魏奶地
Proof Reading即短文改錯(cuò)是全國(guó)卷高考英語(yǔ)試卷中一種綜合性語(yǔ)言測(cè)試題型,能客觀地反映學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言綜合能力。短文改錯(cuò)也是對(duì)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作能力的一種測(cè)試??疾樾问绞墙o出一篇約100個(gè)單詞的短文,文中有10處錯(cuò)誤,錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型包括詞法、句法、行文邏輯等。要求學(xué)生對(duì)每個(gè)句子進(jìn)行判斷,如有錯(cuò)即將其改正。
圍繞話題進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)和能力訓(xùn)練,有利于學(xué)生完善相關(guān)話題的主題圖式并在此基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)建新的話題圖式,使知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)更有條理,記憶更加牢固,知識(shí)的提取和運(yùn)用更加流暢。
開(kāi)發(fā)主題式的短文改錯(cuò)教學(xué)模式,能夠依托主題,科學(xué)整合活用教材內(nèi)容,由“習(xí)”材、“用”材到“創(chuàng)”材,有效開(kāi)發(fā)教材文本;豐富教學(xué)形式,適當(dāng)借助多媒體教學(xué),融入聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)活動(dòng),有效喚醒學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)情緒,激發(fā)學(xué)生探究精神,在提高應(yīng)試能力的同時(shí),培養(yǎng)學(xué)科素養(yǎng)。
1. 依托主題,組建詞塊
詞塊,即詞匯組塊(lexical chunk),是語(yǔ)言使用者在語(yǔ)言輸入和輸出過(guò)程中頻繁使用的,集語(yǔ)法、詞匯和功能于一體,具有特定語(yǔ)義和結(jié)構(gòu)并以固定或半固定形式存在,有利于提高語(yǔ)言生成能力的短語(yǔ)、固定搭配、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和句式。為了有效記憶詞匯,依托話題,組建詞塊,講究方法,設(shè)計(jì)形式豐富的“Proof Reading”的教學(xué)導(dǎo)入。以情境式教學(xué),高效喚醒學(xué)生的學(xué)科情緒,吸引學(xué)生積極主動(dòng)參與課堂活動(dòng),提升課堂效率。以健康為主題的短文改錯(cuò)教學(xué)模式探究如下:
1.1 巧設(shè)謎語(yǔ),猜測(cè)詞匯
例如,結(jié)合人教版必修三Unit 2 Healthy eating設(shè)計(jì)健康飲食主題的Proof Reading,以猜謎測(cè)詞形式導(dǎo)入:(1) What vegetable is like a chicken farm? (Key: An eggplant. Note: egg (雞蛋)和plant (工廠)組成了eggplant (茄子));(2) Which is the smallest room in the world? (Key: Mushroom.)
1.2 看圖說(shuō)詞,識(shí)記詞匯
例如,看圖說(shuō)詞Roast Pork/Cheese/Spaghetti/Bread,再由bread引出Bread is the staff of life. (民以食為天。)
1.3 設(shè)置改錯(cuò),考查詞匯
例如,歸納三大類(lèi)食物:(1) Protect food that helps the body fight diseases. (Key: Protective) (2) Body-build food that helps grow bones and muscles. (Key: Body-building) (3) Energy-gave food that provides energy. (Key: Energy-giving)
1.4 連詞成句,運(yùn)用詞匯
例如,(1) Protective food that helps the body fight diseases, including ____. (Key: eggplants and mushrooms) (2) Body-building food that helps grow bones and muscles, including ____. (Key: roast pork and cheese) 3. Energy-giving food that provides energy, including ____. (Key: spaghetti and bread)
1.5 欣賞視頻,拓展詞匯
通過(guò)觀看健康主題真人秀“The Biggest Loser《超級(jí)減肥王》”等深刻理解健康與飲食、作息習(xí)慣的關(guān)系,樹(shù)立正確的飲食觀念,養(yǎng)成健康飲食與科學(xué)作息的好習(xí)慣。
2. 開(kāi)發(fā)教材,創(chuàng)新真題
董妍、俞國(guó)良發(fā)現(xiàn)情緒最好是按照兩個(gè)緯度進(jìn)行分類(lèi),一個(gè)是喚醒度水平(arousal),可分為高、低兩個(gè)水平;一個(gè)是愉悅度(value),可分為積極效價(jià)和消極效價(jià)。依托話題,將教材內(nèi)容與高考真題二者巧妙結(jié)合在情境中,輔以豐富直觀的圖片高度喚醒學(xué)生愉悅的學(xué)業(yè)情緒,積極參與課堂活動(dòng)。在“Proof Reading”教學(xué)中,再現(xiàn)高考真題,考查學(xué)生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正包括詞法、句法、行文邏輯等類(lèi)型語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤的能力。
例如選擇飲食健康(Diet and health)為話題的Proof Reading,緊密聯(lián)系人教版教材B3-2 Healthy eating設(shè)置生日情境,結(jié)合精心選擇的六幅圖,師生談?wù)撨x擇餐館就餐,水到渠成地引出相關(guān)主題的2016全國(guó)卷I英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)。教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)如下:
2.1 創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境,奇思妙想
Talk: Today is Li Huas birthday, so he is going to invite some friends for dinner. There are three restaurants, my uncles restaurant, Yong Huis restaurant and Wang Pengs restaurant. However, he doesnt know which restaurant is the best one. Could you make a suggestion?(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:情境式培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的發(fā)散思維、邏輯思維能力及應(yīng)試技能,突出語(yǔ)用價(jià)值,實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇價(jià)值。)(1)改一改:餐館招牌的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤Sign①: Honest is the best policy. Make sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil is used for cooking. (Key: Honest→Honesty, is→are) Sign②: Tired from all that fat? Want to lose weigh? Only slimming foods serving here. (Key: from→of, weigh→weight, serving→served) Sign③: Want to feel fit and energy? Come and eating here! Discounts today?。↘ey: energy→energetic, eating→eat) (2)選一選:根據(jù)招牌找店主Sign①: My Uncle s Sign; Sign②: Yong Huis Sign; Sign③: Wang Pengs sign (3)填一填:發(fā)散思維食物名詞①A happy couple are having ____. ②A slim girl is drinking ____. ③A fat man is eating ____. (4)猜一猜:來(lái)自哪家餐館的食客?(5)演一演:你選擇哪家餐館就餐?(6)想一想:You are ____ you eat. (Key: what)
2.2 考查真題,查缺補(bǔ)漏
生成情境,順理成章引出有關(guān)健康飲食主題的2016全國(guó)卷I英語(yǔ)改錯(cuò)題。通過(guò)高考真題考查學(xué)生的能力,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析真題,歸納總結(jié),有效查缺補(bǔ)漏,適時(shí)借機(jī)滲透短文改錯(cuò)的應(yīng)試技巧。
2.3 創(chuàng)設(shè)新題,學(xué)以致用
以高考短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)為綱,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生有的放矢,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生運(yùn)用已有知識(shí)水平,小組合作,由易到難,設(shè)置難度梯度,先設(shè)計(jì)教材原句為單句改錯(cuò),小試牛刀;再改編教材語(yǔ)篇,融會(huì)貫通;最后依據(jù)高考真題,創(chuàng)設(shè)新題,培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造性思維能力。
2.3.1 改編教材原句為單句改錯(cuò),夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)
引導(dǎo)學(xué)生合作探究,合理開(kāi)發(fā)教材,重溫語(yǔ)篇,精選佳句,設(shè)計(jì)成不同考點(diǎn)的單句改錯(cuò):(1) Ill help you lose weight and be fit in two week if you eat here every day. (2) He thought of his mutton, beef and bacon cooked in hottest, finest oil. (3) By now his restaurant ought to be full with people. (4) Perhaps with a discount and a new sign he could won his customers back. (Key: week→weeks; 在in hottest之間加the考查冠詞; with→of; won→win)
2.3.2 改編教材文本為短文改錯(cuò),鞏固提升
從語(yǔ)篇入手,挖掘文本內(nèi)容。概括提煉語(yǔ)篇,變文本為考題,學(xué)生借助教材進(jìn)行“創(chuàng)材”大練兵:(1)改編B3-2 Healthy eating為短文改錯(cuò):Wang Pengs restaurant was empty because some strange reasons. All of suddenly he saw his friend Li Chang hurrying by. He greeted to Li Chang warmly, so he seemed not to hear. What was the matter? Something terribly must have happened if Li Chang was not coming to eat in her restaurant as he always did. He followed Li Chang and discovered the new small restaurant. Wang Peng saw Yong Hui menu and thinking hed better do some research. He did some research and decided to win his customer back. The competition between the restaurants were on. (2)學(xué)生競(jìng)賽設(shè)置考點(diǎn):①because of+名詞;②suddenly→sudden; ③刪除to; ④so→but; ⑤terribly→terrible; ⑥her→his; ⑦the→a; ⑧thinking→thought; ⑨customer→customers; ⑩were→was。
2.3.3 改編高考真題,探究考點(diǎn)
研磨真題,全面探究考點(diǎn),另辟蹊徑,多方考查,改造真題:⑴學(xué)生改編2016全國(guó)卷短文改錯(cuò)的代表作:My uncle is an owner of a restaurant close to which I live. Though very big, the restaurant is popular in our area. It is always crowding with customers at meal times. Some people even have to wait for outside. My uncle tells me that the key to her success is honesty. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil is used for cooking. My uncle says that he never dreams of become rich in a short period of times. Instead, he hopes that his business would grow steadily. ⑵ 學(xué)生評(píng)析探究考點(diǎn):①an→the 考查定冠詞;②which→where 考查賓語(yǔ)從句;③在Though后加not 考查副詞;④crowding→crowded 考查形容詞;⑤刪除for 考查介詞;⑥her→his 考查代詞;⑦is→are 考查be動(dòng)詞主謂一致;⑧become→becoming 考查動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞;⑨t(yī)imes→time 考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù);⑩would→will 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
3. 延伸情境,拓展寫(xiě)作
健康主題“Proof Reading”教學(xué)的最后環(huán)節(jié),結(jié)合情境,引出主題寫(xiě)作,與全國(guó)卷英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作相吻合,旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用技能。設(shè)計(jì)寫(xiě)作環(huán)節(jié)如下:假如你是李華。最近,你收到筆友Wang Peng發(fā)來(lái)的郵件,在郵件中,他提到他忙于與Yong Hui的餐館生意競(jìng)爭(zhēng),作息、飲食無(wú)規(guī)律,導(dǎo)致體重超重,而且體質(zhì)較弱。請(qǐng)給他回一封100個(gè)詞左右的郵件。內(nèi)容包括:(1)避免不健康的生活方式(如花太多時(shí)間上網(wǎng)、經(jīng)常吃快餐食品、缺少運(yùn)動(dòng));(2)養(yǎng)成良好的生活習(xí)慣(如注意飲食均衡;堅(jiān)持體育鍛煉);(3)建議他與Yong Hui聯(lián)合,推出營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡的菜譜。
4. 結(jié)語(yǔ)
話題式“Proof Reading”教學(xué)模式,變枯燥的短文改錯(cuò)為一個(gè)個(gè)鮮活生動(dòng)的畫(huà)面;通過(guò)體驗(yàn)層層遞進(jìn)的故事情境,喚醒學(xué)生主動(dòng)去參與感知、分析歸納、探究創(chuàng)新、提升能力,變苦學(xué)為樂(lè)學(xué)。
該教學(xué)模式,對(duì)教師提出更高的要求:(1)教師必須熟悉教材和高考真題,找準(zhǔn)結(jié)合點(diǎn),才能重點(diǎn)突出,產(chǎn)生共鳴;(2)教師要具備開(kāi)發(fā)創(chuàng)作能力,使主題內(nèi)容故事化、情境化,激發(fā)興趣;(3)教師應(yīng)有導(dǎo)演的能力:以“物”喚情,物盡其用,重視“物”(多媒體設(shè)備、主題實(shí)物、主題圖片、主題音樂(lè)等);生生平等,人才濟(jì)濟(jì),人盡其才,關(guān)注“人”(每位學(xué)生既是不同英語(yǔ)能力但各有天賦的人才,又是每個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)合作學(xué)習(xí)的代表成員)??傊?,堅(jiān)持探究話題式“Proof Reading”教學(xué)模式,不斷深入完善,定能達(dá)到教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)的目的。
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[3] 王佩娜.運(yùn)用詞塊學(xué)習(xí)策略,提高高中生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平[J]. 中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究, 2008(1).
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(作者單位:福建省柘榮縣第一中學(xué))