張維溪, 翁翠葉, 賈宵宵, 朱婷婷, 曾澤宇, 孔璐丹, 潘靈芝
[溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院、育英兒童醫(yī)院兒童變態(tài)反應(yīng)(過(guò)敏)與免疫科, 浙江 溫州 325027]
阻斷Dll4-Notch信號(hào)通路對(duì)哮喘小鼠Th17細(xì)胞分化的影響*
張維溪△, 翁翠葉, 賈宵宵, 朱婷婷, 曾澤宇, 孔璐丹, 潘靈芝
[溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院、育英兒童醫(yī)院兒童變態(tài)反應(yīng)(過(guò)敏)與免疫科, 浙江 溫州 325027]
目的: 探討哮喘小鼠體內(nèi)Delta樣配體4(Delta-like ligand 4, Dll4)-Notch信號(hào)通路阻斷對(duì)輔助性T細(xì)胞17(Th17細(xì)胞)分化的影響。方法: 30只雄性BALB/c小鼠隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照組、生理鹽水對(duì)照組、哮喘模型組、Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組和IgG對(duì)照組。肺組織切片進(jìn)行免疫組織化學(xué)染色,定性分析Dll4的表達(dá)。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析各組小鼠脾臟Th17細(xì)胞在CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞中的比例。采用Western blot法檢測(cè)小鼠脾臟分離淋巴細(xì)胞中維甲酸相關(guān)孤兒受體γt(retinoid-related orphan receptor γt,RORγt)的蛋白表達(dá)。應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實(shí)驗(yàn)(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)檢測(cè)各組小鼠血清中白細(xì)胞介素17(interleukin 17,IL-17)的含量。結(jié)果: 與哮喘模型組比較,Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組Dll4表達(dá)存在明顯差異。與哮喘模型組比較,Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組脾臟分離CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞中Th17細(xì)胞的比例和RORγt表達(dá)水平均存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性(P<0.05)。Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組小鼠血清IL-17的表達(dá)與哮喘模型組之間的差異也存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性(P<0.01)。結(jié)論: 阻斷Dll4-Notch信號(hào)通路對(duì)哮喘小鼠Th17細(xì)胞分化起到抑制作用。
哮喘; Delta樣配體4; Notch受體; 輔助性T細(xì)胞17; 白細(xì)胞介素17
支氣管哮喘(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)哮喘)的本質(zhì)是許多炎癥細(xì)胞如淋巴細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞和肥大細(xì)胞等參與的慢性氣道炎癥,其中T淋巴細(xì)胞起著重要的作用。輔助性T細(xì)胞17(T helper 17 cells,Th17細(xì)胞)及其產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞因子白細(xì)胞介素17(interleukin-17,IL-17)能夠加重哮喘的氣道炎癥[1-2]。
哺乳動(dòng)物中存在4種Notch受體(Notch1~4)和5種Notch配體,5種配體分別屬于2個(gè)不同的家族,即Delta樣家族(Delta-like ligands,Dll;包括Dll1、Dll3和Dll4)和Jagged家族(Jagged1和Jagged2)[3]。胡美等[4]研究表明,Notch能調(diào)控哮喘小鼠氣道上皮下纖維化這一氣道重構(gòu)現(xiàn)象,抑制Notch信號(hào)通路可減輕氣道上皮下纖維化。我們前期的研究表明,哮喘組Notch1和Notch2受體表達(dá)增強(qiáng)[5]。Huang等[6]研究表明,調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞可以通過(guò)Dll4-Notch信號(hào)通路改善氣道重塑。卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)致敏小鼠分離的樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞的Dll4表達(dá)涉及Th17分化,1,25-二羥維生素D3可以起到抑制Dll4表達(dá)、減少Th17細(xì)胞分化的作用[7]。另有研究證實(shí),人樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞Notch配體Dll4可以調(diào)控Th1和Th17的分化[8]。
近年研究表明,Notch信號(hào)通路在T細(xì)胞的分化和活化中發(fā)揮著重要作用,與哮喘發(fā)病關(guān)系密切[9]。因此,有必要通過(guò)組織學(xué)檢查及干預(yù)調(diào)控研究,以進(jìn)一步闡明阻斷Dll4-Notch信號(hào)通路是否能夠影響哮喘小鼠Th17細(xì)胞分化,旨在為哮喘的治療提供靶點(diǎn)。
1 主要試劑
OVA購(gòu)于Sigma;淋巴細(xì)胞分離液購(gòu)于天津市灝洋生物制品科技有限公司;RPMI-1640 培養(yǎng)基和胎牛血清購(gòu)于Gibco;小鼠Dll4和IL-17 ELISA試劑盒購(gòu)于eBioscience;佛波酯(phorbol myristate acetate,PMA)、離子霉素(ionomycin)、莫能星(monensin)、RIPA 強(qiáng)裂解液和BCA試劑盒購(gòu)于碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記羊抗兔和PVDF膜購(gòu)于北京索萊寶科技有限公司;ECL發(fā)光液和蛋白marker購(gòu)于Thermo;Fix & Perm 固定破膜劑購(gòu)于Invitrogen;FITC-抗小鼠CD4和PE-抗小鼠IL-17A購(gòu)于BD。
2 主要方法
2.1 動(dòng)物分組、模型制備及肺組織的采集及處理 SPF 級(jí)雄性BALB/c小鼠30只,4~6周,體重(20±2) g,來(lái)自上海斯萊克實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司,在溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)SPF級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心飼養(yǎng)。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物保護(hù)和利用委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將30只小鼠分為5組:正常對(duì)照(control)組、哮喘模型組(OVA組)、生理鹽水對(duì)照組(OVA+NS組)、Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組(OVA+anti-Dll4組)和IgG對(duì)照組(OVA+IgG組)。參照課題組既往采用的方法制備模型,分別在第1天和第13天通過(guò)小鼠腹腔注射0.01% OVA/Al(OH)3混合液0.1 mL(其中含有OVA10 μg 和Al(OH)3凝膠20 mg)致敏,從第25天至第32天連續(xù)8 d每天以1% OVA生理鹽水溶液進(jìn)行霧化激發(fā),每次30 min[5, 10]。生理鹽水組、Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組和IgG對(duì)照組第25天起連續(xù)8 d每只小鼠在OVA 激發(fā)之前30 min分別腹腔注射200 μg生理鹽水、anti-Dll4和非特異性IgG。在末次激發(fā)后24 h內(nèi)處死小鼠,取脾臟用于淋巴細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)。同時(shí)取右肺組織用4%多聚甲醛固定,送病理科石蠟包埋切片,HE染色,免疫組化。
2.2 分離小鼠脾臟淋巴細(xì)胞 取雄性BALB/c小鼠,脫臼處死,浸泡在75%乙醇中15 min;無(wú)菌操作臺(tái)中剖開(kāi)小鼠腹腔取脾臟,剪去周?chē)慕Y(jié)締組織,于盛有冷PBS液的無(wú)菌培養(yǎng)皿中漂洗;使用10 mL注射器底部輕輕碾磨脾臟,邊碾磨邊加PBS,使其透過(guò)200目細(xì)胞篩網(wǎng)獲得脾臟單個(gè)核細(xì)胞懸液;用無(wú)血清RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基重懸細(xì)胞,進(jìn)行細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)。
2.3 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)小鼠脾臟淋巴細(xì)胞中Th17細(xì)胞的比例 刺激培養(yǎng)后的各孔細(xì)胞收集到1.5 mL離心管,1 000 r/min,離心5 min,棄上清;冷buffer重懸1次,1 000 r/min 離心5 min;buffer重懸細(xì)胞,調(diào)整濃度至2×1010/L;分別轉(zhuǎn)移1×106個(gè)脾臟CD4+T細(xì)胞(50 μL)到2個(gè)1.5 mL EP管中,剩余細(xì)胞留做維甲酸相關(guān)孤兒受體γt (retinoid-related orphan receptor γt,RORγt)蛋白檢測(cè);在抗體管中加入0.5 μL抗小鼠FITC-CD4抗體,在同型管加入0.5 μL CD4同型單抗,輕輕振蕩混勻;4 ℃避光孵育30 min;用200 μL buffer 洗滌1次,1 000 r/min,離心5 min,去上清液;每管內(nèi)加入Fix & Perm試劑盒中的A劑(固定劑)100 μL進(jìn)行固定,充分混勻;室溫下避光孵育15 min;用200 μL buffer 緩沖液洗滌1次,1 000 r/min 離心5 min,去上清液;每管加入Fix & Perm試劑盒中試劑B(破膜劑)100 μL;抗體管內(nèi)加入1.25 μL的PE-IL-17A單抗,同型管內(nèi)加入l.25 μL的IL-17A同型抗體;混勻后4 ℃避光孵育30 min;用1 mL buffer洗滌1次,1 000 r/min 離心5 min,棄上清液;用200 μL 1%多聚甲醛重懸細(xì)胞; 盡快上機(jī)分析。
2.4 Western blot法檢測(cè)RORγt蛋白的表達(dá) 取分離的小鼠脾淋巴細(xì)胞,制備不同濃度梯度的蛋白標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品,測(cè)定蛋白濃度(BCA法)。通過(guò)上樣樣本配制、制膠與上樣、電泳、轉(zhuǎn)膜、麗春紅蛋白染色、封閉、結(jié)合 I 抗、結(jié)合 II 抗、化學(xué)發(fā)光、結(jié)果分析等完成系列實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟。
2.5 免疫組化檢測(cè)肺組織Dll4蛋白的表達(dá) 完成免疫組化染色過(guò)程,光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察各組肺組織切片染色情況,定性分析比較Dll4的表達(dá)。
2.6 ELISA法檢測(cè)IL-17 的含量 采用ELISA法檢測(cè)IL-17的含量,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定吸光度(A),根據(jù)樣品A值查出相應(yīng)樣品的含量。
3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 21.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析,計(jì)量資料實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,多組樣本均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),方差齊性檢驗(yàn)采用Levene 檢驗(yàn),方差齊者兩兩比較采用Bonferroni 法;方差不齊者采用Dunnett’T3法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 肺組織染色結(jié)果
肺組織HE染色結(jié)果顯示,正常對(duì)照組氣管、支氣管、血管旁及肺泡內(nèi)炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)不明顯。與正常對(duì)照組比較,哮喘模型組、生理鹽水對(duì)照組和IgG對(duì)照組小鼠氣管、支氣管、血管旁及肺泡內(nèi)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞等炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)明顯,而Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組小鼠肺組織炎癥細(xì)胞明顯減少,炎癥改變較輕,見(jiàn)圖1。
Figure 1.Pathological changes of the lung tissues from mice (HE staining, ×400).
圖1 小鼠肺組織病理改變
2 免疫組化顯示各組小鼠肺組織Dll4蛋白的表達(dá)情況
各組肺組織免疫組化染色后,在相同條件的光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察各組切片染色情況。哮喘模型組、生理鹽水對(duì)照組和IgG對(duì)照組肺組織切片著色較正常對(duì)照組及Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組顯著,提示正常對(duì)照組和Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組肺組織Dll4蛋白表達(dá)相對(duì)較少,見(jiàn)圖2。
Figure 2.Dll4 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemical imaging (×400).
圖2 免疫組化法測(cè)定Dll4蛋白表達(dá)
3 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析各組小鼠脾臟Th17細(xì)胞在CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞中的比例
哮喘模型組、生理鹽水對(duì)照組、Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組和IgG對(duì)照組脾CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞中Th17細(xì)胞的比例顯著高于正常對(duì)照組(P<0.05),Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組脾CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞中Th17細(xì)胞的比例顯著低于哮喘模型組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖3。
Figure 3.Anti-Dll4 antibody decreased the differentiation of Th17 cells. Mean±SD.n=6.*P<0.05vscontrol group;#P<0.05vsOVA group;△P<0.05vsOVA+IgG group.
圖3 Anti-Dll4 抗體減少Th17細(xì)胞的分化
4 Western blot法檢測(cè)各組小鼠脾淋巴細(xì)胞中RORγt蛋白的含量
哮喘模型組、生理鹽水對(duì)照組和IgG對(duì)照組脾淋巴細(xì)胞中RORγt蛋白的含量顯著高于正常對(duì)照組(P<0.01),Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組RORγt蛋白的含量顯著低于哮喘模型組(P<0.01),IgG對(duì)照組RORγt蛋白的含量顯著高于抗體干預(yù)組(P<0.01),見(jiàn)圖4。
5 ELISA檢測(cè)各組小鼠血清中IL-17的含量
哮喘模型組和IgG對(duì)照組小鼠血清IL-17的表達(dá)量顯著高于正常對(duì)照(P<0.01),Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組小鼠血清IL-17的表達(dá)顯著低于哮喘模型組(P<0.01),見(jiàn)圖5。
Th17細(xì)胞表達(dá)特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子RORγt,并且產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子IL-17,其在炎癥性疾病如哮喘的發(fā)病之中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵的作用[11]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),哮喘小鼠Th17和IL-17水平顯著高于正常小鼠,而且IL-17在過(guò)敏原激發(fā)后24 h內(nèi)顯著升高[12]。系列研究表明抑制Th17細(xì)胞的分化可以改善哮喘的發(fā)展[13-15]。Th17細(xì)胞分泌的特征性細(xì)胞因子IL-17加重了氣道炎癥。與正常對(duì)照組比較,哮喘患者尤其中重度哮喘患者痰液IL-17 mRNA水平增高[16]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),重癥哮喘患者Th17相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子IL-17A和IL-17F增多[17]。過(guò)敏原吸入激發(fā)的過(guò)敏性哮喘Th17細(xì)胞和IL-17A水平增加,提示Th17在過(guò)敏原誘發(fā)的氣道反應(yīng)之中可能起作用[12]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)哮喘小鼠脾臟CD4+T 淋巴細(xì)胞中Th17細(xì)胞的比例升高,血清IL-17水平明顯增加。
Figure 4.The protein expression of RORγt determined by Wes-tern blot. Mean±SD.n=6.**P<0.01vscontrol group;##P<0.01vsOVA group;△△P<0.01vsOVA+IgG group.
圖4 Western blot 法檢測(cè)RORγt蛋白表達(dá)情況
Figure 5.The serum level of IL-17 was evaluated by ELISA. Mean±SD.n=6.**P<0.01vscontrol group;##P<0.01vsOVA group.
圖5 ELISA檢測(cè)各組小鼠血清中IL-17的含量
近年研究表明,Notch信號(hào)通路在T細(xì)胞的分化和活化中發(fā)揮著重要作用,與哮喘發(fā)病關(guān)系密切[9]。Notch基因于1917年由Morgan首次在果蠅體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn),該基因部分功能缺失會(huì)在果蠅翅膀邊緣造成缺口(notch),故由此得名。Notch廣泛存在于從無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物到哺乳動(dòng)物等多種生物體內(nèi),參與了多種組織細(xì)胞的信號(hào)識(shí)別、增殖、分化和凋亡等功能,對(duì)細(xì)胞命運(yùn)的決定中起著重要作用。Notch在固有免疫之中的作用已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展至調(diào)控T細(xì)胞的分化及其相關(guān)功能[18]。我們先前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)使用Notch信號(hào)通路阻滯劑γ-分泌酶抑制劑(γ-secretase inhibitor,GSI)干預(yù)哮喘小鼠的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GSI可以通過(guò)下調(diào)Notch1抑制哮喘小鼠體內(nèi)的Notch信號(hào)通路,從而減輕哮喘炎癥反應(yīng)及癥狀[19]。Notch信號(hào)通路中的配體對(duì)一些炎癥相關(guān)性疾病也有特定的調(diào)控作用。當(dāng)前的研究顯示,Dll4蛋白表達(dá)哮喘小鼠較對(duì)照組的肺組織顯著增高。人樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞Notch配體Dll4可以調(diào)控Th1和Th17的分化[8]。Piggott等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)Jagged1-Fc可競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制Notch通路,抑制了Th1和Th17的反應(yīng),表明Notch與其配體之間的相互作用參與對(duì)T細(xì)胞維持和生存的調(diào)節(jié)作用。有研究證實(shí),Dll4直接參與抗原特異性T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生Th1/Th17反應(yīng)的過(guò)程,涉及實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎和多發(fā)性硬化的發(fā)病機(jī)制[21]。Mukherjee等[22]的研究表明Dll4可以上調(diào)T細(xì)胞活化,促進(jìn)IL-17的產(chǎn)生。有研究顯示,多巴胺D1樣受體信號(hào)可增強(qiáng)B細(xì)胞激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的作用,從而增加Th17轉(zhuǎn)錄因子RORγt的表達(dá),因此,多巴胺D1樣受體信號(hào)可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)Th17細(xì)胞的分化,促進(jìn)過(guò)敏性哮喘的發(fā)生[23]。我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),哮喘模型組與Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組比較,DLL4表達(dá)明顯增高;與哮喘模型組比較,Dll4單克隆抗體干預(yù)組脾臟分離淋巴細(xì)胞中Th17細(xì)胞在CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞中的比例降低,RORγt表達(dá)水平降低,血清IL-17的水平下降。
因此,我們的研究表明通過(guò)使用Dll4 抗體阻斷Notch信號(hào)通路,可以起到抑制哮喘小鼠Th17細(xì)胞分化的作用。
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(責(zé)任編輯: 陳妙玲, 羅 森)
Effect of Dll4-Notch signaling pathway blockade on development of Th17 cells in asthmatic mice
ZHANG Wei-xi, WENG Cui-ye, JIA Xiao-xiao, ZHU Ting-ting, ZENG Ze-yu, KONG Lu-dan, PAN Ling-zhi
(DepartmentofPediatricAllergyandImmunology,TheSecondAffiliatedHospitalandYuyingChildren’sHospital,WenzhouMedicalUniversity,Wenzhou325027,China.E-mail:zhangweixi112@163.com)
AIM: To explore the effect of Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4)-Notch signaling pathway blockade on the development of Thelper 17(Th17) cells in the asthmatic mice. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group, asthma group, normal saline group, anti-Dll4 antibody group, and immunoglobulin G group. The protein expression of Dll4 was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The proportion of Th17 cells in mouse spleen isolated CD4+T cells was measured by flow cytometry. The protein expression of Th17 transcription factor retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) was determined by Western blot. The serum level of interleukin (IL)-17 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The expression of Dll4 in the lung tissues from asthma group significantly increased as compared with anti-Dll4 antibody group. The proportion of Th17 cells in CD4+T cells was significantly down-regulated, and the protein expression of RORγt in the lung tissues was significantly reduced in anti-Dll4 antibody group compared with asthma group (P<0.05). Moreover, the serum level of IL-17 in anti-Dll4 antibody group was significantly reduced compared with asthma group (P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The blockade of Dll4-Notch signaling pathway inhibits the differentiation of Th17 cells in asthmatic mice.
Asthma; Delta-like ligand 4; Notch receptor; T helper 17 cells; Interleukin-17
1000- 4718(2017)05- 0865- 06
2016- 10- 10
2017- 03- 09
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No. 81100015);浙江省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No. Y2090327);浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃骨干人才項(xiàng)目(No. 2014RCA020);浙江省衛(wèi)生高層次創(chuàng)新人才資助項(xiàng)目
R363
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2017.05.016
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