王麗?牟英峰?陳曦?王子鵬?馬爽?呂金峰?耿德勤
【摘要】目的 探討PHASES評(píng)分對(duì)漢族人群顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,以及聯(lián)合中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)對(duì)監(jiān)測(cè)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的價(jià)值。方法 回顧性收集顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤患者的臨床資料,按動(dòng)脈瘤是否破裂將其分為破裂組與未破裂組,計(jì)算2組患者的PHASES評(píng)分及NLR,運(yùn)用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評(píng)價(jià)PHASES評(píng)分及NLR對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,同時(shí),運(yùn)用多因素Logistic回歸分析探討其他可能影響顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果 共收集854例動(dòng)脈瘤患者的資料,其中破裂組547例(64.1%)、未破裂組307例(35.9%)。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,PHASES評(píng)分與NLR均可以預(yù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈瘤的預(yù)后(OR值分別為1.363、1.717,P均< 0.001)。ROC曲線分析表明,NLR曲線下面積(0.918)較PHASES評(píng)分(0.701)大,NLR預(yù)測(cè)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.23,靈敏度為0.828,特異度為0.893。PHASES評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.50,靈敏度為0.792,特異度為0.531。PHASES評(píng)分聯(lián)合NLR預(yù)測(cè)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的ROC曲線下面積為0.931(95% CI 0.914 ~ 0.948,P < 0.001)。結(jié)論 PHASES評(píng)分可能低估了漢族人群動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),PHASES評(píng)分聯(lián)合NLR可以更好地預(yù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈瘤的破裂。
【關(guān)鍵詞】顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤;PHASES評(píng)分;破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn);中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比值;漢族人群
PHASES score combined with NLR in the prediction of intracranial aneurysms rupture in Chinese Han population Wang Li, Mu Yingfeng, Chen Xi, Wang Zipeng, Ma Shuang, Lyu Jinfeng, Geng Deqin. Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
Corresponding author, Geng Deqin, E-mail: gengdeqin@ 126. com
【Abstract】Objective To explore the value of PHASES score in the prediction of the risk of intracranial aneurysms rupture in Chinese Han population and the overall value of the combined PHASES score and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for monitoring intracranial aneurysms rupture. Methods The archived data of patients with intracranial aneurysms admitted were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively. Briefly, patients were divided into ruptured group and un-ruptured group. The demographical and clinical characteristics in our study included age, sex, history of hypertension, diabetes, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as the size, location and shape of aneurysms. Each patient was analyzed with both PHASES score and NLR. The predictive values of PHASES score and NLR were evaluated using ROC curve. In addition, multi variate logistic regression analysis was utilized to explore other risk factors that may influence the intracranial aneurysms rupture.? Results A total of 854 patients with intracranial aneurysms was collected, including 547 patients (64.1%) in the ruptured group and 307 patients (35.9 %) in the unruptured group, respectively. According to the statistical analysis results, both PHASES score and NLR demonstrated prediction value in the rupture of aneurysms (OR were 1.363 and 1.717, both P < 0.001). Area under NLR curve (0.918) was larger than that of the PHASES score (0.701) according to the ROC curve. The optimal cut-off value of NLR to predict intracranial aneurysms rupture was 4.23, with a sensitivity of 0.828 and a specificity of 0.893. The optimal cut-off value of the PHASES score to predict intracranial aneurysms rupture was 3.50, with a sensitivity of 0.792 and a specificity of 0.531. Notably, an area under ROC curve of 0.931 (95% CI 0.914 ~ 0.948, P < 0.001) was obtained by combining the PHASES score and NLR analysis. Conclusions Our results suggested that the PHASES score underestimates the risk of aneurysms rupture in Chinese Han population. However, the combination of PHASES score with NLR is more reliable in the prediction of the rupture risk.
【Key words】Intracranial aneurysm;PHASES score;Risk of rupture;
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio;Chinese Han population
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤(IA)在成人中的發(fā)病率達(dá)3% ~ 7%,IA如同定時(shí)炸彈,隨時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)破裂導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙出血,首次破裂后的致殘率及致死率高達(dá)33%,給患者、患者家庭及社會(huì)帶來(lái)沉重的精神/經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[1-4]。因此,預(yù)測(cè)IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重大臨床意義。2014年Greving等[5]建立了PHASES評(píng)分系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)基于人口種族(P)、高血壓(H)、年齡(A)、IA大?。⊿)、蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙出血史(E)、IA位置(S)六大特征,將影響IA破裂的危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行量化相加,是綜合評(píng)估IA破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)模型。然而,IA破裂出血還受遺傳和民族差異的影響[6]。PHASES評(píng)分缺乏漢族人群的數(shù)據(jù),其主要依據(jù)西方國(guó)家及日本人群的研究,因此,PHASES評(píng)分是否適用于漢族人群尚未被證實(shí)。
炎癥反應(yīng)貫穿于IA的形成、發(fā)展和破裂過(guò)程[7]。中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)作為一種新型的穩(wěn)定有效的炎癥標(biāo)志物,可綜合反映全身免疫炎癥狀態(tài)[8]。NLR與腦梗死、腦出血關(guān)系的研究很多,與IA的相關(guān)性值得進(jìn)一步探究。本研究通過(guò)分析IA患者PHASES評(píng)分探索漢族人群動(dòng)脈瘤的特點(diǎn),同時(shí)探討PHASES評(píng)分聯(lián)合NLR對(duì)于評(píng)估漢族人群IA破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
對(duì)象與方法
一、研究對(duì)象
回顧性納入2011年1月至2017年12月由我院收治的IA患者854例,其中547例患者的IA發(fā)生破裂(破裂組),307例未發(fā)生破裂(未破裂組)。854例均按以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被篩選出,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①經(jīng)頭頸部CT血管造影檢查確診IA;②年齡≥18歲;③臨床資料完整,入院后完善血常規(guī)樣本采集。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙出血但經(jīng)CT血管造影檢查或全腦血管數(shù)字減影血管造影檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈瘤;②夾層動(dòng)脈瘤、外傷性動(dòng)脈瘤、感染性動(dòng)脈瘤;③行手術(shù)夾閉、支架栓塞者;④合并動(dòng)靜脈畸形、煙霧病、腦膿腫;⑤3個(gè)月內(nèi)有AMI或新發(fā)腦卒中;⑥伴嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎功能不全,伴血液系統(tǒng)疾病、自身免疫性疾病、惡性腫瘤等;⑦常染色體顯性遺傳性多囊腎病;⑧入院前有感染。
二、方 法
收集2組患者的人口學(xué)信息(性別、年齡)、高血壓病史、糖尿病史、蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙出血史、冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。ü谛牟。┦?、吸煙飲酒史等,IA的大小、位置及形態(tài),外周靜脈血血常規(guī)及血液生化等檢測(cè)結(jié)果。計(jì)算入組患者的PHASES評(píng)分,初步評(píng)估IA破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)用中性粒細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值與淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)值計(jì)算NLR。分別比較2組患者的PHASES評(píng)分及NLR,分析兩者間的相關(guān)性。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 22.0處理數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料若符合正態(tài)分布,則以表示;非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(下四分位數(shù),上四分位數(shù))表示,2組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。納入所有經(jīng)單因素分析有差異的因素作為自變量,采用二元Logistic回歸分析影響IA破裂的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,方法選擇“向后:LR”,篩選出差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的指標(biāo),并在原始數(shù)據(jù)中保存預(yù)測(cè)概率。應(yīng)用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析評(píng)價(jià)PHASES評(píng)分及NLR對(duì)IA預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,若用預(yù)測(cè)概率所繪制的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)95%CI與其他指標(biāo)的ROC AUC 95%CI存在重疊部分,則使用MedCalc 19.0.7軟件進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證不同指標(biāo)的ROC AUC差異是否存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、2組IA患者基線資料比較
2組年齡、高血壓病史、糖尿病史、高脂血癥、吸煙、NLR、血小板/淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)、PHASES評(píng)分比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.05),見表1。
二、2組IA患者IA特征的比較
2組IA大小、位置及形狀比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.05),見表2。
三、多因素Logistic回歸分析
將單因素分析有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的指標(biāo)作為自變量,進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析。2組年齡、高血壓病、IA大小、IA位置、中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但這些因素與PHASES評(píng)分和NLR存在多重共線性關(guān)系,所以選擇PHASES評(píng)分和NLR納入回歸方程。結(jié)果顯示,IA形狀、PHASES評(píng)分、NLR是IA破裂的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P均< 0.05),不規(guī)則IA、較高的PHASES評(píng)分及NLR均會(huì)增加IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn);高脂血癥、糖尿病則為IA破裂的保護(hù)因素(P均< 0.05)。
表3? ? ? ? IA破裂多因素Logistic 回歸分析結(jié)果
四、PHASES評(píng)分與NLR的相關(guān)性及其對(duì)IA破裂的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值
根據(jù)PHASES評(píng)分及NLR繪制ROC曲線,ROC AUC越接近1,研究結(jié)果的真實(shí)性越好,見圖1。當(dāng)PHASES評(píng)分截?cái)嘀禐?.50時(shí),ROC AUC為0.701,約登指數(shù)最大,為0.323,此時(shí)靈敏度為0.792,特異度為0.531。根據(jù)此結(jié)果,當(dāng)PHASES評(píng)分≤3分時(shí),傾向于保守治療,當(dāng)?shù)梅帧?分時(shí),更傾向于手術(shù)及介入治療。NLR預(yù)測(cè)IA破裂的ROC AUC為0.918,最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.23時(shí),其靈敏度為0.828,特異度為0.893。將PHASES評(píng)分和NLR進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析得出的預(yù)測(cè)概率作為聯(lián)合指標(biāo)行ROC分析,得到的ROC AUC為0.931(95%CI 0.914 ~ 0.948,P < 0.001),最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.59時(shí),其靈敏度為0.835,特異度為0.886。因?yàn)槁?lián)合指標(biāo)與NLR的ROC AUC 95%CI存在重疊,故使用Medcalc 19.0.7軟件進(jìn)一步求證聯(lián)合指標(biāo)與NLR的ROC AUC 間差異是否具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,結(jié)果顯示,兩者ROC AUC 之差為0.0135,95%CI為0.003 ~ 0.023,P = 0.008,差異存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說(shuō)明PHASES評(píng)分聯(lián)合NLR更有利于監(jiān)測(cè)IA的破裂。
討論
IA破裂具有極高的致殘性和致死性,評(píng)估IA破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以為臨床上IA的管理提供參考依據(jù),對(duì)未破裂IA進(jìn)行合理干預(yù)。
PHASES評(píng)分模型通過(guò)較易獲得的臨床資料,計(jì)算IA的破裂率,具有簡(jiǎn)便、可靠的特點(diǎn)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,破裂組PHASES評(píng)分高于未破裂組,當(dāng)PHASES評(píng)分≥4分時(shí),IA更易于發(fā)生破裂。此時(shí)根據(jù)Greving的PHASES評(píng)分風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)表,得分為4分時(shí),動(dòng)脈瘤的5年破裂率為0.9%,破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組。由此我們推測(cè),應(yīng)用PHASES評(píng)分建立漢族人群IA破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可能會(huì)低估IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Greving認(rèn)為年齡≥70歲是IA破裂的危險(xiǎn)因素,這與本研究的結(jié)果相反——年齡 < 70歲者IA破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。既往大多數(shù)研究顯示IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而增大[9]。Backes等[10]關(guān)于IA生長(zhǎng)的預(yù)測(cè)因素研究表明,年齡> 60歲是IA生長(zhǎng)的危險(xiǎn)因素。但年齡對(duì)IA破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一定論,近年來(lái)也有研究表明年齡 < 50歲是IA破裂的危險(xiǎn)因素[11]。分析本研究結(jié)果,年齡< 70歲者IA破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大的可能的原因是年輕人生活壓力大、劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)、過(guò)度飲酒、使用咖啡因、熬夜等,并且他們對(duì)腦血管病的重視度較差。
NLR對(duì)腦血管疾病的發(fā)生及預(yù)后有著重要的預(yù)測(cè)作用[12-14]。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),NLR水平越高,IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大,NLR是IA破裂的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。這與杜君等[15]的研究結(jié)果一致。炎癥細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)程度在動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)展過(guò)程中呈增高趨勢(shì),有研究表明,NLR可以預(yù)測(cè)破裂IA的預(yù)后,這進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了我們的研究結(jié)果[16-17]。
PHASES評(píng)分和NLR在預(yù)測(cè)IA破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面有其各自的特點(diǎn),那么兩者是否存在聯(lián)系?我們分析,PHASES評(píng)分包括影響IA破裂的外在危險(xiǎn)因素,大多為長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài);而NLR反映內(nèi)在的炎癥損傷,是血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的狀態(tài),是動(dòng)態(tài)變化的,兩者相結(jié)合,有助于更全面地了解IA的狀態(tài)。由此我們將PHASES評(píng)分和NLR聯(lián)合,通過(guò)計(jì)算ROC AUC,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者聯(lián)合得到的ROC AUC大于單獨(dú)應(yīng)用NLR或者是PHASES評(píng)分,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。因此,我們認(rèn)為,PHASES評(píng)分聯(lián)合外周血NLR有助于更好地監(jiān)測(cè)IA破裂。
此外,本研究結(jié)果還顯示,高脂血癥、糖尿病可降低IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于血脂與IA相關(guān)性的研究結(jié)果不一。日本學(xué)者的研究顯示,高血脂是IA破裂的危險(xiǎn)因素[18]。也有部分研究顯示高脂血癥是IA破裂的保護(hù)性因素,這與本研究結(jié)果一致,即高脂血癥可降低IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19]。具體機(jī)制尚不明確,可能與高脂血癥使血液黏稠度升高,改變了IA內(nèi)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué),進(jìn)而減小血液對(duì)瘤壁的沖擊有關(guān)[20]。使用他汀類調(diào)脂藥物也會(huì)降低高血脂患者IA破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。血糖與IA的相關(guān)性報(bào)道較少,有研究者認(rèn)為血糖與IA之間無(wú)明確的關(guān)系。但是,也有研究顯示,糖尿病會(huì)降低IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這與本研究結(jié)果一致[21-22]。分析其可能原因是糖尿病患者多為中老年人,他們對(duì)血糖的控制及生活方式的管理較為重視;并且,降糖藥物的使用也會(huì)降低IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,本研究中破裂組患者大多病情危重,容易忽略檢測(cè)血糖及GHbA1c水平等也可能與此有關(guān)。
綜上所述,IA的破裂受多因素影響,單獨(dú)運(yùn)用PHASES評(píng)分會(huì)低估漢族人群IA的破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn),聯(lián)合NLR可能會(huì)降低該誤差。由于所選人群有區(qū)域局限性,該結(jié)論僅能代表本地區(qū)人群IA的特征,本結(jié)論仍需行大樣本、多中心、前瞻性研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-09)
(本文編輯:洪悅民)