梁永豪 鄺志聰 羅立典
【摘要】 目的:比較經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡(PTED)椎間盤突出髓核摘除術(shù)與常規(guī)術(shù)式后路椎板開窗減壓髓核摘除術(shù)(FD)治療腰椎間盤突出癥的效果。方法:選擇2015年1月-2018年7月因L4~5節(jié)段或L5~S1節(jié)段腰椎間盤突出入本院進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療的86例患者,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式不同將其分為FD組(后路椎板開窗減壓髓核摘除術(shù))和PTED組(經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡椎間盤突出髓核摘除術(shù)),每組43例。比較兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、療效,采用視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS)評(píng)估治療前后患者疼痛程度,采用Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(ODI)評(píng)估患者腰椎功能障礙情況,采用JOA評(píng)分評(píng)估治療前后運(yùn)動(dòng)功能。
結(jié)果:兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);PTED組的切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均顯著短于FD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。PTED組的優(yōu)良率為86.05%,F(xiàn)D組的優(yōu)良率為81.40%,兩組優(yōu)良率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組術(shù)后24 h、1周、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月的VAS評(píng)分均低于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,PTED組VAS評(píng)分低于FD組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h、術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后3個(gè)月VAS評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組術(shù)后3、6個(gè)月ODI評(píng)分均低于術(shù)前,JOA評(píng)分均高于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月、術(shù)后6個(gè)月ODI評(píng)分和JOA評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:PTED治療腰椎間盤突出癥的效果與FD相比無差異,但PTED手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,恢復(fù)快。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡椎間盤突出髓核摘除術(shù) 后路椎板開窗減壓髓核摘除術(shù) 腰椎間盤突出癥
Comparison of the Effects of Different Methods of Surgery on Lumbar Disc Herniation/LIANG Yonghao, KUANG Zhicong, LUO Lidian. //Medical Innovation of China, 2020, 17(11): 0-031
[Abstract] Objective: To compare the effect of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) with conventional fenestration discectomy (FD) for patients with lumbar disc herniation. Method: A total of 86 patients admitted to our hospital for surgical treatment due to L4-5 segment or L5-S1 segment from January 2015 to July 2018 were selected. According to different surgical methods, the patients were divided into FD group (fenestration discectomy) and PTED group (percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy), 43 cases in each group. The operation time, incision length, postoperative hospital stay and efficacy of the two groups were compared. Visual analogue scores (VAS) were used to assess pain levels before and after treatment, the Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI) was used to assess the patients lumbar dysfunction. JOA score was used to evaluate motor function before and after treatment. Result: The operation time of the two groups was compared, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The incision length and postoperative hospital stay in the PTED group were significantly shorter than those in the FD group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The excellent rate of PTED group was 86.05%, the excellent rate of FD group was 81.40%, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The VAS scores of 24 hours, 1 week, 3 months and 6 months after surgery in the two groups were lower than those before surgery, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). 6 months after surgery, the VAS score of PTED group was lower than that of FD group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). VAS scores of the two groups were compared before surgery, 24 h after surgery, 1 week after surgery and 3 months after surgery, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The ODI scores of the two groups at 3 months and 6 months after the surgery were lower than those before the surgery, JOA scores were higher than those before surgery, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison of ODI score and JOA score between the two groups before surgery, 3 months and 6 months after surgery, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: The effect of PTED in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation is no different from that of FD, but PTED surgery has less trauma and faster recovery.
[Key words] Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy Fenestration discectomy Lumbar disc herniation
First-authors address: Yangjiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yangjiang 529500, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2020.11.007
腰椎間盤突出癥是臨床常見的腰椎退行性病變,以腰腿疼痛、麻木、活動(dòng)受限為主要癥狀,嚴(yán)重影響患者的正常生活和工作。目前臨床治療首選臥硬板床、牽引、針灸、推拿、藥物等保守治療方式,但仍有部分患者治療效果不佳,需要接受手術(shù)治療解除對(duì)神經(jīng)根的壓迫,以減輕癥狀[1]。傳統(tǒng)的后路椎板開窗減壓髓核摘除術(shù)(FD)需要?jiǎng)冸x椎旁肌肉、韌帶等,切除部分小關(guān)節(jié)及椎板,造成的創(chuàng)傷較大,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高[2]。經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡(PTED)椎間盤突出髓核摘除術(shù)是近年來發(fā)展起來的一項(xiàng)微創(chuàng)脊柱外科技術(shù),對(duì)腰椎間盤突出癥等導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)根壓迫癥狀具有良好的緩解效果,并具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、創(chuàng)傷小、并發(fā)癥少、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等特點(diǎn)[3]。但也有研究認(rèn)為,病程較長(zhǎng)者合并嚴(yán)重的關(guān)節(jié)突增生,可增加PTED穿刺難度,限制術(shù)中減壓范圍,易發(fā)生減壓不徹底而影響療效[4]。本研究比較了PTED與FD治療腰椎間盤突出癥患者的效果,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選擇2015年1月-2018年7月因L4~5節(jié)段或L5~S1節(jié)段腰椎間盤突出入本院進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療的86例患者資料,(1)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合腰椎間盤突出癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),腰痛伴一側(cè)下肢出現(xiàn)放射性疼痛,患肢肌力減退,相應(yīng)腱反射減弱,患側(cè)直腿抬高試驗(yàn)陽性[5];②腰椎正側(cè)位X線、腰椎MRI和腰椎間盤CT確診為L(zhǎng)4~5節(jié)段或L5~S1節(jié)段單節(jié)段椎間盤突出;③經(jīng)3個(gè)月保守治療無效者。(2)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①伴有嚴(yán)重椎弓峽部裂、脊柱側(cè)凸及廣泛后韌帶或黃韌帶鈣化者;②伴有嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松或其他代謝性骨病者;③伴有感染性腰椎間盤病變者。根據(jù)手術(shù)方式不同將其分為FD組(后路椎板開窗減壓髓核摘除術(shù))和PTED組(經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡椎間盤突出髓核摘除術(shù)),每組43例?;颊呔鈪⑴c試驗(yàn)并簽署知情同意書。本研究經(jīng)本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法 (1)FD組采用后路椎板開窗減壓髓核摘除術(shù),患者行全麻,取俯臥位,C臂定位后,常規(guī)消毒、鋪巾,行腰椎后正中切口,依次切開皮膚、皮下組織,剝離椎旁肌肉、韌帶等軟組織,顯露患側(cè)椎板間隙至關(guān)節(jié)突外緣,經(jīng)填塞止血后放入椎板牽開器顯露手術(shù)野;用椎板咬骨鉗咬除患側(cè)責(zé)任椎體下關(guān)節(jié)突、椎板下緣及下一椎體上關(guān)節(jié)突內(nèi)側(cè)緣部分骨質(zhì),分離黃韌帶,顯露硬脊膜及外側(cè)的神經(jīng)根,以神經(jīng)牽開器將神經(jīng)根拉向內(nèi)側(cè),顯露突出的髓核組織,保護(hù)好脊髓及神經(jīng)根后,雙極電凝止血,用尖刀切開突出的纖維環(huán),用髓核鉗取出髓核,盡可能將椎間盤內(nèi)碎片取出,減壓充分后大量的生理鹽水沖洗,徹底止血、縫合術(shù)口。(2)PTED組采用經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡椎間盤突出髓核摘除術(shù),患者俯臥位,C臂機(jī)下確定病變椎間隙,于責(zé)任椎間盤水平線上、脊柱后正中線旁開12 cm處進(jìn)針,1%利多卡因局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉。切開皮膚5~7 mm,從切口經(jīng)側(cè)后方肌群刺入病變椎間隙的纖維環(huán)處,使穿刺針正位在同側(cè)椎間隙上關(guān)節(jié)突外側(cè)緣處,側(cè)位在椎間隙后1/4處。向椎間盤中心注射造影劑和亞甲藍(lán)混合液,進(jìn)行椎間盤造影和疼痛復(fù)制試驗(yàn)。由穿刺針置入導(dǎo)絲,沿導(dǎo)絲逐級(jí)插入套管至纖維環(huán)2 cm處。插入椎間孔鏡,觀察椎間盤髓核、纖維環(huán),退變的髓核組織被亞甲藍(lán)染色,正常組織未染色。摘除髓核、神經(jīng)根周圍藍(lán)染突出組織。沖洗、止血,留置引流管。術(shù)后患者均絕對(duì)臥床休息48 h以上,常規(guī)給予抗感染、脫水、營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)等治療。在醫(yī)生指導(dǎo)下佩戴腰圍離床活動(dòng),3個(gè)月內(nèi)避免劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。(2)比較兩組術(shù)后12個(gè)月隨訪時(shí)療效,療效評(píng)價(jià)采用改良MacNab標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為優(yōu)、良、可、差。優(yōu):癥狀完全消失,并恢復(fù)原來的工作和生活;良:輕微癥狀,活動(dòng)輕度受限,但對(duì)生活沒有影響;可:癥狀減輕,但是活動(dòng)受限,并影響正常的生活;差:治療前后無差別,甚至加重。優(yōu)良率=(優(yōu)例數(shù)+良例數(shù))/總例數(shù)×100%。(3)比較兩組手術(shù)前后VAS評(píng)分,采用疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale, VAS)評(píng)價(jià)兩組患者手術(shù)前后疼痛程度,0分:無痛,1~3分:輕度疼痛,4~6分:中度疼痛,7~10分:重度疼痛。(4)比較兩組手術(shù)前后ODI評(píng)分,采用Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(Oswestry disability index, ODI)問卷表評(píng)價(jià)患者腰椎功能障礙情況,問卷共10個(gè)問題,每題0~5分,記分方法:實(shí)際得分/50×100%,得分越高表示功能障礙越嚴(yán)重。(5)比較兩組手術(shù)前后JOA評(píng)分,采用日本骨科協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)估治療(JOA)評(píng)分中腰椎JOA評(píng)分對(duì)兩組患者治療前后運(yùn)動(dòng)功能進(jìn)行評(píng)估,包括主觀癥狀、臨床體征、日?;顒?dòng)受限及膀胱功能,總分29分,得分越高恢復(fù)越好。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 16.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 PTED組43例,男27例,女16例;年齡28~69歲,平均(37.23±7.12)歲;突出節(jié)段:L4~5節(jié)段27例,L5~S1節(jié)段16例。FD組43例,男26例,女17例;年齡27~69歲,平均(36.98±6.79)歲;突出節(jié)段:L4~5節(jié)段28例,L5~S1節(jié)段15例。兩組患者性別、年齡及手術(shù)部位比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間比較 兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);PTED組的切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均顯著短于FD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后12個(gè)月隨訪時(shí)療效比較 PTED組的優(yōu)良率為86.05%(37/43),雖高于FD組的81.40%(35/43),但兩組優(yōu)良率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=0.341,P=0.559),見表2。
2.4 兩組手術(shù)前后VAS評(píng)分比較 兩組術(shù)后24 h、
1周、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月的VAS評(píng)分均低于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,PTED組VAS評(píng)分低于FD組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h、術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后3個(gè)月VAS評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
2.5 兩組手術(shù)前后ODI評(píng)分比較 兩組術(shù)后3、
6個(gè)月ODI評(píng)分均低于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月、術(shù)后6個(gè)月ODI評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表4。
2.6 兩組手術(shù)前后JOA評(píng)分比較 兩組術(shù)后3、
6個(gè)月JOA評(píng)分均高于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月、術(shù)后6個(gè)月JOA評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表5。
3 討論
腰椎間盤突出癥是骨科常見病、多發(fā)病,是引起中老年人腰腿疼痛的主要病因之一[6]?;颊叩难甸g盤各部分,尤其是髓核發(fā)生退行性變,在外力因素作用下纖維環(huán)破裂、髓核組織突出于后方或椎管內(nèi),導(dǎo)致脊神經(jīng)根受到刺激、壓迫,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生腰腿痛、下肢麻木等臨床表現(xiàn)[7]。腰椎間盤突出癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制比較復(fù)雜,腰椎退行性變、外傷、腰骶先天性異常、遺傳等因素均可參與腰椎間盤突出癥的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展,受寒、負(fù)重、妊娠、腰姿不正等均可誘發(fā)本病[8]。目前臨床對(duì)于腰椎間盤突出癥的治療首選保守治療,大多數(shù)患者可從中獲益,但仍有部分患者保守治療無效,需要接受手術(shù)治療以解除神經(jīng)根受壓,緩解臨床癥狀[9]。傳統(tǒng)的FD手術(shù)減壓效果滿意,但術(shù)中創(chuàng)傷較大,需要廣泛剝離椎旁肌肉、韌帶等軟組織,并切除部分小關(guān)節(jié)、椎板等結(jié)構(gòu),存在著影響脊柱穩(wěn)定性的弊端[10]。
近年來隨著脊柱微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù)的發(fā)展,椎間孔鏡技術(shù)在椎間盤突出的治療中應(yīng)用越來越廣泛[11-12]。術(shù)中通過生理鹽水沖洗可提高術(shù)野清晰度,徹底摘除藍(lán)染的椎間盤組織,充分減壓神經(jīng)根[13-14]。與傳統(tǒng)的脊柱外科手術(shù)相比,經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡技術(shù)對(duì)椎旁肌、韌帶造成的創(chuàng)傷小,幾乎不影響脊柱穩(wěn)定性,同時(shí)可有效解除神經(jīng)根壓迫,起到良好的減壓效果。而其可最大化保留脊柱重要的原結(jié)構(gòu),有利于術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)[15]。但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),減壓范圍的控制是影響PTED手術(shù)效果的主要原因之一。病程較長(zhǎng)、合并嚴(yán)重關(guān)節(jié)突增生的腰椎間盤突出癥患者PTED穿刺難度大,術(shù)中減壓范圍受到一定的限制而導(dǎo)致減壓不徹底[16-18]。但鏡下過分廣泛減壓又易造成軟組織肌肉破壞、關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)[19]。因此對(duì)術(shù)者的操作技術(shù)和臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)要求較高,需要合理控制減壓范圍,同時(shí)對(duì)手術(shù)適應(yīng)證也具有一定的要求。本研究中兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);PTED組的切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均顯著短于FD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。這一結(jié)果提示,PTED和FD兩種術(shù)式治療腰椎間盤突出癥的操作難度相仿,而PTED更具微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢(shì),手術(shù)切口更小,術(shù)后恢復(fù)更快。這是由于FD手術(shù)中需要咬除相應(yīng)節(jié)段棘突、椎板等后縱韌帶復(fù)合體,對(duì)腰椎后方結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞比較嚴(yán)重,且術(shù)中過度牽拉肌肉等軟組織易導(dǎo)致肌肉壞死、萎縮、去神經(jīng)化,進(jìn)而影響術(shù)后的康復(fù)進(jìn)程。而PTED皮膚切口小,可最大限度地保護(hù)后方結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性,術(shù)后恢復(fù)更快。本研究還對(duì)兩種術(shù)式的近遠(yuǎn)期療效進(jìn)行隨訪,兩組術(shù)后24 h、1周、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月VAS評(píng)分均低于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,PTED組VAS評(píng)分低于FD組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h、術(shù)后
1周、術(shù)后3個(gè)月VAS評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組術(shù)后3、6個(gè)月ODI評(píng)分均低于術(shù)前,JOA評(píng)分均高于術(shù)前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月、術(shù)后6個(gè)月ODI評(píng)分和JOA評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。這一結(jié)果提示,采用PTED治療腰椎間盤突出癥可獲得與常規(guī)術(shù)式后路椎板開窗減壓髓核摘除術(shù)相仿的近遠(yuǎn)期治療效果,可有效緩解疼痛,減輕腰椎功能障礙程度,促進(jìn)下肢運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的恢復(fù)。
綜上所述,PTED治療腰椎間盤突出癥的效果與常規(guī)術(shù)式后路椎板開窗減壓髓核摘除術(shù)相比無差異,但PTED手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,恢復(fù)快。
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(收稿日期:2019-10-09) (本文編輯:姬思雨)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2020年11期