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[摘要] 目的 探討嬰幼兒先天性心臟?。–HD)術(shù)后急性腎損傷(AKI)和液體超負(fù)荷(FOL)的臨床危險(xiǎn)因素。方法 選擇2012年5月~2016年5月在上饒市第五人民醫(yī)院心臟外科住院,年齡≤2歲,行體外循環(huán)(CPB)手術(shù)的CHD患兒共95例。記錄術(shù)后3 d的血清肌酐水平,依據(jù)急性腎損傷網(wǎng)絡(luò)工作小組(AKIN)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定AKI發(fā)生率并分組。收集術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后的變量并作為AKI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行單變量和多因素Logistic回歸分析。記錄術(shù)后24、48、72 h的FOL,分析AKI和FOL對(duì)住院時(shí)間,術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和死亡率的影響。 結(jié)果 AKI發(fā)生率為45%其中,AKI 1級(jí)占87%。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,基礎(chǔ)肌酐值、選擇性腦灌注、CPB時(shí)間和血管活性藥物評(píng)分與AKI獨(dú)立相關(guān)(P < 0.05)??偣?例患兒死亡,其中AKI 1級(jí)(輕度)5例,AKI 2級(jí)(中度)3例。單因素分析顯示,AKI組對(duì)比無AKI組住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、死亡率均增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后72 h FOL≤15% 62例,F(xiàn)OL>15% 33例。FOL>15%組的嬰幼兒相比FOL≤15%組的嬰幼兒住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、死亡率均增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 CPB持續(xù)時(shí)間、基礎(chǔ)肌酐值、選擇性腦灌注、血管活性藥物評(píng)分與嬰幼兒先天性心臟病術(shù)后AKI呈獨(dú)立相關(guān);術(shù)后發(fā)生AKI和FOL均增加住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和死亡率。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 急性腎損傷;先天性心臟?。粙胗變?;心臟手術(shù);液體超負(fù)荷
[中圖分類號(hào)] R726.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)06(b)-0065-04
Analysis of risk factors of acute renal injury and fluid overload in infants after congenital heart disease surgery
DAI Wei LUO Deqiang CHEN Rui HUANG Lihua ZHU Zhigang
Department of ICU, the Fifth People's Hospital of Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, Shangrao 334000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) and fluid overload (FOL) in infants after congenital heart disease (CHD) surgery. Methods Date of 95 patients aged ≤2 years underwent CPB surgery for CHD were reviewed retrospectively from May 2012 to May 2016. The serum creatinine level was recorded for 3 days after surgery. According to the AKIN standard of AKI, patients were divided into two groups: AKI group and non-AKI group. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables were collected and analyzed as the potential risk factors of AKI. Percentage FOL was recorded cumulatively at 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery. The influence of AKI and FOL on hospital length of stay, postoperative mechanical ventilation days, and mortality were analyzed. Results The incidence of infants AKI was 45%, of which 87% had AKI at stage I. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed factors association with cardiopulmonary bypass time, selective cerebral perfusion, preoperative creatinine value and vasoactive drugs score independently respectively (P < 0.05). A total of 8 patients died (5 cases of AKI of stage 1, 3 cases of AKI of stage 2). Single factor analysis showed that patients of the AKI group had longer hospital stay, ventilator days, and a higher mortality rate than the non- AKI group (P < 0.05). FOL of 62 infants were ≤15% in the first 72 h after surgery, FOL of 33 infants were >15%. Infants with FOL >15% had longer hospital stay, ventilator days, and a higher mortality rate than infants with FOL ≤15% FOL group (P < 0.05). Conclusion CPB duration, selective cerebral perfusion, preoperative creatinine value and vasoactive drugs score are relative risk factors of AKI after CHD surgery with CPB in infants. Postoperative AKI and FOL increased hospital stay, mechanical ventilation time and mortality.
[Key words] Acute kidney injury; Congenital heart disease; Infants; Heart surgery; Fluid overload
急性腎損傷(AKI)和液體超負(fù)荷(FOL)是兒科先天性心臟?。–HD)術(shù)后常見而嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,顯著增加患兒的病死率[1-2]。小兒CHD術(shù)后有FOL的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)也增加了進(jìn)展成AKI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。對(duì)于CHD患兒術(shù)后AKI的發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道不一,在15%~59%之間[4-5]。目前評(píng)估嬰幼兒CHD術(shù)后AKI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素和發(fā)生率的資料有限,本研究對(duì)95例CHD患兒的臨床資料進(jìn)行分析,探討AKI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素和發(fā)生率,評(píng)估FOL和AKI與重癥監(jiān)護(hù)結(jié)局的關(guān)系,包括住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后呼吸機(jī)使用天數(shù)、死亡率等。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2012年5月~2016年5月上饒市第五人民醫(yī)院收治的年齡≤2歲的CHD患兒,均行體外循環(huán)(CPB)手術(shù)。男48例,女47例;體重3~14 kg。所有CHD患兒均經(jīng)體檢、心臟彩超或心導(dǎo)管造影確診[6]。排除已有肝腎功能不全及術(shù)前使用具有潛在腎毒性藥物者,急性感染、電解質(zhì)紊亂及伴有急性心力衰竭者。
1.2 方法
研究的主要變量是AKI的進(jìn)展,采用急性腎損傷網(wǎng)絡(luò)工作小組(AKIN)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],見表1。根據(jù)術(shù)后72 h的肌酐變化確定AKI的診斷。記錄術(shù)后3 d的血清肌酐水平,出院肌酐值為最接近出院時(shí)的肌酐值,如果術(shù)后3 d沒有血清肌酐值,將不予入組。收集術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后的變量并作為AKI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行分析。根據(jù)Taylor等[4]的報(bào)道選取以下幾個(gè)變量:早產(chǎn)兒、基礎(chǔ)肌酐值、心律失常、選擇性腦灌注、再次手術(shù)、乳酸峰值、低心排、死亡等。記錄術(shù)后24、48、72 h FOL百分比。按住院期間最大FOL百分比,將患兒分為FOL≤15%和>15%兩組[8]。超負(fù)荷百分比公式計(jì)算:FOL%=每日出入量(進(jìn)液量-出液量)/入ICU時(shí)體重×100%。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);AKI相關(guān)影響因素分析采用多變量Logistic回歸分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 AKI發(fā)生情況
共入組患兒95例,術(shù)后發(fā)生AKI 43例,發(fā)生率為45%,其中,1級(jí)(輕度)39例(87%),2級(jí)(中度)4例(9%),3級(jí)(重度)2例(4%)。共8例患兒死亡,其中,AKI 1級(jí)(輕度)5例,AKI 2級(jí)(中度)3例。
2.2 AKI發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素分析
單因素分析顯示,術(shù)中變量的CPB時(shí)間、主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間、選擇性腦灌注、延遲關(guān)胸,術(shù)后變量的乳酸峰值、正性肌力藥物評(píng)分、心律失常、CPR、院內(nèi)感染、總輸紅細(xì)胞量、低氧,在AKI組與非AKI組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,基礎(chǔ)肌酐值、選擇性腦灌注、CPB時(shí)間和血管活性藥物評(píng)分與AKI獨(dú)立相關(guān)(P < 0.05)。
2.3 AKI和FOL對(duì)重癥監(jiān)護(hù)結(jié)局的影響
AKI組對(duì)比無AKI組患兒住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、死亡率均增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。術(shù)后72 h FOL≤15%組患兒62例,F(xiàn)OL>15%組患兒33例。FOL>15%組患兒相比FOL≤15%組住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、死亡率均增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。
3 討論
AKI是心臟外科術(shù)后的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥之一,不僅影響患者術(shù)后心臟功能的恢復(fù)、加重經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),而且對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)期腎功能的影響也是巨大的[9-10]。本研究中95例先心病CPB術(shù)后患兒中45%發(fā)生了AKI,1級(jí)占87%,2級(jí)占9%,3級(jí)占4%。多變量Logistic回歸分析顯示,AKI的獨(dú)立影響因素有以下4種:基礎(chǔ)肌酐值、CPB時(shí)間、選擇性腦灌注、血管活性藥物評(píng)分。
大量的AKI影響因素研究顯示,基礎(chǔ)肌酐值是心外科術(shù)后AKI的重要危險(xiǎn)因素[11-12]?;A(chǔ)肌酐值的升高反映了術(shù)前腎功能狀況。本研究也對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)AKI組患兒基礎(chǔ)肌酐值明顯高于非AKI組,多變量Logistic回歸分析也提示基礎(chǔ)肌酐值為AKI獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。在嬰幼兒中,CPB時(shí)間越長,手術(shù)危險(xiǎn)分層越高,AKI的發(fā)生率越高[13]。CPB引發(fā)全身炎性反應(yīng),激活補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)、單核細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞毒性損傷[14]。CPB的過程中,會(huì)產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞碎片以及微氣栓,阻塞腎小球血管,導(dǎo)致腎臟的損傷。低心排及低血容量導(dǎo)致腎臟灌注不足,使腎臟發(fā)生缺血/再灌注損傷[15]。此外,CPB非脈動(dòng)性搏動(dòng)、低溫以及游離血紅蛋白阻塞腎小管等均可導(dǎo)致AKI的發(fā)生。選擇性腦灌注是AKI的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[16]。在本研究中,所有主動(dòng)脈修復(fù)的患兒CPB均使用了選擇性腦灌注。在行選擇性腦灌注時(shí),主動(dòng)脈被阻斷,導(dǎo)致腎灌注不足引發(fā)AKI。如果行選擇性腦灌注時(shí),使用降主動(dòng)脈插管則能改善術(shù)后腎功能[16]。CPB心臟手術(shù)后95.71%的患兒需使用血管活性藥[17],使用的目的在于增加心臟術(shù)后的心排量,改善組織灌注。血管活性藥使用的多少,在一定程度上反映了患兒的心功能和病情的嚴(yán)重程度[18]。使用高劑量血管活性藥時(shí),心功能差,心排量不足,使得腎臟的組織灌注減少,而且血管活性藥物會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加血管阻力,減少腎灌注,容易導(dǎo)致AKI的發(fā)生。
FOL增加患兒病死率,也是CHD術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥[19]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FOL>15%的患兒住院時(shí)間和機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間更長,死亡率更高。在8例死亡患兒中,術(shù)后第1個(gè)72 h FOL均>15%,有1例FOL甚至超過30%。這8例患兒中有2例進(jìn)行了腹膜透析,在開始腹膜透析時(shí)FOL已經(jīng)>30%。1例行腹膜透析并痊愈出院的患兒,開始透析前后均FOL<30%。提示及早干預(yù)FOL,可能降低死亡率。有數(shù)據(jù)表明,早期腹膜透析可能降低死亡率,而且對(duì)CHD術(shù)后AKI的腎功能恢復(fù)沒有不利影響[20]。結(jié)合基礎(chǔ)肌酐值,可以選擇合適的患兒預(yù)先放置腹膜透析管。
總之,應(yīng)關(guān)注危險(xiǎn)因素,如選擇性腦灌注、CPB時(shí)間,盡可能最小化這些導(dǎo)致AKI和FOL的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。此外,如果基礎(chǔ)肌酐值高,應(yīng)盡可能限制FOL,減少可能的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和死亡。本研究存在樣本量較少、研究為回顧性等局限性,有待進(jìn)一步完善和進(jìn)行前瞻性、多中心、大樣本量的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2017-02-16 本文編輯:程 銘)