韓誼 莫黎芳 李小玲 覃春艷 蔣玉潔
【摘要】 核受體Nur77是立早基因NR4A1編碼的產(chǎn)物,在包括肺癌在內(nèi)的多種腫瘤組織中表達,并廣泛參與腫瘤的生物學進程。肺癌發(fā)病率高,發(fā)病機制復雜,早期不易發(fā)現(xiàn),治療效果差,是人類常見的惡性腫瘤之一。大量研究顯示Nur77在肺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡、免疫調(diào)節(jié)及治療等方面扮演著重要角色。本文主要概述Nur77在肺癌中的研究進展。
【關鍵詞】 Nur77 NR4A1 肺癌
Research Progress of Nur77 in Lung Cancer/HAN Yi, MO Lifang, LI Xiaoling, QIN Chunyan, JIANG Yujie. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(03): -155
[Abstract] The nuclear receptor Nur77 is a product encoded by the immediate early gene NR4A1, which is expressed in various tumor tissues including lung cancer, and is widely involved in the biological process of tumors. Lung cancer is one of the common human malignant tumors with high incidence, complex pathogenesis, difficult to find in the early stage and poor treatment effect. A large number of studies have shown that Nur77 plays an important role in the development, invasion and metastasis, apoptosis, immune regulation and treatment of lung cancer. This article reviews the research progress of Nur77 in lung cancer.
[Key words] Nur77 NR4A1 Lung cancer
First-author's address: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.03.036
2022年發(fā)布的癌癥統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示,中國2022年肺癌死亡率約占癌癥相關死亡人數(shù)的1/5[1],肺癌是全球發(fā)病率和死亡率均較高的癌癥,且發(fā)病率仍呈上升趨勢。肺癌在組織學上可分為小細胞肺癌(small cell lung carcinoma,SCLC)和非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung carcinoma,NSCLC)兩大類。NSCLC占80%~85%,其可細分為腺癌、鱗狀細胞癌、大細胞癌等。由于肺癌發(fā)病隱匿,多數(shù)患者初次就診時已處于中晚期,并伴有局部或遠處轉(zhuǎn)移,雖然手術、化療、放療和新的輔助治療技術在不斷改進,但患者的預后仍然較差,5年生存率為15%~25%[2]。核受體Nur77在腫瘤中廣泛表達,與腫瘤的發(fā)展、凋亡密不可分。本文主要歸納Nur77在肺癌中的促生長進展、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移,促凋亡及免疫調(diào)節(jié)中的作用,為Nur77抗肺癌作用機制研究奠定基礎理論。
1 Nur77的分子結(jié)構與生物學特性
Nur77(也稱為NGFIB、TR3、TIS1、NAK-1或N10)是由立早基因NR4A1編碼的蛋白,屬于類固醇/甲狀腺/視黃酸受體超家族的成員,NR4A家族包含Nur77(NR4A1)、Nurr1(NR4A2)、Nor-1(NR4A3)3個成員。Nur77結(jié)構上具有典型的核受體特征,由N端的反式激活域(trans-activation domain,TAD)、DNA結(jié)合域(DNA-binding domain,DBD)和C端的配體結(jié)合域(ligand binding domain,LBD)組成,由于在非典型LBD中存在巨大的疏水側(cè)鏈,同時又缺乏傳統(tǒng)的共激活劑結(jié)合位點,故至今尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)它的特異內(nèi)源性配體,因此被歸入孤兒核受體的范疇。NR4A1可通過三種方式與DNA結(jié)合調(diào)控靶基因的表達:(1)形成NGFI-B應答元件(NGFI-B response element,NBRE),序列:AAAGGTCA;(2)與Nur-應答元件(Nur-response element,NurRE)元件(序列:TGATATTTX6AAATGCCA)以同二聚體或異二聚體的形式與其他家族成員結(jié)合[3];(3)NR4A1與類視黃醇X受體(retinoid X receptor,RXR)形成異源二聚體,然后結(jié)合到DR5應答元件上產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)錄激活(序列:AGGTCA-NNNAA-AGGTCA)[4]。雖然目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)其天然配體,但其可受多種胞內(nèi)、胞外刺激及特異性激動劑/拮抗劑的調(diào)控,參與細胞生長、分化、凋亡、自噬、代謝、衰老和免疫等生理調(diào)控[5-9]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Nur77是多種腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的關鍵參與者和調(diào)節(jié)因子[10],在肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、結(jié)腸癌等多種腫瘤中均有異常表達[11-15],與腫瘤的發(fā)生、侵襲和遷移、凋亡密切相關。
2 Nur77在肺癌中的表達
在人類正常肺組織中,Nur77低表達或不表達,而在肺癌組織中Nur77呈高表達[15],在體外細胞實驗中,Nur77在A549、H460、H1299、DMS53、H526、H2171等多種人源NSCLC、SCLC細胞系亦顯著表達,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其定位于細胞核中[16]。Nur77表達水平高低、亞細胞定位變化,使其在肺癌中發(fā)揮多效調(diào)節(jié)作用。
3 Nur77與肺癌發(fā)生和進展密切相關
NSCLC的多項相關研究顯示,Nur77發(fā)揮促癌作用[15-18]。Nur77在不同組織類型的肺癌中均為高表達,與此同時,Nur77表達也與肺癌患者預后有關,Nur77高表達與患者生存期呈負相關。在A549和H460細胞實驗中,敲除Nur77可抑制肺癌細胞生長并誘導細胞凋亡[16]。在表皮生長因子、尼古丁刺激下,Nur77表達上調(diào),H460細胞亦隨之顯著增殖[17-18]。由此可知,Nur77對肺癌細胞的生長有促進作用,與肺癌發(fā)生、進展密切相關。
4 Nur77在肺癌中的作用及分子機制
4.1 Nur77促進肺癌細胞增殖
Nur77對肺癌細胞的存活與增殖發(fā)揮重要的促進作用,其亞細胞定位是關鍵,Nur77在細胞核中起作用以誘導細胞增殖,而作用于線粒體時誘導細胞凋亡。Nur77表達上調(diào),可促進肺癌細胞的有絲分裂,進而促進肺癌細胞增殖,Nur77 DNA結(jié)合區(qū)和反式激活區(qū)在該過程中發(fā)揮不可或缺的作用[17]。Nur77不僅可以通過形成p300/Nur77/Sp1復合物上調(diào)生存素的表達,促進肺癌細胞增殖,而且還通過抑制p53,誘導AMPK/mTORC1通路活化,以促進肺癌細胞的增殖[15]。
4.2 Nur77促進肺癌血管生成
血管生成作為惡性腫瘤最主要的生物學特征,為腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展所必需。新血管生成受腫瘤細胞、活化巨噬細胞、內(nèi)皮細胞、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、血管生成因子、堿性成纖維細胞生長因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,BFGF)等各種細胞及細胞因子的影響。CXC趨化因子的調(diào)節(jié),以及外界刺激因素的影響,包括代謝應激(缺氧、低pH值、低血糖)、機械性應激和免疫、炎癥反應等,誘導異常血管生成,進一步促進腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移。Nur77是病理性血管生成的重要介質(zhì),Nur77基因敲除小鼠在VEGF、組胺或血清素作用下,它的腫瘤生長、血管生成和微血管通透性幾乎都被抑制;進一步實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),Nur77轉(zhuǎn)錄激活域TAD和DBD對誘導內(nèi)皮細胞遷移、通透性增加及肌動蛋白應激纖維的形成至關重要[17-19]。Zhao等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Nur77能通過破壞內(nèi)皮細胞-內(nèi)皮細胞連接的穩(wěn)定性,誘導微血管通透性增加及血管生成。在腫瘤及炎癥等疾病中發(fā)現(xiàn)的活化血管生成的整合素β4,亦在內(nèi)皮細胞-基底相互作用和細胞遷移中起重要作用。Nur77上調(diào)整合素β4的表達,并通過Nur77→整合素β4→PI3K→Akt→FAK這一信號通路調(diào)控人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細胞的遷移[21]。Nur77具有促進腫瘤血管生成的作用,但其深層分子機制的研究仍有待進一步闡明。
4.3 Nur77促進肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移
遠處轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腫瘤的生物學特性,腫瘤發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移后將明顯縮短患者生存期,也是抗腫瘤治療失敗的主要原因。肺癌容易向全身各部位轉(zhuǎn)移,但相比之下SCLC較NSCLC更易發(fā)生遠處轉(zhuǎn)移。上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是細胞由上皮表型向間質(zhì)表型轉(zhuǎn)變的過程,上皮細胞在轉(zhuǎn)變后中可以獲得侵襲性與移行性。EMT是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的重要機制之一。缺氧誘導的Nur77通過激活PI3K/Akt信號通路,從而誘導EMT[18]。轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)是EMT誘導因子,NR4A1在TGF-β/TGF-β受體/PKA/MKK4和-7/JNK通路級聯(lián)磷酸化誘導下,核輸出,并形成NR4A1活性復合物,進一步誘導蛋白酶體依賴性降解SMAD7,抑制TβR1多泛素化,促進肺癌細胞遷移、EMT[22-23]。NR4A1抑制劑經(jīng)αvβ6-ERK-ETS1通路抑制肺癌A549細胞EMT,該途徑可被NR4A1拮抗劑1,1-二(3-吲哚基)-1-(對取代苯基)甲烷(C-DIM)化合物阻斷[24]。以上研究表明NR4A1可能具有促進肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的功能。
4.4 Nur77抑制肺癌細胞存活
4.4.1 促進細胞周期阻滯 細胞周期傳統(tǒng)上分為兩個主要階段:間期和有絲分裂期(M期)。間期包括G1,S和G2三個亞期,G1期主要進行RNA和蛋白質(zhì)的生物合成,為S期DNA合成做準備,S期完成DNA復制,G2期是指DNA復制結(jié)束至有絲分裂的起始階段,隨后,染色體準確、勻速的分裂為2個子細胞,至此M期結(jié)束,完成一個完整的細胞周期。如部分細胞不進入下一個周期,則暫時退出細胞周期,進入G0期,在有絲分裂原的作用下,細胞G0期發(fā)育到G1期。細胞周期失調(diào)與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關[25],因此,改變細胞周期分布、誘導細胞周期阻滯被認為是一種有效的抗癌方法。最初,在Li等[26]的研究下發(fā)現(xiàn)Nur77的表達在AHPN/ cd437誘導的A549細胞G0/G1阻滯和細胞凋亡中起關鍵作用,隨后Hao等[27]進一步驗證,Nur77在激動劑Amoitone B作用下,誘導肺癌細胞G1期阻滯,顯著促進細胞凋亡。Nur77 LBD與TMHA37結(jié)合性強,二者結(jié)合后誘導肺癌細胞A549阻滯在G2/M期[28]。雙吲哚甲烷化合物類似物C-DIM-5是Nur77的激活劑,可抑制A549從G0/G1期向S期過渡[29]。除了能阻滯肺癌細胞的細胞周期,Nur77對其他癌細胞也有相似作用。在頭頸部鱗狀細胞癌中,SPDEF與NR4A1的啟動子區(qū)結(jié)合后,促進其轉(zhuǎn)錄,誘導AKT、MAPK、NF-κB信號通路的抑制,誘導G0/G1細胞周期阻滯[30]。
4.4.2 促進肺癌細胞凋亡 Nur77主要通過出核、線粒體靶向方式促進肺癌細胞凋亡。在觸發(fā)細胞程序性死亡的機制時,Nur77從細胞核轉(zhuǎn)移到細胞質(zhì)、靶向線粒體,在線粒體中與B淋巴細胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)直接相互作用,誘導細胞色素C釋放和凋亡,暴露促凋亡的Bcl-2同源結(jié)構域3(Bcl-2 homology domain 3,BH3),達到促進腫瘤細胞凋亡的作用[16,31-32]。c-Jun N-末端激酶的激活、Akt和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶的抑制可促進Nur77磷酸化,在細胞核到細胞質(zhì)的易位中起重要作用[33]。胞孢子酮B(cytosporone B,Csn-B)是孤兒核受體Nur77的天然激動劑,Csn-B特異性結(jié)合Nur77的LBD,增強Nur77依賴的靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的活性。此外,Csn-B可以通過增加Nur77的表達和促進Nur77向細胞質(zhì)的易位來誘導細胞凋亡[34-35]。一些化合物/提取物被驗證經(jīng)Nur77-bcl-2途徑誘導肺癌細胞凋亡。異三尖杉酯堿(isoharringtonine)通過內(nèi)在線粒體途徑降低Bcl-2和凋亡抑制蛋白(inhibitor of apoptosis protein,IAP)家族中抗凋亡蛋白的表達,以劑量依賴的方式顯著抑制NCI-H460細胞的腫瘤球體生長[36]。強心苷在體外和體內(nèi)主要通過激活MEK、ERK1/2、p38信號通路,誘導Nur77表達、Nur77細胞核向細胞質(zhì)的易位[37-39]。香豆素類衍生物Apaensin經(jīng)JNK通路誘導Nur77核輸出,Nur77靶向線粒體易位,進一步激活p38/MAPK信號通路促進Bcl-2-Nur77相互作用,進而促進肺癌細胞凋亡[40]。亦有其他途徑引導的Nur77促凋亡方式報道,C-DIM與C-DIM類似物DIM-C-pPhOCH3(C-DIM-5)和DIM-C-pPhOH(C-DIM-8)具有抗癌特性,通過抑制mTORC1信號和NR4A1的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性達到抗腫瘤作用。在小鼠肺腫瘤的實驗中,使用C-DIM-5及C-DIM-8后,肺腫瘤組織中的腫瘤啟動、轉(zhuǎn)移和血管生成的相關介質(zhì)(包括MMP-2、
MMP-9、c-Myc、β-catenin、c-Met、c-Myc和EGFR)的mRNA和蛋白表達均降低,提示肺腫瘤生長受到抑制,與Csn-B相比,C-DIM抑制肺癌細胞活力作用更強[16]。
4.5 Nur77在肺癌中的免疫調(diào)節(jié)
免疫系統(tǒng)與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展關系密切,免疫系統(tǒng)可通過多種免疫效應殺傷、清除腫瘤細胞,同時腫瘤細胞亦能通過腫瘤抗原缺如、突變等多種方式抵抗、逃逸免疫系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)察、殺傷。腫瘤微環(huán)境(tumor microenvironment,TME)為高動態(tài)性復雜環(huán)境,由成纖維細胞、免疫細胞、內(nèi)皮細胞、基質(zhì)細胞和細胞外基質(zhì)組成。在腫瘤發(fā)生和發(fā)展中,TME和腫瘤細胞間相互作用介導腫瘤細胞免疫耐受,進而影響免疫治療臨床效果?,F(xiàn)有研究表明Nur77可以通過影響TME中免疫細胞的功能,介導腫瘤細胞發(fā)生免疫逃逸,進而調(diào)控肺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。Nur77在免疫系統(tǒng)中主要通過抑制T細胞的增殖來調(diào)節(jié)免疫,降低機體對肺癌的免疫監(jiān)視、攻擊。最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的NR4A家族在免疫細胞中的功能是在抗原誘導的T細胞雜交瘤細胞死亡中起關鍵作用。在T細胞雜交瘤中,Nur77過表達促進TCR誘導的細胞凋亡。在Liu等[41]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)NR4A1是誘導T細胞功能障礙的關鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子。NR4A1在耐受性T細胞中穩(wěn)定地高水平表達,NR4A1的過表達抑制CD8+T細胞功能,減少其分泌干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)、白細胞介素-2(IL-2),NR4A1缺失增強了T細胞的效應殺傷功能,增強對腫瘤的免疫攻擊。該過程的分子機制為NR4A1與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AP-1結(jié)合,通過抑制AP-1的功能來抑制效應基因的表達;NR4A1結(jié)合還促進組蛋白H3賴氨酸27位點的乙?;℉3K27ac),激活相關耐受基因[42]。此外,Zhang等[43]在后續(xù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在肺癌中ERK5-NR4A1通路被激活,活化的ERK5進一步參與kisspeptin/GPR54通路介導的CD8+T細胞功能障礙與衰竭,T細胞耗竭狀態(tài)有利于肺癌腫瘤細胞免疫逃逸,促進肺癌腫瘤的生長。在CD4+T穩(wěn)態(tài)維持過程中,Nur77是負反饋調(diào)節(jié)信號,Nur77與Irf4啟動子結(jié)合并抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄,最終達到抑制CD4+T細胞增殖作用[44]。NR4A1除了對T細胞功能抑制、增殖抑制外,還具有募集免疫細胞的功能,可募集非典型單核細胞—巡邏單核細胞(patrolling monocytes,PMo)至肺部微脈管系統(tǒng),抑制腫瘤細胞在肺微脈管系統(tǒng)的附著,PMo上的趨化因子CX3CR1具有介導腫瘤物質(zhì)的傳感和攝取清除腫瘤物質(zhì)作用,靶向肺癌細胞,從而預防腫瘤細胞轉(zhuǎn)移。雖然NR4A1不能直接殺傷腫瘤細胞,但仍有部分能力調(diào)節(jié)NK細胞的聚集和活性[45-46]。以上研究表明,NR4A1在腫瘤免疫中促進T細胞耗竭狀態(tài)的形成,抑制T細胞的增殖與殺傷功能,在TME中發(fā)揮非冗余作用,有希望成為T細胞介導的腫瘤免疫治療靶點。
5 Nur77與化療藥物
肺癌的一線化療藥物有順鉑、依托泊苷、長春瑞濱、紫杉醇。順鉑主要以DNA損傷的方式誘導細胞凋亡。它可以通過以下方式使Nur77磷酸化:(1)激活檢查點激酶2,促進檢查點激酶2和Nur77兩種蛋白之間的串擾,有效增強Nur77的磷酸化;(2)誘導Nur77表達,激活JNK,使Nur77發(fā)生磷酸化修飾。磷酸化的Nur77經(jīng)泛素-蛋白酶體途徑迅速降解,隨后激活cAMP/PKA通路,促進線粒體靶向定位,從而誘導細胞發(fā)生凋亡[47-48]。紫杉醇通過誘導與促進微管蛋白聚合、微管裝配,破壞微管蛋白和微管的動態(tài)平衡,使微管穩(wěn)定而抑制癌細胞的有絲分裂和觸發(fā)細胞凋亡,進而有效阻止癌細胞的增殖,起到抗癌作用。研究表明Nur77具有與紫杉醇類似的抗腫瘤作用,紫杉醇抗癌的主要靶點是β-微管蛋白,而Nur77能與β-微管蛋白相結(jié)合,在微管中誘導與紫杉醇相同的表型效應-微管蛋白聚合效應,并在線粒體中打開通透性過渡孔通道;相應的,紫杉醇亦能與Nur77/Bcl-2的結(jié)合位點相結(jié)合,激活線粒體凋亡途徑[49]。
6 總結(jié)與展望
Nur77的表達和亞細胞定位在肺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、凋亡中發(fā)揮著重要作用。Nur77既能發(fā)揮促癌作用,也能抑制腫瘤的功能,而且Nur77是抗腫瘤的重要藥物靶點,抗腫瘤藥物通過Nur77介導可以誘導腫瘤細胞增殖抑制或凋亡而抑制腫瘤生長。
T細胞是殺傷腫瘤細胞的主要執(zhí)行者,當T細胞暴露于TME之后會出現(xiàn)功能紊亂,呈現(xiàn)對腫瘤細胞免疫耐受的狀態(tài),而在Nur77調(diào)控T細胞耐受的過程中發(fā)揮關鍵作用,敲除Nur77能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)T細胞的耐受狀態(tài);此外Nur77的過表達抑制T細胞增殖和殺傷功能,促進T細胞耗竭狀態(tài)的形成。因此Nur77有可能成為腫瘤免疫治療的新靶點。以Nur77為靶點,篩選出能解除T細胞抑制、誘導腫瘤細胞死亡,進而增強腫瘤免疫的藥物,有望成為腫瘤免疫療法的新方式,同時也能夠為拓展免疫療法的應用提供新思路。
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(收稿日期:2023-11-30) (本文編輯:陳韻)