鄒文茂,李景輝,鄧 超,劉 蕾,李 碩
(中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬??卺t(yī)院,海南 ???570208)
類鼻疽是由類鼻疽伯克霍爾德菌(Burkholderiapseudomallei,BP)引起的一種人獸共患的地方性傳染病,1912年 Whitemore和Krishnaswami在泰國(guó)首次報(bào)道[1]。最常見(jiàn)于東南亞和澳大利亞北部[2-4],也廣泛分布于我國(guó)南方地區(qū),如海南、廣東、廣西和福建[5]。海南省是我國(guó)類鼻疽的主要疫源地,也是中國(guó)目前類鼻疽伯克霍爾德菌分離率最高的地區(qū)[6]。由于類鼻疽的臨床特點(diǎn)復(fù)雜多樣,缺乏特異性,有俗稱“似百病”,故極易誤診,且病情進(jìn)展快,病死率高,故早期診斷和及時(shí)合理治療顯得尤為重要。國(guó)外有大樣本量的病例報(bào)道[7-8]總結(jié)了當(dāng)?shù)仡惐蔷业奶攸c(diǎn),國(guó)內(nèi)以個(gè)案報(bào)道居多。為提高對(duì)類鼻疽的認(rèn)識(shí),現(xiàn)將某院收治的35例類鼻疽的臨床資料報(bào)告如下。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象 中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬??卺t(yī)院2012年3月—2017年2月收治的經(jīng)各種標(biāo)本(血、痰、尿、關(guān)節(jié)液、骨髓及各種穿刺液)培養(yǎng)確診的35例類鼻疽病例。
1.2 研究方法 回顧性調(diào)查患者的病歷資料,調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括:性別、年齡、職業(yè)、是否為海南本地居民、發(fā)病時(shí)間、基礎(chǔ)疾病、臨床癥狀、臨床診斷、治療與預(yù)后等情況。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析 應(yīng)用Excell軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整理分析。
2結(jié)果
2.1 一般資料 35例類鼻疽患者,男性32例(91.4%),女性3例(8.6%);年齡32~82歲,平均年齡50.3歲;農(nóng)民6例(17.1%),工人4例(11.4%),自由職業(yè)者16例(45.7%),園丁1例(2.9%),其他職業(yè)8例(22.9%);海南當(dāng)?shù)鼐用?3 例(94.3%),在海南居住的外地居民2例(5.7%);發(fā)病季節(jié):1~3月4例(11.4%),4~6月3例(8.6%),7~9月18例(51.4%),10~12月10例(28.6%)。
2.2 診斷與誤診 入院時(shí)確診類鼻疽2例(5.7%),高度疑似3例(8.6%),誤診30例(85.7%);初發(fā)34例(97.1%),復(fù)發(fā)1例(2.9%)。本病確診主要依靠各種標(biāo)本培養(yǎng)出BP,2例因有外院培養(yǎng)結(jié)果而入院時(shí)得到確診,3例高度疑似患者有相對(duì)典型的臨床特點(diǎn),入院后均培養(yǎng)出BP而確診。
2.3 治療與預(yù)后 所有患者在入院時(shí)均采用廣譜強(qiáng)效的抗菌藥物抗感染治療,入院后培養(yǎng)出BP的藥敏結(jié)果證實(shí),有23例(65.7%)已選用敏感抗菌藥物,其余病例根據(jù)藥敏結(jié)果選用敏感抗菌藥物。此外,還采用外科治療,其中穿刺引流4例(11.4%),手術(shù)治療7例(20.0%)。病情好轉(zhuǎn)或痊愈26例(74.3%),放棄治療2例(5.7%),死亡7例(20.0%)。
2.4 臨床特點(diǎn)
2.4.1 基礎(chǔ)疾病 以糖尿病最為常見(jiàn)(29例,82.9%),其次為慢性心臟疾病(7例,20.0%)、免疫疾病(4例,11.4%)、慢性肺部疾病(2例,5.7%)及慢性腎臟疾病(1例,2.9%)。
2.4.2 首發(fā)臨床癥狀 以發(fā)熱最常見(jiàn)(31例,88.6%),其次為咳嗽(12例,34.3%)、氣促(10例,28.6%)、腹痛(5例,14.3%)、上下肢痛 (4例,11.4 %)及關(guān)節(jié)痛(2例,5.7%)。
2.4.3 感染部位 感染部位主要為血液(30例,85.7%),其次為肺(19例,54.3%)、脾及皮膚軟組織(各7例,各占20.0%)、肝(5例,14.3%)、骨髓(3例,8.6%)、關(guān)節(jié)(1例,2.9%)、腹腔(1例,2.9%),腹腔感染為腹膜透析相關(guān)性類鼻疽。
2.4.4 標(biāo)本來(lái)源 以血標(biāo)本培養(yǎng)出BP最為常見(jiàn)(30例,85.7%),其次為各種穿刺液(13例,37.1%)、痰(7例,20.0%)、尿及關(guān)節(jié)液(各1例,各占2.9%)。
2.4.5 影像特征 肺部CT表現(xiàn)為滲出、高密度影、空洞,見(jiàn)圖1A、B。肝、脾、腎的CT表現(xiàn)為低密度灶,邊界較清,見(jiàn)圖1C、D。骨和軟組織的磁共振(MRI)表現(xiàn)為骨髓炎和軟組織膿腫,見(jiàn)圖2A、B。
A:胸部CT可見(jiàn)雙肺多發(fā)斑片狀高密度影,呈棉花團(tuán)樣改變;B:胸部CT可見(jiàn)右肺小空洞;C:腹部CT可見(jiàn)肝內(nèi)低密度灶、脾內(nèi)低密度灶;D:腹部CT可見(jiàn)右腎低密度灶
圖1類鼻疽患者CT 檢查結(jié)果
Figure1Computed tomography image of patients with melioidosis
A:下肢MRI可見(jiàn)右股骨中段骨皮質(zhì)不規(guī)則增厚,骨髓腔內(nèi)少許低信號(hào)影,周邊軟組織腫脹,其內(nèi)可見(jiàn)片狀高T2W1異常信號(hào);B:右下肢MRI可見(jiàn)右股內(nèi)側(cè)囊狀長(zhǎng)T2異常信號(hào),邊界模糊,周邊軟組織稍腫脹
圖2類鼻疽患者M(jìn)RI 檢查結(jié)果
Figure2Magnetic resonance imaging of patients with melioidosis
3討論
BP是一種革蘭陰性需氧菌,存在于土壤和水中[9]。類鼻疽是由BP引起的一種熱帶傳染病,雖然可通過(guò)皮膚、吸入、攝入等途徑感染,但經(jīng)皮感染最常見(jiàn)[10]。糖尿病是類鼻疽最重要的易感因素,其次是酒精中毒、慢性肺部疾病和慢性腎臟病[11-17]。但是不同研究顯示,最常見(jiàn)的易感因素有差別。在澳大利亞,540例類鼻疽患者中糖尿病213例(39%)、酒精中毒211例(39%)、慢性肺疾病140例(26%),酒精中毒和糖尿病為類鼻疽最主要的易感因素[7],而在馬來(lái)西亞只有糖尿病作為最主要的易感因素[18-20]。本研究顯示糖尿病是最常見(jiàn)的易感因素,慢性心臟病、慢性肺部疾病、免疫疾病等也是其易感因素,但有文獻(xiàn)[7]報(bào)道540例中106例(20%)無(wú)易感因素。其流行也受氣候的影響,雨水季節(jié)易流行[21-22]。本文大多數(shù)病例的發(fā)病時(shí)間也為海南7~9月份的雨水季節(jié)。
本病的感染部位見(jiàn)于各個(gè)部位,血、肺部是最常見(jiàn)的感染部位,其次是皮膚和軟組織、骨和關(guān)節(jié)、肝、脾、腦,更少見(jiàn)的有泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)、腮腺、淚囊、口腔[7-8, 21],與本研究提示的血、肺、肝、脾、皮膚軟組織、骨等是常見(jiàn)的好發(fā)部位相吻合。其臨床表現(xiàn)也復(fù)雜多樣,感染途徑?jīng)Q定最初的主要臨床表現(xiàn),經(jīng)呼吸道和皮膚感染是最主要的感染途徑,可分別引起肺炎、皮膚軟組織膿腫和蜂窩織炎[8, 23]。文獻(xiàn)[8]報(bào)道發(fā)熱、呼吸系統(tǒng)感染、軟組織感染是急診和入院的主要原因,本研究中的35例患者中31例因發(fā)熱入院。因臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,所以誤診和漏診的比例非常高。楊美玲[24]報(bào)道,4例發(fā)生在廣西的類鼻疽在培養(yǎng)出BP之前全部誤診。何遠(yuǎn)學(xué)等[25]報(bào)道2000—2007年25例類鼻疽病例幾乎全部誤診。本研究的病例中,2例在入院時(shí)因已有外院培養(yǎng)結(jié)果才得以確診,3例高度疑似類鼻疽,30例誤診,所以誤診率亦相當(dāng)高,故重視本病的早期診斷非常重要。Deris等[18]推薦快速的實(shí)驗(yàn)室診斷和提高可疑類鼻疽的診斷水平來(lái)提高治療效果和減少病死率。體液培養(yǎng)出BP是診斷該病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10],但臨床上培養(yǎng)需要3~5 d,且本病進(jìn)展快,病死率高,因此,對(duì)提示有感染的臨床表現(xiàn)時(shí),除盡早完善各種標(biāo)本的培養(yǎng),還需積極完善必要的影像學(xué)檢查(如B超、CT、MRI等)。肺部X線、CT可提示急性肺炎、膿腫、結(jié)節(jié)[26-28];CT提示肝膿腫、脾膿腫、皮膚軟組織膿腫,MRI提示骨髓炎、關(guān)節(jié)炎[29-30];盡管跟其他細(xì)菌感染的表現(xiàn)很相似且難以鑒別,但多系統(tǒng)受累,這些提供了重要的線索[31]。同時(shí)結(jié)合臨床特點(diǎn)可輔助本病的臨床診斷,且影像學(xué)又能提供定位診斷,為必要的外科干預(yù)提供依據(jù)。因此,對(duì)于類鼻疽疫區(qū)或去過(guò)疫區(qū)的、伴有易感因素的患者出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、咳嗽、咳痰、腹痛等各種感染表現(xiàn)時(shí),要高度懷疑本病的存在,盡早完成各種標(biāo)本的培養(yǎng)及影像學(xué)檢查明確診斷。
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