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維生素在HIV感染/艾滋病患者營養(yǎng)干預(yù)中的作用

2022-03-15 17:47:50黃月朱一民劉坦朱文麗
中國食物與營養(yǎng) 2022年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:人類免疫缺陷病毒艾滋病維生素

黃月 朱一民 劉坦 朱文麗

摘 要:目的:了解維生素在人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染/艾滋病患者營養(yǎng)干預(yù)中的作用。方法:通過檢索查閱國內(nèi)(萬方、中國知網(wǎng)、維普等,1997—2020年)和國外(Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase等,2002—2020年)的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),共納入41篇學(xué)術(shù)論文進(jìn)行證據(jù)體評(píng)價(jià)(參照WHO推薦的證據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)方案及標(biāo)準(zhǔn))。結(jié)果:HIV感染/艾滋病患者易出現(xiàn)一種或多種維生素不足或缺乏的情況,維生素補(bǔ)充能夠改善HIV感染/艾滋病患者的營養(yǎng)狀況。維生素A的補(bǔ)充可能降低HIV感染/艾滋病患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、延緩疾病進(jìn)展以及帶來額外的健康收益,但會(huì)增加HIV垂直傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn);煙酸補(bǔ)充可以改善HIV感染/艾滋病患者的血脂水平;補(bǔ)充維生素C、維生素E可以降低HIV感染/艾滋病患者的氧化應(yīng)激水平;補(bǔ)充維生素D可改善HIV感染/艾滋病患者的骨骼健康,降低冠心病、結(jié)核以及肝纖維化的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。結(jié)論:復(fù)合維生素補(bǔ)充(包括礦物質(zhì))可能延緩HIV感染/艾滋病患者的疾病進(jìn)展以及帶來額外的健康收益。

關(guān)鍵詞:人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV);艾滋?。ˋIDS);維生素;營養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充

多項(xiàng)研究表明[1-5],人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染/艾滋病患者營養(yǎng)狀況普遍低于健康人群,維生素A、C、D、E及B族維生素不足或缺乏的情況普遍存在,甚至經(jīng)常同時(shí)合并多種維生素的缺乏,但目前尚未有統(tǒng)一的指南明確給出HIV感染/艾滋病患者維生素相關(guān)的膳食補(bǔ)充建議。維生素相關(guān)的營養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充劑多用于臨床輔助營養(yǎng)治療,而具體的干預(yù)劑量差異極大,難以形成統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。維生素補(bǔ)充是否會(huì)影響到HIV感染/艾滋病患者的疾病狀態(tài)以及是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生其他副作用,目前對(duì)于這些問題尚沒有統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論。此次研究的目的在于通過分析HIV感染/艾滋病患者膳食干預(yù)及維生素補(bǔ)充劑干預(yù)等研究的結(jié)果,了解維生素與HIV感染/艾滋病的關(guān)系,對(duì)HIV感染/艾滋病患者維生素補(bǔ)充的健康收益或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)做出權(quán)衡,旨在改善HIV感染/艾滋病患者營養(yǎng)狀況,為HIV感染/艾滋病患者膳食營養(yǎng)指南的制定提供證據(jù)支持。

1 方法

通過查閱文獻(xiàn),檢索自萬方、中國知網(wǎng)、維普等數(shù)據(jù)庫1997—2020年期間國內(nèi)公開發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase等數(shù)據(jù)庫2002—2020年公開發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),形成證據(jù)體(參考WHO的證據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)方案和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)),進(jìn)行證據(jù)體評(píng)價(jià),分析總結(jié)維生素在HIV感染/艾滋病營養(yǎng)干預(yù)中的作用,給出補(bǔ)充推薦意見。本研究共檢索到維生素與HIV感染/艾滋病文獻(xiàn)3 246篇,其中中文文獻(xiàn)148篇、英文文獻(xiàn)3 098篇。排除與本次研究主題無關(guān)的文章,研究類型模糊或研究方案表述不清的文章,最后共有41篇文獻(xiàn)(其中中文0篇、英文41篇)納入本次評(píng)價(jià)。對(duì)維生素與HIV感染/艾滋病的關(guān)系,分別從HIV感染/艾滋病維生素營養(yǎng)狀況、維生素對(duì)HIV感染/艾滋病傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、疾病進(jìn)展的關(guān)系、健康狀況的影響、維生素補(bǔ)充建議方面分析。

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 HIV感染/艾滋病患者的維生素營養(yǎng)狀況

HIV感染/艾滋病患者維生素不足及缺乏的情況普遍存在,其中維生素A不足及缺乏的發(fā)生率從12.5%~59%不等[1-6]、維生素D缺乏的發(fā)生率為21.1%~70.3%[7-10],而且艾滋病的相關(guān)治療尤其是基于依非韋倫的抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄治療會(huì)引起HIV感染/艾滋病患者維生素D的缺乏[11-14]。HIV感染體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激水平升高[15],抗氧化維生素C和E 的消耗增加,有研究結(jié)果顯示,HIV陽性的兒童血清維生素C的水平下降[16],HIV感染/艾滋病患者容易出現(xiàn)維生素E的缺乏[3,6,16]。

2.2 維生素與HIV感染/艾滋病患者死亡及患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系

維生素A證據(jù)體納入文獻(xiàn)5篇,3篇文獻(xiàn)顯示,維生素A補(bǔ)充會(huì)降低HIV暴露兒童的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及腹瀉風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17-19]。2015年一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)綜述[17](南非、坦桑尼亞、津巴布韋、烏干達(dá))包含17項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究(RCT)和6項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究,樣本量為5 517,每3個(gè)月給予200 000國際單位(IU)維生素A或視黃醇當(dāng)量后,隨訪15~36個(gè)月時(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)組人群的全死因死亡率降低46%,RR=0.54(95%CI:0.30~0.98)。復(fù)合維生素補(bǔ)充主要為多種B族維生素與維生素A、維生素D、維生素E中的一種或多種以不同劑量配伍組成,同時(shí)可能聯(lián)合配伍多種礦物質(zhì)。復(fù)合維生素的證據(jù)體共納入5篇文獻(xiàn),研究均未發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)合維生素的補(bǔ)充與HIV感染及暴露人群的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。證據(jù)分析結(jié)果顯示,HIV感染的孕婦補(bǔ)充維生素A或者HIV暴露兒童補(bǔ)充維生素A,均可能會(huì)降低HIV暴露兒童的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或腹瀉發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)為C)。復(fù)合維生素的補(bǔ)充并不會(huì)影響HIV感染/艾滋病患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)為B)(表1)。

2.3 維生素與HIV傳染性的關(guān)系

維生素A與HIV垂直傳播關(guān)系證據(jù)體共納入了5篇文獻(xiàn),結(jié)果不一致。有3篇文獻(xiàn)[25-27]顯示,HIV感染的孕婦補(bǔ)充維生素A可能會(huì)增加HIV垂直傳播的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2002、2005、2010年的3項(xiàng)RCT(坦桑尼亞)研究結(jié)果顯示,懷孕12~27周的HIV陽性的孕婦每日口服100 000 IUβ-胡蘿卜素和5 000 IU維生素A前體直到分娩,嬰兒HIV的感染率也較高(33% VS 25%,P=0.01[26]);發(fā)生母嬰傳播的危險(xiǎn)度比RR=1.38[(95%CI:1.09~1.76),P=0.009[28]]。復(fù)合維生素證據(jù)體共納入5篇文獻(xiàn),只有1篇RCT研究提示,復(fù)合維生素可能增加傳染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[28]。證據(jù)分析結(jié)果顯示,HIV感染的孕婦補(bǔ)充維生素A可能會(huì)增加HIV垂直傳播的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)為C)同時(shí)要權(quán)衡其對(duì)垂直傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響;復(fù)合維生素的補(bǔ)充可能不會(huì)影響HIV 的傳染性,推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)為C)(表2)。

2.4 維生素與HIV疾病進(jìn)展關(guān)系

維生素A證據(jù)體共納入4文獻(xiàn),其中3篇文獻(xiàn)并未發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV感染者維生素A的補(bǔ)充與HIV疾病進(jìn)展的關(guān)系[22,32-33]。有研究提示,維生素A缺乏可能是疾病進(jìn)展的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素[34]。維生素D證據(jù)體共納入4篇文獻(xiàn),研究提示,低血清25(OH)D水平是HIV疾病進(jìn)展以及抗病毒失敗的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[35]。復(fù)合維生素的證據(jù)體共納入5篇文獻(xiàn)。Fawzi W[32, 36]研究結(jié)果顯示,懷孕12~27周的HIV感染孕婦每天補(bǔ)充20 mg維生素B1、20 mg 維生素B2、100 mg煙酸、25 mg 維生素B6、0.8 mg葉酸、50μg 維生素B12、500 mg維生素 C、30 mg 維生素E后疾病進(jìn)展到第3及更高階段的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低[RR=0.72(95%CI:0.58~0.90),P=0.003];疾病進(jìn)展到第4階段或出現(xiàn)死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低[RR=0.71(95%CI:0.51~0.98,P=0.04)]。證據(jù)分析結(jié)果顯示,維生素A的補(bǔ)充不會(huì)影響HIV的疾病進(jìn)展,推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)為B級(jí)),維生素D和復(fù)合維生素補(bǔ)充可能會(huì)延緩HIV感染/艾滋病患者的疾病進(jìn)展,推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)均為C)(表3)。

2.5 維生素對(duì)HIV感染/艾滋病患者健康狀況的影響

研究顯示,維生素A補(bǔ)充可能會(huì)為HIV感染/艾滋病患者及HIV暴露人群帶來健康收益,包括提高嬰兒的出生體重[30]、身長[43]、降低HIV暴露兒童貧血的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[44],所以推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)為B)。維生素D對(duì)HIV感染/艾滋病患者骨骼系統(tǒng)影響的證據(jù)體共納入4篇文獻(xiàn)。維生素D的補(bǔ)充有利于維持HIV感染/艾滋病患者的骨密度,有利于骨的形成[45-46],降低髖骨骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[47]。此外,維生素D缺乏是結(jié)核病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[48],與重度肝纖維化相關(guān)[49]。維生素的補(bǔ)充可能降低冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[50],推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)為B)。復(fù)合維生素與HIV暴露兒童的腹瀉風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系證據(jù)體共納入9篇文獻(xiàn)。多項(xiàng)研究表明,懷孕12~17周的HIV感染每天口服20 mg維生素B1、20 mg維生素B2、25 mg維生素B6、100 mg煙酸、50μg維生素B12、5 500 mg維生素C、30 mg維生素E、0.8 mg葉酸,對(duì)母嬰健康收益大,包括提高血紅蛋白濃度[51-52]、體重[26],降低低出生體重風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[31]、腹瀉發(fā)生率[20]等,推薦補(bǔ)充(推薦等級(jí)B)(表4)。

3 結(jié)論

HIV感染/艾滋病患者易出現(xiàn)維生素不足或缺乏的情況;維生素補(bǔ)充能夠改善HIV感染/艾滋病患者的營養(yǎng)狀況;其中維生素A的補(bǔ)充可能降低HIV感染/艾滋病患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、延緩疾病進(jìn)展[53]以及帶來額外的健康收益,但會(huì)增加HIV垂直傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn);煙酸補(bǔ)充可以改善HIV感染/艾滋病患者的血脂水平[54-56];補(bǔ)充維生素C、維生素E可以降低HIV感染/艾滋病患者的氧化應(yīng)激水平[57-58];補(bǔ)充維生素D可改善HIV感染/艾滋病患者的骨骼健康,降低冠心病、結(jié)核以及肝纖維化的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn);復(fù)合維生素補(bǔ)充(包括礦物質(zhì))可能延緩HIV感染/艾滋病患者的疾病進(jìn)展以及帶來額外的健康收益。

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Role of Vitamins in Nutritional Intervention in HIV Infection / AIDS Patients

HUANG Yue1,2,ZHU Yi-min2,LIU Tan2,ZHU Wen-li2

(1Sixth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the PLA,Beijing 100048,China;2Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene,School of Public Health ,Peking University ,Beijing 100191,China)

Abstract:Objective To know the role of vitamins in the nutritional intervention in HIV infection / AIDS patients.Method This study has reviewed relevant documents at home (Wan Fang database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Weip database, 1997—2020) and abroad (Cochrane library, PubMed, Embase, 2002—2020) , a total of 41 academic papers for evidence (refer to the evidence evaluation plan and standards recommended by WHO). Result HIV-infected / AIDS patients have prone to one or more cases of vitamins or lack of lack.Vitamin supplements can improve the nutritional status of HIV-infected / AIDS patients.Vitamin A supplements may reduce the risk of death of HIV-infected / AIDS patients and delay the progress of the disease for bringing additional health benefits, but they will increase HIV vertical propagation risk. Niacin supplement can improve blood lipid levels in HIV-infected / AIDS patients.Supplement vitamin C, E can reduce HIV-infected / AIDS patients with oxidative stress level .Supplemental vitamin D can improve the risk of bone health of HIV / AIDS patients, reduce coronary heart disease, tuberculosis, and liver fibrosis. Conclusion Compound vitamin supplements (including minerals) may delay the progress of HIV-infected / AIDS patients and bring additional Healthy benefits.

Keywords:HIV;AIDS; vitamin; nutrient supplement

作者簡介: 黃 月(1992—),女,在讀碩士研究生,臨床營養(yǎng)師,研究方向:婦幼營養(yǎng)。

通信作者: 朱文麗(1973—),女,博士,教授,研究方向:婦幼營養(yǎng)、兒童營養(yǎng)。

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