姜愛雯 杜佩珊 王淑珍 石金錚 劉云寧 李方江
[摘要] 目的 通過建立高脂血癥大鼠模型考察阿昔莫司聯(lián)合氯吡格雷對高血脂大鼠血脂及頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的改善作用。 方法 從45只大鼠中選取10只大鼠作為正常組給予普通飼料喂養(yǎng),剩余35只大鼠給予高脂飼料造模,連續(xù)造模4周,隨機(jī)選取其中5只以總膽固醇(TC)水平升高且與正常組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義來判斷造模成功與否。將剩余30只造模成功大鼠隨機(jī)分成模型組、阿昔莫司組(32 mg/kg)、聯(lián)合組(阿昔莫司32 mg/kg+氯吡格雷10 mg/kg),每組10只。檢測大鼠體重、血脂指標(biāo)、血液血流變相關(guān)參數(shù)及血清炎性因子水平,小動(dòng)物超聲儀檢測大鼠頸動(dòng)脈血管內(nèi)膜厚度(IMT)和頸動(dòng)脈血管中膜厚度(MT)。 結(jié)果 阿昔莫司組血脂中三酰甘油(TG)、TC、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)水平低于模型組而高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)水平高于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05);兩組體重比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。聯(lián)合組血脂中TG、TC、LDL-C水平明顯低于模型組,同時(shí)TC、LDL-C水平低于阿昔莫司組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。阿昔莫司組全血黏度、血漿黏度和紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)明顯低于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。聯(lián)合組全血黏度、血漿黏度和紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)明顯低于模型組且全血黏度指標(biāo)(切變率5和1)、血漿黏度及紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)低于阿昔莫司組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。阿昔莫司組血清中腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)水平低于模型組而IL-10水平高于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。聯(lián)合組血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平低于模型組及阿昔莫司組,IL-10水平高于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。模型組、阿昔莫司組及聯(lián)合組IMT、MT均高于正常組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。阿昔莫司組IMT、MT低于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05);聯(lián)合組MT明顯低于模型組及阿昔莫司組,IMT低于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 阿昔莫司有效改善高脂飲食導(dǎo)致的大鼠血脂升高及頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,合用氯吡格雷保護(hù)作用更加顯著。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 阿昔莫司;氯吡格雷;高血脂;頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化
[中圖分類號(hào)] R743? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)06(c)-0019-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of the improvement of serum lipids and carotid atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia rats by Acipimox combined with Clopidogrel in a hyperlipidemia rat model. Methods Ten rats from 45 rats were given normal feed as the normal group. The remaining 35 rats were given high-fat feed to model for 4 consecutive weeks, and 5 of them were randomly selected to judge whether the model was successful or not with increased total cholesterol (TC) level and statistically significant difference compared with the normal group. After successful modeling, the remaining 30 rats were randomly divided into the model group, the Acipimox group (32 mg/kg), and the combined group (32 mg/kg Acipimox + 10 mg/kg Clopidogrel ), with 10 rats in each group. The body weight, blood lipid index, hemorheology relevant parameters and serum inflammatory factors of the rats were measured. The carotid artery intimal thickness (IMT) and carotid artery? media? thickness (MT) were measured by small animal ultrasound. Results The levels of triglyceride (TG), TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood lipid of the Acipimox group were lower than those of the model group, while the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were higher than those of the model group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in body weight between the two groups (P > 0.05). The levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C in serum lipids in the combined group were significantly lower than those in the model group, while the levels of TC and LDL-C in the combined group were lower than those in the Acipimox group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). The whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation index in Acipimox group were significantly lower than those in model group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation index in the combined group were significantly lower than those in the model group, and the whole blood viscosity index (shear rate 5 and 1), plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation index in the combined group were significantly lower than those in the Acipimox group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the Acipimox group were lower than those in the model group, while IL-10 were higher than those in the model group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the combined group were lower than those in the model group and the Acipimox group, and the level of IL-10 in the combined group was higher than that in the model group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). IMT and MT in the model group, the Acipimox group and the combined group were all higher than those in the normal group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). IMT and MT in Acipimox group were lower than that in model group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). MT in the combined group was significantly lower than that in the model group and the Acipimox group, and IMT was significantly lower than that in the model group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Acipimox can effectively improve the hyperlipidemia and carotid atherosclerosis in rats induced by high-fat diet, and the protective effect is more significant when combined with Clopidogrel.
[Key words] Acipimox; Clopidogrel; Hyperlipidemia; Carotid atherosclerosis
隨著我國社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展,人民生活水平的不斷提高,生活節(jié)奏的不斷加速,伴隨而來的是飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,富含高脂食物的攝入量逐步增加,引發(fā)的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾?。╝rteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)成為了威脅人類健康的主要疾病[1]。心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病率和死亡率呈逐年上升的趨勢,其中以動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化為病理基礎(chǔ)的冠心病和缺血性腦卒中占主要部分[2-3]。
高脂飲食導(dǎo)致機(jī)體血脂明顯高于正常狀態(tài),主要體現(xiàn)在機(jī)體總膽固醇(TC)和/或三酰甘油(TG)過高,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)過低等,而脂代謝的紊亂可以導(dǎo)致機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,機(jī)體過多的活性氧(ROS)無法被抗氧化酶消除,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體中的低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoproteins,LDL)在動(dòng)脈壁被ROS氧化修飾形成氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low densitylipoprotein,ox-LDL)[4-5]。ox-LDL是導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮損傷的重要因素。ox-LDL可增加內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞對LDL的通透性,引起胞漿發(fā)生空泡變性,漿膜皺縮,并導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)生并最終壞死[6]。血管內(nèi)皮損傷的發(fā)生是誘發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)鍵因素之一,此外血小板的凝聚也是誘發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)鍵因素之一,其中頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化又是腦卒中的主要因素[7-8]。因此有效的降低血脂水平,改善血小板凝聚是治療高脂血癥誘發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)鍵。阿昔莫司屬于煙酸類新型血脂調(diào)節(jié)藥物,可以顯著降低機(jī)體血脂水平[9]。氯吡格雷屬于血小板聚集抑制劑,臨床中主要用于介入手術(shù)后的動(dòng)脈硬化的治療及預(yù)防,有研究顯示氯吡格雷與他汀類合用可以顯著改善機(jī)體血脂及動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[10-11],但是氯吡格雷與阿昔莫司合用后對高脂血癥大鼠血脂及動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的保護(hù)作用還有待探究。因此本研究采用高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)的大鼠,考察阿昔莫司及其與氯吡格雷合用對高脂血癥大鼠血脂及動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的改善作用。
1 資料與方法
1.1 資料
阿昔莫司(魯南貝特制藥有限公司,20160812);氯吡格雷(賽諾菲制藥公司,20161011);高脂飼料(南通特洛菲生物科技有限公司,TP26001,其中每公斤含:酪蛋白195 g、淀粉150 g、蔗糖342 g、脂肪210 g、膽固醇1.5 g、纖維素50 g,20170106)。SPF級(jí)雄性SD大鼠,體重180~220 g,45只,購自北京華阜康生物科技有限公司,飼養(yǎng)于溫度18~26℃,相對濕度40%~70%,SPF級(jí)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SCXK(京)2014-0008,實(shí)驗(yàn)通過河北北方學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批(批件編號(hào):201801-23號(hào))。
1.2 試劑
TC(南京建成科技有限公司,批號(hào):20170316);TG測定試劑盒(南京建成科技有限公,批號(hào):20170403);TC測定試劑盒(南京建成科技有限公司,批號(hào):20170 327);低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)測定試劑盒(南京建成科技有限公司,批號(hào):20170412);高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)測定試劑盒(南京建成科技有限公司,批號(hào):20170611)。腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6、IL-10酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)試劑盒(碧云天生物技術(shù)公司,批號(hào):PT512、PI328,PI525)。
1.3 儀器
賽多利斯分析天平(法國賽多利斯公司,CPA225D,精度0.001 g);全自動(dòng)酶標(biāo)儀(瑞士Tecan公司,InfiniteMPr200型);全自動(dòng)血流變分析儀(德國美創(chuàng),Coatron 1800)。
1.4 動(dòng)物模型建立及分組
45只大鼠適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后,選取10只大鼠作為正常組給予普通飼料喂養(yǎng),剩余35只大鼠給予高脂飼料造模,連續(xù)造模4周,隨機(jī)選取其中5只大鼠以TC水平升高且與正常組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義來判斷造模成功與否。將剩余30只造模成功大鼠隨機(jī)分成3組,每組10只。模型組、阿昔莫司組(32 mg/kg)、聯(lián)合組(阿昔莫司32 mg/kg+氯吡格雷10 mg/kg)。各給藥組按相應(yīng)劑量灌胃給藥,1次/d,連續(xù)灌胃4周,正常組和模型組給予體積相同的生理鹽水。正常組繼續(xù)給予普通飼料,其余各組均繼續(xù)給予高脂飼料。
1.5 血清中血脂、炎性因子及血液流變學(xué)測定
采用酶聯(lián)免疫法檢測TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、TG、TNF-α、IL-6指標(biāo),實(shí)驗(yàn)方法參照試劑盒說明書。采用全自動(dòng)生化分析檢測血液流變學(xué)指標(biāo)。
1.6 大鼠頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢測
將大鼠仰臥位固定于平板上,采用SD-1700彩色超聲儀測量頸動(dòng)脈血管內(nèi)膜(IMT)、頸動(dòng)脈血管中膜(MT)。頸部側(cè)伸45°,取頸動(dòng)脈長軸切面測量頸總動(dòng)脈、頸內(nèi)和頸外動(dòng)脈起始端管腔內(nèi)膜交界面到內(nèi)膜與外膜交界處之間的垂直距離,位置為雙側(cè)頸總動(dòng)脈、頸動(dòng)脈分叉處,連續(xù)測量3個(gè)心動(dòng)周期,取其平均值為IMT、MT。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 阿昔莫司聯(lián)合氯吡格雷對大鼠血脂水平及體重的影響
模型組大鼠體重及TG、TC、LDL-C水平明顯高于正常組,但HDL-C水平明顯低于正常組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。阿昔莫司組TG、TC、LDL-C水平低于模型組而HDL-C水平高于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05),兩組體重比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。聯(lián)合組血脂中TG、TC、LDL-C水平明顯低于模型組,同時(shí)TC、LDL-C水平低于阿昔莫司組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 阿昔莫司聯(lián)合氯吡格雷對高脂血癥大鼠血液流變學(xué)的影響
造模8周后,模型組全血黏度、血漿黏度和紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)明顯高于正常組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。阿昔莫司組全血黏度、血漿黏度和紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)明顯低于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。聯(lián)合組全血黏度、血漿黏度和紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)明顯低于模型組且全血黏度指標(biāo)(切變率5和1)、血漿黏度及紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)低于阿昔莫司組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 阿昔莫司聯(lián)合氯吡格雷對高脂血癥大鼠血清炎性因子水平的影響
高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)8周后,模型組血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平高于正常組,而IL-10水平低于正常組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。阿昔莫司組血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平低于模型組,而IL-10水平高于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。聯(lián)合組血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平低于模型組及阿昔莫司組,IL-10水平高于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 阿昔莫司聯(lián)合氯吡格雷對大鼠頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢測結(jié)果的影響
模型組、阿昔莫司組及聯(lián)合組大鼠IMT、MT高于正常組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。阿昔莫司組大鼠IMT、MT低于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05);聯(lián)合組大鼠MT明顯低于模型組及阿昔莫司組,IMT低于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
高脂血癥是誘發(fā)心血管疾病的重要因素之一,高血脂可以導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮損傷的發(fā)生,繼而影響心血管功能導(dǎo)致心血管疾病的發(fā)生[12-15]。血清TG、TC是評價(jià)機(jī)體血脂水平的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,大鼠給予阿昔莫司后可以顯著改善高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)導(dǎo)致的大鼠TC、TG水平升高,當(dāng)聯(lián)合氯吡格雷給藥后,大鼠血脂水平與模型組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且TG水平與阿昔莫司組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。血清TC與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、冠心病、腦卒中等心腦血管疾病關(guān)系密切,而機(jī)體中的脂蛋白分為LDL及HDL,其中LDL和TC結(jié)合而成的LDL-C,是導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈硬化的關(guān)鍵因素,而HDL和TC結(jié)合形成HDL-C,可將TC從組織轉(zhuǎn)移到肝臟中去,具有防治動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的作用[17-18]。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示阿昔莫司可以降低血脂LDL-C水平,同時(shí)升高HDL-C水平,具有顯著的保護(hù)作用,而聯(lián)合氯吡格雷后,相較于單一給予阿昔莫司可以進(jìn)一步降低機(jī)體LDL-C水平。
血脂水平與血液流變學(xué)具有一定相關(guān)性[19-20],血液流變學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測顯示阿昔莫司可以顯著改善高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)導(dǎo)致的小鼠血液流變學(xué)指標(biāo)變化,明顯降低全血黏度、血漿黏度和紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù),同時(shí)合用氯吡格雷后大鼠全血黏度指標(biāo)(切變率5和1)、血漿黏度及紅細(xì)胞聚集指數(shù)較單一應(yīng)用阿昔莫司有顯著性差異。高血脂可以導(dǎo)致血管中炎性因子的釋放[21-22],本研究顯示給予阿昔莫司后,大鼠血清炎性因子水平顯著降低,同時(shí)阿昔莫司與氯吡格雷聯(lián)合使用后,可以進(jìn)一步降低TNF-α、IL-6水平。通過超聲檢測表明阿昔莫司發(fā)揮顯著改善頸動(dòng)脈損傷的作用,可以明顯降低IMT、MT,合并氯吡格雷后可以進(jìn)一步降低大鼠MT。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,阿昔莫司具有顯著改善大鼠血脂,及改善大鼠頸動(dòng)脈損傷的作用,而合并氯吡格雷后可以進(jìn)一步提高其保護(hù)作用。氯吡格雷為血小板聚集抑制劑,對血脂沒有顯著的臨床改善作用。目前美國及歐洲心血管疾病的診療指南中已將該藥物用于急性冠心病患者的治療用藥,與他汀類合用用于患者血脂的調(diào)節(jié),但是目前該藥物與他汀類合用的作用機(jī)制尚不清楚,本研究結(jié)果提示其與阿昔莫司聯(lián)合使用也顯著升高阿昔莫司對血脂的調(diào)節(jié)作用,但兩藥合用改善大鼠頸動(dòng)脈損傷的分子機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步探究。
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