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lncRNA在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變中的作用研究進(jìn)展

2018-09-17 09:35李麗娟王慶高何亞州
關(guān)鍵詞:動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化研究進(jìn)展

李麗娟 王慶高 何亞州

[摘要] 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS)引發(fā)的心腦血管疾病是造成死亡的主要原因之一,而AS是多因素、多機(jī)制協(xié)同作用的結(jié)果,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖遷移、脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂、炎性反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞自噬等參與其中。因AS發(fā)病的復(fù)雜性,仍需從不同的角度完善對(duì)其發(fā)病機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí)。近年來長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)被發(fā)現(xiàn)也參與基因的表達(dá)調(diào)控,作為腫瘤的生物標(biāo)志物和治療靶點(diǎn)已被廣泛研究和應(yīng)用,但在AS的研究尚處初始階段。本文綜述了lncRNA參與AS主要病變過程中的研究進(jìn)展,以期為防治AS提供新思路。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA;病變;研究進(jìn)展

[中圖分類號(hào)] R543.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)08(c)-0022-04

[Abstract] The cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the main causes of death. AS is the result of synergistic effect of multiple factors and multiple mechanisms. The endothelial dysfunction, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cell, lipid metabolism disorders, inflammatory response and autophagy are involved in AS. Because of the complexity of its pathogenesis, it still needs to improve the understanding of its pathogenesis from different perspectives. In recent years, long non-coding RNA is found involving in regulating gene expression, as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for tumors, it has been widely studied and applied. However, lncRNA in atherosclerosis is still in early stage. This article reviews the research progress of lncRNA in the pathogenesis of AS, in order to provide new ideas for prevention and treatment of AS.

[Key words] Atherosclerosis; Long non-coding RNA; Lesions; Research progress

動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是多種因素相互作用下發(fā)生的一種慢性炎癥性血管病變,是眾多心腦血管疾病的共同病理基礎(chǔ),可導(dǎo)致威脅生命的急性臨床事件的發(fā)生,如心肌梗死、腦卒中等,嚴(yán)重危害人類健康。雖然目前藥物及介入等治療手段能較為有效地改善AS所造成的組織器官損害,但其導(dǎo)致的心腦血管疾病仍居高不下,因此,深入研究AS的發(fā)病機(jī)制,尋求其潛在的診療靶標(biāo)仍具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。近年來,隨著全基因組分析技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)原被認(rèn)為是基因轉(zhuǎn)錄“噪音”的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA),也發(fā)揮了多種生物學(xué)功能。lncRNA是一類存在于細(xì)胞核或胞質(zhì)內(nèi)長(zhǎng)度大于200 nt,不編碼蛋白質(zhì)的線性RNAs,主要由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ轉(zhuǎn)錄而來,廣泛表達(dá)于生物機(jī)體細(xì)胞中,主要以表觀遺傳修飾、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控以及轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控等方式調(diào)控DNA甲基化、組蛋白修飾或染色質(zhì)重構(gòu)等,使基因沉默或激活[1],在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展中起調(diào)控作用。AS的主要病理改變包括了內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖遷移、脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂、炎性反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞異常自噬等,lncRNA在這些病理過程中有著舉足輕重的調(diào)控作用。

1 lncRNA在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞方面的作用

血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(vascular endothelial cell,VECs)是動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜的重要組成部分,直接接觸循環(huán)血液中的各物質(zhì),VECs功能障礙被認(rèn)為是AS的始動(dòng)因素。lncRNA在VECs增殖凋亡及其血管化功能中有調(diào)節(jié)作用,通過促進(jìn)或修復(fù)VECs損傷,影響AS的發(fā)生發(fā)展。如Michalik等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn),在體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)中敲除或者藥物抑制lncRNA MALAT1后,小鼠內(nèi)皮增殖受抑制,視網(wǎng)膜血管化降低;下肢缺血血流恢復(fù)減慢,毛細(xì)血管密度降低。因此MALAT1的缺失抑制VECs增殖和血管化功能,不利于受損VECs的修復(fù)。Peng等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胸腺基質(zhì)淋巴細(xì)胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP)通過PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路激活lncRNA HOTAIR轉(zhuǎn)錄,調(diào)控VECs的增殖和遷移,進(jìn)而防止氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)誘導(dǎo)的VECs損傷。lncRNA在VECs中還可通過競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源性RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA)[4]調(diào)控網(wǎng)的方式發(fā)揮作用,如Lu等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA LOC100129973,作為miR-4707-5p和miR-4767的ceRNA,激活2個(gè)VECs凋亡抑制分子API5和BCL2L12抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡。Zhang等[6]則發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA LINC00305作為miR-136的ceRNA,抑制缺氧誘導(dǎo)的人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(HUVECs)增殖,增加其凋亡。細(xì)胞焦亡在AS發(fā)展中扮演著一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的角色,lncRNA MEG3通過與miR-223序列互補(bǔ)結(jié)合,抑制miR-223并增加NLRP3(一個(gè)焦亡相關(guān)的基因)表達(dá),促進(jìn)人類主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞焦亡[7]。而在另一個(gè)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)MEG3抑制miR-21的表達(dá),從而抑制VECs的增殖和遷移[8]。在AS的早期階段,通過對(duì)VECs相關(guān)異常表達(dá)的lncRNA予干預(yù)調(diào)控,抑制其對(duì)VECs的促凋亡作用,促進(jìn)其對(duì)VECs的保護(hù)作用將為修復(fù)血管內(nèi)皮損傷、防治AS提供一個(gè)新思路。

2 lncRNA在血管平滑肌細(xì)胞方面的作用

血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMCs)在分化型與增殖型的轉(zhuǎn)換牽涉到包括AS斑塊穩(wěn)定和新生內(nèi)膜增生等多種血管病變,VSMCs的異常增殖并遷移至內(nèi)膜積聚,致使內(nèi)膜增厚,促進(jìn)粥樣斑塊形成。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MALAT1的敲除促進(jìn)VSMCs從增殖型轉(zhuǎn)化為分化型,抑制細(xì)胞增殖和遷移[9]。ANRIL是冠心病相關(guān)最早出現(xiàn)的lncRNA分子,位于冠心病易感區(qū)域——9p21染色體區(qū)域,ANRIL基因攜帶者比非攜帶者具有更加顯著的心肌梗死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10],進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ANRIL可導(dǎo)致ANRIL/PRC介導(dǎo)的INK4位點(diǎn)的基因沉默,促使VSMCs異常增殖和AS斑塊形成[11-12]。Ballantyne等[13]通過RNA測(cè)序,發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的lncRNA,命名為SMILR,在條件刺激后,SMILR在細(xì)胞核和細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的表達(dá)均增加,而SMILR的降解顯著降低了平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖;在人類血液樣本中,他們還觀察到SMILR在不穩(wěn)定的AS斑塊中表達(dá)增加,也檢測(cè)到血漿C反應(yīng)蛋白水平升高,并認(rèn)為SMILR可能是VSMCs增殖的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素。Li等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常血管組織相比,AS斑塊組織中l(wèi)ncRNA BANCR的表達(dá)水平上調(diào),在增殖的VSMCs中,BANCR通過激活JNK通路調(diào)節(jié)VSMCs的增殖和遷移。以lncRNA為靶點(diǎn),深入研究其調(diào)控VSMCs增殖分化功能的機(jī)制,從而抑制VSMCs的異常增殖,使其維持在動(dòng)態(tài)平衡過程有助于延緩AS進(jìn)程,這有望成為減少AS等血管病變的新策略。

3 lncRNA在脂質(zhì)代謝方面的作用

脂質(zhì)代謝異常是AS重要的危險(xiǎn)因素,如長(zhǎng)期的高脂條件下不僅對(duì)血管內(nèi)膜造成損害,ox-LDL被巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬成為泡沫細(xì)胞,是形成早期粥樣斑塊的主要成分之一。lncRNA亦與脂質(zhì)代謝密切相關(guān),Sun等[15]對(duì)小鼠離體的幼稚和成熟脂肪細(xì)胞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄組差異性表達(dá)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)大概有175種lncRNA可能與脂肪組織的形成、脂肪細(xì)胞的分化及表型轉(zhuǎn)化有密切關(guān)系。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ox-LDL能夠顯著升高lncRNA-DYNLRB2-2的表達(dá),而lncRNA-DYNLRB2-2的高表達(dá)可以通過GPR119依賴的信號(hào)途徑上調(diào)ABCA1的表達(dá),促使巨噬細(xì)胞膽固醇流出[16]。在THP-1巨噬細(xì)胞中,慢病毒介導(dǎo)的lncRNA HOXC-AS1過表達(dá)可誘導(dǎo)HOXC6的mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá),進(jìn)而抑制ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的膽固醇堆積[17]。Han等[18]在ox-LDL處理過的巨噬細(xì)胞系Raw264.7細(xì)胞中,檢測(cè)到H19表達(dá)增加,同時(shí)總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)的表達(dá)也明顯上調(diào),高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)表達(dá)下調(diào),利用shRNAs對(duì)H19進(jìn)行基因敲除后,降低TG、TC、LDL-C的表達(dá),增加HDL-C的表達(dá)。lncRNA除了在巨噬細(xì)胞參與脂質(zhì)代謝,在肝細(xì)胞中也發(fā)現(xiàn)其對(duì)脂質(zhì)的調(diào)控。Y染色體的基因突變與膽固醇水平有關(guān);lnc-KDM5D-4是一種新型的基因間Y染色體相關(guān)lncRNA,Molina等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)lnc-KDM5D-4保留在肝細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核內(nèi),敲除后引起基因突變,從而增加肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂滴的形成。SREBPs是肝臟脂質(zhì)平衡的主要調(diào)節(jié)劑,Li等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)人類特異性的lncHR1,可作為SREBP-1c表達(dá)的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子,過表達(dá)lncHR1抑制SREBP-1c和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)的表達(dá),而后抑制了油酸誘導(dǎo)的肝細(xì)胞TG和脂滴的堆積;過表達(dá)lncHR1后予高脂飲食的小鼠,肝臟中SREBP-1c、FAS、Acetyl-CoA、ACCα表達(dá)較少,肝臟和血漿中TG含量也降低。對(duì)脂質(zhì)代謝相關(guān)的lncRNA予以干預(yù),使其發(fā)揮抑制脂質(zhì)堆積,促進(jìn)代謝的作用,為調(diào)脂提供新靶標(biāo)。

4 lncRNA在AS炎性反應(yīng)方面的作用

炎癥貫穿了AS發(fā)病的始終,也是導(dǎo)致AS斑塊形成和斑塊不穩(wěn)定的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。ANRIL[9]在AS中起著重要作用,還可作為炎癥通路的一個(gè)組成部分參與AS炎癥的調(diào)節(jié)[21]。一些炎性物質(zhì)可引起lncRNA的改變,lncRNA也可以通過調(diào)控基因表達(dá)或信號(hào)通路參與AS相關(guān)的炎性反應(yīng)。let-7e是炎性反應(yīng)的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,Inc-MKI67IP-3作為let-7e的ceRNA,抑制let-7e的促炎作用;而let-7e可下調(diào)Inc-MKI67IP-3的表達(dá)水平,如此形成正反饋回路加重炎癥[22]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LINC00305在AS斑塊和單核細(xì)胞中富集,在單核細(xì)胞系THP-1細(xì)胞中,過表達(dá)LINC00305可激活A(yù)HRR-NF-kB通路,從而促進(jìn)炎癥相關(guān)基因表達(dá)[23]。在ox-LDL處理過的巨噬細(xì)胞系Raw264.7細(xì)胞中,H19表達(dá)增加,利用shRNAs對(duì)H19進(jìn)行基因敲除后,降低了原來上調(diào)的促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β)的水平,增加抗炎因子(IL-4、IL-10)的水平[18]。因此,抑制lncRNA的促炎作用,增強(qiáng)其抗炎作用,有利于穩(wěn)定AS斑塊或者抑制斑塊形成。

5 lncRNA在細(xì)胞自噬方面的作用

自噬(autophagy)是真核生物細(xì)胞自我調(diào)節(jié)以維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定和能量代謝的生物學(xué)過程[24],已被證明在VECs、VSMCs以及巨噬細(xì)胞等AS相關(guān)的細(xì)胞當(dāng)中發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用,從而影響AS進(jìn)程[25-27]。而lncRNA可以通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞自噬水平在AS中發(fā)揮生物學(xué)作用。TGFB2-OT1是來源于轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β2(TGF-β2)3′非翻譯區(qū)的lncRNA,作為ceRNA,與miR-4459結(jié)合,進(jìn)而抑制mi-R4459對(duì)自噬相關(guān)基因ATG13的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)作用,促進(jìn)HUVECs自噬[28];接下來該團(tuán)隊(duì)又發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)兩種炎性誘導(dǎo)劑脂多糖和ox-LDL處理VECs后,細(xì)胞中TGFB2-OT1的表達(dá)升高,促進(jìn)TGFB2-OT1與miR-3960、miR-4488和miR-4459的結(jié)合,進(jìn)而分別影響這些microRNA的靶基因,如CERS1、NAT8、LARP1等自噬和炎癥相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵蛋白,從而調(diào)控VECs自噬[29]。lncRNA也參與了巨噬細(xì)胞自噬,在人類巨噬細(xì)胞感染了分枝桿菌后,巨噬細(xì)胞中l(wèi)ncRNA MEG3的敲除誘導(dǎo)自噬的發(fā)生,增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)核分枝桿菌卡介苗降解[30]。也有研究從腦微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的角度證明lncRNA與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞自噬的關(guān)系。MALAT1與miR-26b結(jié)合,上調(diào)ULK2表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)氧糖剝奪/復(fù)氧條件下腦微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞自噬,增加細(xì)胞存活[31]。Ma等[32]在膠質(zhì)瘤血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)PVT1通過負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)miR-186,增加Atg7和Beclin1的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生保護(hù)性自噬。在AS環(huán)境下,細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬以應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境改變,適度的自噬起到維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的作用,而自噬不足或者過度都將不利于細(xì)胞正常工作狀態(tài),自噬也是目前研究的熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域,通過干預(yù)細(xì)胞自噬將會(huì)是防治AS很有潛力的途徑。

6 結(jié)語與展望

超過98%的人類基因組可轉(zhuǎn)錄成RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄本,而沒有蛋白質(zhì)編碼功能[33],即非編碼RNA,其中miRNAs和lncRNAs是它們的主要成員。面對(duì)如此龐大的隊(duì)伍,給研究者們對(duì)疾病的認(rèn)識(shí)擴(kuò)寬了角度,同時(shí)也增加了挑戰(zhàn)。lncRNA多以ceRNA的方式起作用,ceRNA基因調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)或許可以為揭示AS發(fā)生發(fā)展的復(fù)雜性提供新的理論基礎(chǔ)。作用途徑方面,和miRNA一樣,lncRNA也能通過外泌體(exosomes)的運(yùn)輸來進(jìn)行信息交流而發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用[34],這都為闡明疾病發(fā)病機(jī)制和提供新診療方法展示了廣闊的前景。但因?yàn)閘ncRNA的靶點(diǎn)眾多,ceRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)較為復(fù)雜,仍需要探索lncRNA下各調(diào)控軸的具體作用機(jī)制,以利于對(duì)AS各病變過程中相關(guān)的lncRNA進(jìn)行有效干預(yù)。lncRNA在AS的研究只是冰山一角,還有很多有功能的lncRNA尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn),而已知的lncRNA也可能還有未知的功能未被挖掘,相信隨著測(cè)序技術(shù)、生物信息學(xué)等研究手段的不斷進(jìn)步和完善,lncRNA在AS和AS相關(guān)性疾病中的作用將不斷被認(rèn)知和利用。

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(收稿日期:2018-03-23 本文編輯:蘇 暢)

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