閆玉芹
【課例背景】
此設(shè)計(jì)是河北省唐山市3E英語(yǔ)工作室組織的高一英語(yǔ)閱讀課教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)展示分享活動(dòng)中的作品。在學(xué)習(xí)了《中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師閱讀教學(xué)研究叢書(shū)》(葛炳芳主編)之后,由工作室主持人田民老師給定文本(見(jiàn)附錄),3E學(xué)員們進(jìn)行了閱讀課教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐。在展評(píng)過(guò)程中,本設(shè)計(jì)獲得了學(xué)員們的高度贊揚(yáng)和一致好評(píng)。課時(shí)用時(shí)40分鐘。
【文本解讀】
閱讀文本是一篇記敘文,以acting為主線,講述了Steven和Brad參加表演秀的故事。人物形象對(duì)比鮮明,語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)、富有寓意。寫(xiě)作方法獨(dú)特,先抑后揚(yáng)。文章的可讀性和欣賞性很強(qiáng)。
【設(shè)計(jì)思路】
閱讀課形式,側(cè)重對(duì)文本的結(jié)構(gòu)分析和作者寫(xiě)作手法的賞析。在題材的視角中,聚焦人物、情節(jié)、主題這一主線,在閱讀過(guò)程中研究思考故事的發(fā)展、人物性格的對(duì)比以及探討演員應(yīng)具備的素質(zhì)這一主題。
設(shè)計(jì)分為閱讀前(Pre?reading)、閱讀中(While?reading)和閱讀后(Post?reading)三部分:以著名演員的圖片引出表演話題,自然過(guò)渡到文本閱讀。進(jìn)而對(duì)故事的情節(jié)發(fā)展和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行處理,對(duì)文本語(yǔ)言、人物描寫(xiě)和寫(xiě)作手法進(jìn)行賞析。以故事的開(kāi)端、發(fā)展、高潮和結(jié)局的挖掘?yàn)橹骶€,以分析主人公的演員特質(zhì)為次主線,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在了解故事情節(jié)的過(guò)程中,感悟作者的寫(xiě)作手法。
同時(shí),利用閱讀任務(wù)的設(shè)置,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)運(yùn)用合適的閱讀微技能:迅速掌握文章脈絡(luò),定位查找信息等。在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),從信息地查找到激發(fā)學(xué)生思維的過(guò)渡,注重課堂環(huán)節(jié)的循序漸進(jìn),環(huán)環(huán)相扣,還有串聯(lián)整節(jié)課的主線和次主線,做到首尾呼應(yīng)。
【教學(xué)過(guò)程】
Stage 1.Lead?in (2m)
1.Who are they?
2.What makes good acting?
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
利用幻燈片播放學(xué)生熟悉的中外著名演員圖片,同時(shí)提出問(wèn)題,讓他們說(shuō)出演員的名字或參演的影視劇名稱,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,自然引入acting這一話題。對(duì)于第二個(gè)問(wèn)題,進(jìn)行頭腦風(fēng)暴,要求學(xué)生思考:哪些因素造就出色的表演?讓學(xué)生集思廣益,將學(xué)生的答案板書(shū)在黑板上,為后續(xù)的人物分析埋下伏筆。
Stage 2.
1.Fast reading (6m)
(1)What type of writing does the passage belong to?
①Exposition (說(shuō)明文).
②Narration (記敘文).
③Argumentation (議論文).
(2)In what order does the story develop?
(3)Who are the main roles?
(4)What is the story about?
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
以體裁和文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析為側(cè)重點(diǎn)。先對(duì)文體加以明確,弄清楚故事按時(shí)間順序發(fā)展及主要人物的關(guān)系和故事的主線。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生有目的地閱讀,迅速抓住文章的走向脈絡(luò),提高閱讀的速度并體會(huì)略讀的微技能。呈現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)圖(如圖1),以探究文章的文體,為處理文章細(xì)節(jié)做準(zhǔn)備。
板書(shū)突出文本的文體閱讀方向,記敘文的寫(xiě)作要素:時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物,事件。
用兩個(gè)蛋殼代表故事的兩個(gè)主人公,勾勒人物關(guān)系和故事發(fā)展的主線,為下一步閱讀打下基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí)為最后思維提升環(huán)節(jié)分析兩個(gè)人物的性格特點(diǎn)埋下伏筆。
2.Detailed reading (20m)
(1) Steven's interest in acting
①Pick out the time points in the passage.
②Who is interested in acting, Steven or Brad?
③Descriptions about Steven's interest.
PeriodsSteven
kindergarten
sixth grade
teens
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
此部分以“故事的開(kāi)頭、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局”為主線。根據(jù)時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn),引領(lǐng)學(xué)生定位查找有關(guān)Steven對(duì)表演有興趣的描述,為下一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的語(yǔ)言處理做準(zhǔn)備,同時(shí)為后面兩個(gè)人物的對(duì)比分析做好鋪墊。
Appreciate and analyze Steven's interest in acting.
a.He “drew” his name as it would appear on a marquee.(dream)
b.In his mind, he “practiced” his acceptance speech… (effort)
c.“… thank my agent…”, he imagined himself saying to the crowd.(devotion)
d.He was used to starring in school productions.(chance)
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
分析有關(guān)Steven有表演興趣的句子,同時(shí)引領(lǐng)學(xué)生進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言處理。分析作者的巧妙用詞,理解引號(hào)內(nèi)雙關(guān)語(yǔ)的作用, 突出人物的重點(diǎn)描寫(xiě),進(jìn)而提煉出Steven成為一個(gè)好演員所具備的各種品質(zhì),如心存夢(mèng)想、不斷努力練習(xí)、非常投入、有演出經(jīng)歷等。同時(shí),對(duì)比文中沒(méi)有描述Brad所具備的品質(zhì)的部分,為結(jié)局中他的驚艷表現(xiàn)埋下伏筆,增加故事出其不意的效果。并且此部分與本課開(kāi)始部分的引入環(huán)節(jié)巧妙相連,又為下個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)分析作者描寫(xiě)人物的對(duì)比手法提前進(jìn)行了鋪墊,做到了環(huán)節(jié)的巧妙過(guò)渡和銜接。
(2)About the casting show
situationsStevenBrad
first response(begged parents)(was asked to…)
at the theater(picked up application)
(mouthed the words over and over)
(listened to each other's reading)
performance(good)?
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
此部分以“故事的開(kāi)頭、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局”為主線。找出作者描述Steven和Brad在不同情境下的表現(xiàn)時(shí)所使用的語(yǔ)言,引領(lǐng)學(xué)生詳細(xì)對(duì)比Steven和Brad對(duì)表演興趣的描述,為之后分析作者描述人物的對(duì)比寫(xiě)作手法做好鋪墊。
(3)The ending of the story
①Why couldn't Steven believe what he was seeing and hearing?
(Brad never showed his talent for acting.)
②What do Steven's words imply?
(Brad's reading was very good.)
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
根據(jù)文本結(jié)尾Steven心理描寫(xiě)的語(yǔ)言化,分析Steven的話外之意。同時(shí)也是前面表格中確定Brad表現(xiàn)的答案來(lái)源。引領(lǐng)學(xué)生深度挖掘文本內(nèi)涵,體會(huì)故事先抑后揚(yáng)的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格。
Stage 3.Post?reading (12m)
1.How does the plot develop in the passage?
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
回顧故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展,進(jìn)一步明確文本是按時(shí)間順序描述以及故事的開(kāi)端、發(fā)展、高潮和結(jié)局的框架(如圖2)。同時(shí), 對(duì)比分析Steven和Brad對(duì)acting的表現(xiàn),以及出演的態(tài)度,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生更深刻地體會(huì)故事最后峰回路轉(zhuǎn)的驚奇結(jié)局,為最后分析作者的寫(xiě)作手法做好鋪墊。
Stage 3 Post-reading
1.How does the plot develop in the passage?
2.Discuss the following questions in groups:
Q1:From the story, do you think Brad would try out for the casting call in the end?
Q2:How did Brad get excellent acting, by accident, with talent or through effort?
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
引發(fā)學(xué)生思考并合理想象故事下一步會(huì)如何發(fā)展。通過(guò)回答第二個(gè)問(wèn)題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生再次聯(lián)系引入環(huán)節(jié)提出的好演員所具備的品質(zhì)(interest, effort, chance, devotion, dream 等),聯(lián)系Steven能出色表演的重要因素,為接下來(lái)分析作者的寫(xiě)作手法做鋪墊。
回讀第2段中有關(guān)Brad的語(yǔ)句“His brother said he was probably the first Romeo in the history of theater to have braces”和“Brad was not interested in acting”,再根據(jù)文章最后Steven的心理活動(dòng)和話語(yǔ),我們可以推知Brad非常有表演天賦。
Q3:What's the difference between brothers'?character?
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
通過(guò)前面對(duì)文體的認(rèn)知和理解,在對(duì)人物描寫(xiě)已經(jīng)相當(dāng)熟悉的情況下,對(duì)人物性格進(jìn)行分析,引領(lǐng)學(xué)生進(jìn)行評(píng)判性思考。讓學(xué)生跟隨故事發(fā)展,通過(guò)作者的描述,了解兄弟兩個(gè)對(duì)表演的不同表現(xiàn)及他們各自驚喜的結(jié)局,自然過(guò)渡升華到對(duì)人物性格的分析和作者的敘述風(fēng)格的思考。
幻燈片展示答案(如圖3)。破殼而出、可愛(ài)活潑的男孩代表Steven和躲在殼里、成熟內(nèi)斂的Brad形成鮮明對(duì)比。該部分與第二環(huán)節(jié)中用兩個(gè)蛋殼代表主人公相呼應(yīng)。整個(gè)課堂水到渠成,首尾呼應(yīng)。
此幻燈片與黑板上代表兩個(gè)兄弟的蛋殼構(gòu)成連續(xù)的畫(huà)面,給人以震撼的視覺(jué)沖擊。
Q4:How does the author describe the characters in this story?
Q5:How can we get a surprising ending?
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
作者在弟弟對(duì)表演的興趣上用很多語(yǔ)句形象描述,而對(duì)哥哥的描寫(xiě)很少。兄弟倆對(duì)表演的興趣形成鮮明對(duì)比。然而,哥哥驚艷的表現(xiàn)讓弟弟大吃一驚。作者采取了先抑后揚(yáng)的寫(xiě)作手法,突出令人意想不到的神奇結(jié)局。故事情節(jié)戛然而止,讓人意猶未盡,浮想聯(lián)翩。
Assignment:
For all:Retell the story in your own words.
For some:Write what you have learned from the ?story?, about description of characters or the writer's ?writing??style.
(設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明)
課外作業(yè)是課堂學(xué)習(xí)的深化、補(bǔ)充和延伸。不同層次的學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的水平自選作業(yè),讓每一個(gè)學(xué)生都有成就感。此部分的設(shè)計(jì)旨在幫助學(xué)生把所讀內(nèi)容、原有知識(shí)和閱讀感想聯(lián)系起來(lái),使學(xué)生通過(guò)一定的語(yǔ)言輸出進(jìn)一步拓展和延伸對(duì)課文的理解,幫助他們熟悉目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言,鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí)。
【板書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)】
直觀地展示本節(jié)課的閱讀流程和兩個(gè)課堂主線:其一,記敘文文體結(jié)構(gòu),按照時(shí)間順序,故事的開(kāi)頭、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局。其二,優(yōu)秀演員所需的重要素質(zhì),兩個(gè)主人公性格的對(duì)比。同時(shí)板書(shū)為分析作者的寫(xiě)作手法提供了有理有據(jù)的直觀參照。
【設(shè)計(jì)反思】
此篇記敘文的文體欣賞視角,從信息處理到語(yǔ)言知識(shí),再到人物性格分析和作者寫(xiě)作手法賞析等環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)文本的初構(gòu)、解構(gòu)、重構(gòu)、創(chuàng)構(gòu),在很大程度上都受益于對(duì)《中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師閱讀教學(xué)研究叢書(shū)》(葛炳芳主編)的閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)。
設(shè)計(jì)從文本的文體解讀和作品賞析這一視角展開(kāi)。故事依照時(shí)間順序,開(kāi)頭、發(fā)展、高潮分別描述了各個(gè)階段兩位主人公對(duì)acting的不同表現(xiàn),出其不意的結(jié)局更突出了人物性格的鮮明對(duì)比。所以筆者設(shè)置了兩條線索串聯(lián)課堂中的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),即文體結(jié)構(gòu)和人物分析,把讀前、讀中和讀后三部分有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)。
課堂主線清晰,課堂進(jìn)程環(huán)環(huán)相扣。各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)問(wèn)題的設(shè)置,考慮到了學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平,由表象理解到人物性格和寫(xiě)作手法的深度思考,由淺入深,由局部到綜合,層遞設(shè)計(jì)。同時(shí)注重了問(wèn)題的連貫性,逐層逐級(jí)鋪設(shè)臺(tái)階。
以靜為主的課堂氛圍,給學(xué)生充足的時(shí)間閱讀和思考。小組的討論能促進(jìn)學(xué)生積極發(fā)表自己的見(jiàn)解,形成活躍討論的課堂氛圍。有深度的課堂不是熱鬧的課堂,所以在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,教師需要掌控一靜一鬧的不同效果。
速讀、查讀、略讀、賞讀等閱讀微技能在閱讀問(wèn)題或任務(wù)的引導(dǎo)下“潤(rùn)物細(xì)無(wú)聲”。多種閱讀策略和不同的活動(dòng)方式在具體實(shí)施過(guò)程中都需要教師適當(dāng)調(diào)整課堂節(jié)奏和氣氛。閱讀教學(xué)過(guò)程中有計(jì)劃、有目的地滲透閱讀技能,以提高學(xué)生的閱讀效率以及整合文本信息的能力。
通讀了全套閱讀教學(xué)研究叢書(shū),筆者對(duì)閱讀教學(xué)較之前有了全新的認(rèn)識(shí),但還需進(jìn)一步細(xì)讀研習(xí),才能真正領(lǐng)會(huì)叢書(shū)的精華。在今后的閱讀教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,筆者會(huì)不斷地嘗試摸索,拓展閱讀,擴(kuò)大自己的知識(shí)面,提高自身的文學(xué)修養(yǎng)和專(zhuān)業(yè)素養(yǎng),逐漸把一些無(wú)意識(shí)的教學(xué)行為變成有意識(shí)的教學(xué)行為,讓自己的閱讀課有思想、有深度。學(xué)無(wú)止境,教無(wú)定法。學(xué)習(xí)、思考與實(shí)踐同行,才能不斷提高閱讀課的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
附錄
文本材料:
Steven had had his first starring role in kindergarten, playing a talking stone in a class play.From the moment that he heard the applause and took his bows, he knew he wanted to be an actor.
He “drew” his name as it would appear on a marquee.In his mind, he “practiced” his acceptance speech to the Academy ?Awards?.“I want to thank my agent…” he imagined himself saying to the crowd.
By sixth grade, he was used to starring in school productions.He played Romeo in this year's Junior Shakespeare Festival.His brother said he was probably the first Romeo in the history of
theater to have braces.Steven liked everything about acting—except for his brother's comments about it.Brad was not interested in acting.
Steven dreamed of going to California or New York when he got older.Meanwhile, he read the “trades” at the library—the newspapers and magazines of the acting business.He couldn't believe it when he saw that there was going to be an open casting call in his own Midwestern city.He begged his parents to take him, but they worked on Saturdays and they couldn't take the day off.He was forced to ask his older brother, the critic.
The part called for a boy who looked about 14.Steven figured he could pass.Unlike Brad, Steven looked older than his age.Brad, on the other hand, at 16 looked more like 14.The boys arrived early at the theater where the try?outs were taking place.There were already over 200 kids there.Steven picked up his application.Brad picked up one, too—“Just for fun,” he said.Each of them then studied the short script they'd been handed.Like all the other kids, they mouthed the words over and over.Some kids found quiet spaces to read their lines ?aloud?, with all the right emotion.
Steven asked Brad to listen to his reading.“Okay, but you have to listen to mine, too.”
“Deal,” Steven answered.Then he read, and, as usual, he was good.Next, it was Brad's turn.Steven couldn't believe what he was seeing and hearing.Why hadn't Brad ever tried out for a play? Where had he gotten all this talent all of a sudden? He asked his ?brother?, “Why haven't you tried before?”
“I was waiting for something big,” Brad replied.
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (2017年版)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2018.
[2]葛炳芳.中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師閱讀教學(xué)研究叢書(shū)[M].杭州:浙江大學(xué)出版社,2013.