賴秀珍
摘 要:在當(dāng)前的小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)中,大部分教師比較注重學(xué)生語言知識和語言技能的提高,而忽略了思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。為此,為了提高小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)質(zhì)量,文章針對學(xué)生在小學(xué)英語課堂中思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)提出了相應(yīng)的改進對策,教師可嘗試在教學(xué)中運用以圖導(dǎo)學(xué)、以圖設(shè)境、以圖續(xù)文等教學(xué)活動,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。
關(guān)鍵詞:插圖;思維品質(zhì);思維能力
思維品質(zhì)是有智慧的思維活動方式,其涵蓋了思維邏輯力、思維創(chuàng)造力等多個方面,是學(xué)生智力發(fā)展的突破口。《義務(wù)教育英語課程標準(2011年版)》(以下簡稱《課標》)中亦明確指出合理開發(fā)利用英語課程資源,是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的重要途徑。PEP教材里的內(nèi)容源于學(xué)生生活,以學(xué)生所熟悉的情景插圖切入教學(xué),能更好地引導(dǎo)他們拓寬視野和思路,從而激活思維能力。
一、以圖導(dǎo)學(xué),激活學(xué)生思維
插圖給人直觀的視覺效果,能靈活地導(dǎo)入教學(xué)內(nèi)容,有助于學(xué)生更好地理解教材內(nèi)容,學(xué)生在理解插圖的過程可以充分激活他們的思維。
(一)揣摩圖片預(yù)測內(nèi)容,激發(fā)思維樂趣
在五、六年級的教材中,有些課文的篇幅較長,新單詞含量大,如果立刻讓學(xué)生進行閱讀,他們會覺得難以理解,以致興味索然。為吸引他們的興趣,筆者適當(dāng)運用課文中的插圖設(shè)計多元的問題或活動,讓學(xué)生在揣摩圖片中探尋想象與思考的樂趣。比如執(zhí)教PEP Book Unit 4 Then and now. Read and write: What a dream! 時,教師可在閱讀前引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)文本初印象進行預(yù)測和構(gòu)想,并提出問題:
T: Look at the pictures. What can you see? Who are they? What did they do?
S1: I can see Wu Yifan, his father and his dog. I see a cheater, too.
S2: Wu Yifan ran and fell down.
S3: At first, Wu Yifan ran with a cheater. Then he ran with his father and the dog. At last he fell down.
T: From the picture, we know Wu Yifan ran faster than the cheater. How could he run so fast?
S4: Maybe he drank some magic water.
S5: From picture 1, I think this is a dream. We can do super things in the dream.
T: Why did Wu Yifan want to run so fast? How do you know that?
教師以圖片為藍本,逐層深入設(shè)置帶有挑戰(zhàn)性又不乏趣味性的問題。學(xué)生在讀圖的過程聯(lián)想當(dāng)時的語境,通過觀察、預(yù)測、聯(lián)想和揣摩之后積極作答,不同的答案使學(xué)生互相得到啟發(fā),形成良好的氛圍。在這個教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)中,教師培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生讀圖、猜測等閱讀技能,激發(fā)了學(xué)生的思維樂趣。
(二)觀察圖片感知主題,啟發(fā)聯(lián)想性思維
聯(lián)想性思維是人腦由于某種誘因,對不同事物自發(fā)形成聯(lián)系的一種思維活動。PEP教材中每個單元的main scene主題情境圖能呈現(xiàn)整個單元的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,讓學(xué)生帶著任務(wù)認真觀察main scene的插圖以激起學(xué)生對語言知識的疑問,學(xué)生在此過程中感知本單元學(xué)習(xí)的主題,啟發(fā)學(xué)生的聯(lián)想性思維。筆者在教授PEP Book 5 Unit 6 In a nature park Part A. Lets talk時,先呈現(xiàn)主題情境圖,并提出問題:
T: Who are they? Where are they? Whats in the picture?
S1: They are Miss White and the student. They are in a park.
S2: I see a map. The park is so big. There are many trees and flowers in the picture.
T: Do you like this park?
Ss: Yes, of course.
T: Why do you like this park?
S3: Because the water in the river is clean. There are many fish in the river.
S4: Because I can play on the grass ...
在教師“圖片+語言”的引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生積極思考激活已有知識,他們就圖片展開討論得出各種答案,啟發(fā)了聯(lián)想思維。
二、以圖設(shè)境,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思維
《課標》中還提出,要讓學(xué)生在相應(yīng)的合適語境中接觸、感受并理解真實語言。PEP教材里的插圖大多形象直觀,教師適當(dāng)?shù)剡\用課文中的插圖設(shè)置貼近他們生活的情境,激活他們的背景知識,可以使學(xué)生盡快進入學(xué)習(xí)語言的好狀態(tài)中。
比如,PEP Book 5 Unit 3 What would you like? A. Lets learn一課的內(nèi)容是關(guān)于ice cream等幾個食物單詞的教學(xué),在師生在進行簡單的free talk后,教師借助課文的主題情境圖,一邊觀察一邊回答提問:
T: Look at the picture. Who are they?
S1: They are Mike and his classmates.
T: Where are they?
S2: They are in the canteen.
T: Why do they take turns in the canteen?
S3: Because they want to order the food.
T: If youre Sarah, what will you say to the waiter?
S4: I want to eat some ...
S5: Id like some ...
教師通過這個單元主題情境圖創(chuàng)設(shè)canteen的情境,并拋出問題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考,對話題展開預(yù)熱,然后以飯?zhí)命c餐作為背景環(huán)境,引出操練語句:What would you like to eat? Id like ...。用情境帶動學(xué)生思維發(fā)展,使他們的后續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)更得心應(yīng)手。
三、以圖續(xù)文,拓展學(xué)生思維
拓展環(huán)節(jié)是小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)中常見的教學(xué)活動,教師可以針對文本及授課對象的特點設(shè)計多樣化的擴展活動,讓學(xué)生聯(lián)系已學(xué)知識,開展綜合性語言輸出實踐,內(nèi)容大多是結(jié)合教材插圖延續(xù)文本,設(shè)置交流、轉(zhuǎn)述和創(chuàng)編等教學(xué)活動,鼓勵學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象,拓展思維。
(一)看圖交流,促發(fā)聚合性思維
聚合性思維是整合并分析相關(guān)信息,再而得出正確答案或者有效解決方案的過程。在小學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)中,教師要善于用插圖設(shè)置開放性問題,學(xué)生結(jié)合圖片帶著思考和同組成員或私下找同伴進行交流,討論后形成一致的見解。PEP Book 5 Unit 5 There is a big bed. B. Read and write講的是Mr.Jones搬到了一間舊房子,但是房子很臟亂,請Robin幫忙搞清潔、整理房間。對此,教師在教學(xué)完文本后,提出問題:
T: Do you like this room? Why? What kind of room do you like? What should we do in our room?
S1: I like this room. Because its near the park. I can go to the park everyday.
S2: I dont like this room. Because its too dirty.
S3: Me too. We should keep it clean.
S4: I dont like this room. Maybe its far from the school.
S5: I like this room. Because there are many trees near it. The air is fresh.
...
教師讓學(xué)生在理解文本的基礎(chǔ)上開展基于問題式的小組討論。各組員互動交流、分享和修正自己的觀點,并把自己覺得房間物品該如何擺設(shè)的說出來、寫下來。在這個教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)中,學(xué)生的思維得到碰撞,就是促發(fā)聚合性思維的過程。
(二)看圖轉(zhuǎn)述,推進再造性思維
再造性思維亦稱“常規(guī)性思維”,指人們將已有的知識儲備進行遷移,按照新思路去處理和解決問題的過程。轉(zhuǎn)述語篇是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生再造性思維的方法之一,而插圖可以幫助學(xué)生進行轉(zhuǎn)述課文,降低難度,運用本課所學(xué)知識重構(gòu)文本。如在PEP Book 8 Unit 4 Read and write中,筆者根據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容設(shè)置了如下任務(wù),讓學(xué)生根據(jù)提示進行文本重構(gòu)。具體操作如下:
T: Now, suppose you are Wu Yifan. Lets try to retell his dream.First, try to tell the story to your partner. You can use the following words and sentence for help.
學(xué)生仔細觀察圖畫,借助文本提示,再次回顧文本轉(zhuǎn)述故事,并且要注意根據(jù)人物心情的變化而運用不同的語調(diào)。這種文本重構(gòu)能讓學(xué)生把對故事的理解具象化,在外顯中有效提高學(xué)生的再造性思維。
(三)看圖創(chuàng)編,培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造性思維
學(xué)生在進行語言輸入之后,通過記憶、分析、綜合、思辨和創(chuàng)新,將所學(xué)的語言內(nèi)化成自己的知識,才可習(xí)得語言,這是思維的創(chuàng)造性。教師應(yīng)根據(jù)教學(xué)實際,妥善使用教材插圖設(shè)計拓展活動,開拓學(xué)生的思維能力。因此,筆者會針對性收集各種相關(guān)的學(xué)生感興趣的話題情境,并根據(jù)學(xué)生的語言水平結(jié)合教學(xué)話題開展拓展訓(xùn)練。如PEP Book 5 Unit 6 In a nature park Part B. Lets talk一課,筆者在完成課文對話教學(xué)后,呈現(xiàn)主題情境圖。
T: Boys and girls, Miss White and the students are in the big nature park. The kids want to know some other things about the nature park. Please make new dialogues according to the picture with your partners in your group. And then show to us.
學(xué)生在小組操練完后,對全班進行展示,如:
S1: Children. Look, this nature park is so big.
S2: Is there any lake in this park?
S1: Yes, there is a big lake near the mountain. And there are many fish in the lake.
S3: Are there any monkeys in the mountain?
S1: No, there arent. But there are many birds here. They often sing in the trees.
S4: Are there any houses in this park?
S1: Yes, there are some small houses. Some farmers live in the houses.
There is a small farm near the houses.
S2: Are there any vegetables on the farm?
S1: Yes, there are some tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots. And there are some lemon trees, too.
學(xué)生在創(chuàng)編對話的過程中,不斷地重組已有信息,并結(jié)合知識經(jīng)驗構(gòu)建對話內(nèi)容,整個揉碎重組的過程,是學(xué)生語言能力和創(chuàng)造性思維提升的最好體現(xiàn)。
四、結(jié)束語
在英語課堂教學(xué)中,教師研讀教材、挖掘資源,為指向思維品質(zhì)的英語課堂出謀劃策,其方法包括運用教材插圖創(chuàng)設(shè)情境、文本延續(xù)等等,幫助學(xué)生更好地理解非母語語言,加深對文本的理解和認知,促進對語言的運用和吸收,在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維能力的同時,也提升了綜合語言運用能力。
■參考文獻
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