過UALCAN數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://ualcan.path.uab.edu)對臨床蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)腫瘤分析(CPTAC)數(shù)據(jù)集的CSPG4表達(dá)進(jìn)行分析[11]。分析選擇條件:①UALCAN:Proteomics。②Proteomics:Scan by genes(s):CSPG4。③Select cancer:" 依次選擇BRCA、COAD、GBM、HNSC、LIHC、LUAD、UCEC進(jìn)行分析。
1.4 CSPG4預(yù)后分析" 基因表達(dá)譜交互分析(GEPIA)(http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn)的表達(dá)譜及臨床數(shù)據(jù)來自于TCGA和GTEx[12]。根據(jù)CSPG4表達(dá)水平的中位數(shù)將腫瘤樣本分為高表達(dá)組和低表達(dá)組,使用GEPIA分析CSPG4表達(dá)水平對多種腫瘤患者生存時間的影響:①GEPIA2:Expression DIY-Box Plots;②Genename:CSPG4;③|Log2FC| Cutoff:1;④P-value Cutoff:0.05;⑤Multiple Datasets:Datasets Selection (Cancer name)-依次選擇BRCA、COAD、GBM、HNSC、LIHC、LUAD、UCEC進(jìn)行分析。
1.5 CSPG4相關(guān)基因富集分析" 使用R語言clusterProfiler和org.Hs.eg.db程序包對CSPG4進(jìn)行基因本體論(GO)功能富集分析,使用clusterProfiler和pathview程序包進(jìn)行京都基因與基因組百科全書(KEGG)通路富集分析。
2結(jié)果
2.1 CSPG4在泛癌中的差異表達(dá)分析" 使用TIMER對CSPG4的mRNA水平進(jìn)行泛癌分析。結(jié)果顯示,CSPG4在癌組織中呈高表達(dá)的腫瘤包括膽管癌(CHOL)、多形成性膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤(GBM)、頭頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(HNSC)、腎嫌色細(xì)胞癌(KICH)、腎透明細(xì)胞癌(KIRC)、腎乳頭狀細(xì)胞癌(KIRP)、肝細(xì)胞肝癌(LIHC)、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤和副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤(PCPG)、前列腺癌(PRAD)以及甲狀腺癌(THCA)。在癌組織中呈低表達(dá)的癌種包括:乳腺癌(BRCA)、宮頸鱗癌和腺癌(CESC)、結(jié)腸癌(COAD)、肺腺癌(LUAD)、肺鱗癌(LUSC)、直腸腺癌(READ)和子宮內(nèi)膜癌(UCEC)(圖1)。對來自不同腫瘤癌組織和癌旁組織中CSPG4的蛋白水平進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示在GBM、LIHC和HNSC的癌組織中,CSPG4的蛋白水平顯著升高,而在BRCA、COAD、LUAD和UCEC的癌組織中顯著下降(圖2)。使用GEPIA數(shù)據(jù)庫對上述結(jié)果進(jìn)行驗證。結(jié)果顯示在GBM和HNSC的癌組織中,CSPG4呈高表達(dá),在BRCA、COAD、LUAD和UCEC中呈低表達(dá)(圖3)。因此,對BRCA、COAD、GBM、HNSC、LUAD和UCEC進(jìn)行后續(xù)研究。
2.2 CSPG4在多種腫瘤中的預(yù)后分析" 使用GEPIA分析了CSPG4表達(dá)對BRCA、COAD、GBM、HNSC、LUAD和UCEC患者預(yù)后的影響。圖4A~圖4F為CSPG4表達(dá)水平與多種腫瘤總生存期(OS)之間關(guān)系的生存曲線。其中,CSPG4在LUAD中高表達(dá),并與腫瘤患者的不良預(yù)后顯著相關(guān)(HR=1.4,P<0.05)(圖4E)。
2.3 CSPG4相關(guān)基因富集分析" 使用R語言clusterProfiler和org.Hs.eg.db程序包對CSPG4進(jìn)行GO功能富集分析,結(jié)果顯示CSPG4相關(guān)基因主要富集在肌動蛋白結(jié)合、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)成分和糖胺聚糖結(jié)合等(圖5)。使用clusterProfiler和pathview程序包進(jìn)行KEGG通路富集分析,結(jié)果顯示CSPG4作用的信號通路主要集中于粘著斑、人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)感染以及PI3K-Akt信號通路(圖6)。
3討論
CSPG4作為一種跨膜分子存在,在細(xì)胞內(nèi)外間隔的通訊中起到重要作用。CSPG4基因可以編碼跨膜蛋白多糖(PG),構(gòu)成人類表面組中最大,且結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜的大分子[13]。因此,分析CSPG4在不同腫瘤組織中mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)的差異及對腫瘤患者預(yù)后的影響,以及可能的作用機(jī)制具有重要意義。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在包括LUAD多種腫瘤組織中,CSPG4表達(dá)水平高于正常癌旁組織。研究表明[9],CSPG4作為間變性甲狀腺癌的潛在治療靶點(diǎn),在間變性甲狀腺癌腫瘤組織中高表達(dá),與不良預(yù)后相關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果與之類似,這提示CSPG4可能是LUAD潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)?;虮磉_(dá)可以調(diào)控LUAD的預(yù)后,例如FAM72在LUAD腫瘤組織中表達(dá)水平增加,是LUAD不良預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志物[14]。而本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)CSPG4在LUAD中高表達(dá)與腫瘤患者的不良預(yù)后顯著相關(guān)。這表明CSPG4可能是LUAD潛在的預(yù)后標(biāo)志物。
功能富集分析結(jié)果顯示,CSPG4主要參與肌動蛋白結(jié)合反應(yīng)。在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的過程中,肌動蛋白及其結(jié)合蛋白均參與了細(xì)胞癌變的各個階段[15]。肌動蛋白結(jié)合蛋白的異常表達(dá)可促進(jìn)慢性炎癥的發(fā)生,進(jìn)而影響癌癥進(jìn)展[16]。CSPG4相關(guān)蛋白還參與構(gòu)成細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的組分。既往研究表明[17],細(xì)胞生長增殖、遷移分化、血管生成和免疫調(diào)節(jié)等特征均可受到細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)成分的影響。細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的改變也與疾病進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。此外,細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)組分也可作為特定腫瘤的靶點(diǎn)用于惡性腫瘤的治療[18]。CSPG4功能還與糖胺聚糖結(jié)合方面有關(guān)。糖胺聚糖(GAGs)是一種長線狀多糖,普遍存在于所有動物細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞表面和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中。這些復(fù)雜的碳水化合物在許多細(xì)胞過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用,并與許多疾病包括癌癥、炎癥和遺傳性疾病有關(guān)[19]。
KEGG通路富集分析結(jié)果顯示,CSPG4作用的信號通路主要集中于粘著斑、HPV感染,以及PI3K-Akt信號通路等。研究顯示[20],在2018年,全球估計有690 000例癌癥病例可歸因于HPV感染,約占新增癌癥病例總數(shù)的3.8%。HPV感染是宮頸癌最常見的危險因素之一[21,22]。PI3K/Akt信號通路參與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程[23]。PI3K/AKT通路關(guān)鍵基因在腫瘤組織中的異常表達(dá)與腫瘤的生長增殖、細(xì)胞凋亡、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移和免疫微環(huán)境等密切相關(guān)[24]。
綜上所述,CSPG4可能通過與機(jī)動蛋白結(jié)合,影響細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)組分或通過PI3K/AKT信號通路參與肺腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程,影響肺腺癌的預(yù)后,CSPG4有可能作為肺腺癌的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。
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收稿日期:2023-09-23;修回日期:2023-10-09
編輯/肖婷婷
基金項目:2021年度唐山市人力資源和社會保障局項目(編號:A202110007)
作者簡介:徐鴻學(xué)(1998.1-),男,甘肅靜寧縣人,碩士研究生,主要從事惡性腫瘤病因研究
通訊作者:張雪梅(1971.11-),女,山西昔陽縣人,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事惡性腫瘤病因和藥物基因組學(xué)研究