金上博,劉益民,賀繼東,郭智華,孫昊
(1.陜西省寶雞市人民醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,陜西 寶雞 721000;2.西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,陜西 西安 710069)
胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法與經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法在膽總管結(jié)石患者困難性內(nèi)鏡下逆行胰膽管造影中的應(yīng)用
金上博1,劉益民1,賀繼東1,郭智華1,孫昊2
(1.陜西省寶雞市人民醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,陜西 寶雞 721000;2.西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,陜西 西安 710069)
目的 探討258例膽總管結(jié)石患者胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法與經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法在困難性內(nèi)鏡下逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法選取西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科2014年4月-2016 年4月膽總管結(jié)石患者困難性ERCP患者258例,其中行胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法128例,經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法130例,比較兩種方法插管成功率、插管用時(shí)和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。結(jié)果兩組患者的術(shù)前臨床資料差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組插管成功率93.75%,預(yù)切開組插管成功率93.85%,兩組患者插管成功率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組插管比經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法插管用時(shí)更短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(5.92±0.69)vs(12.81±3.67)min,t=-2.27,P<0.05]。258例患者中出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥25例,其中導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組急性胰腺炎6例,無術(shù)后出血病例,膽道感染2例;預(yù)切開組急性胰腺炎8例,術(shù)后出血3例,膽道感染6例。導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(6.25% vs 13.08%),χ2=3.27,P<0.05],其中急性胰腺炎發(fā)生率導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組對(duì)比經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開組(4.69% vs 6.15%),兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法與經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法均可提高困難性ERCP插管的成功率,兩組術(shù)后急性胰腺炎發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法插管用時(shí)更短,術(shù)后總的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率更低。因?qū)Ыz占據(jù)法的簡便性,安全性,且插入胰管的導(dǎo)絲并不增加術(shù)后急性胰腺炎發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可認(rèn)為該方法更值得臨床推廣。
困難性逆行胰膽管造影;胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法;經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法;急性胰腺炎
隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,內(nèi)鏡下逆行胰膽管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography,ERCP)技術(shù)已從單純的診斷技術(shù)發(fā)展為膽胰疾病的首選治療技術(shù)。過去的幾十年里ERCP技術(shù)已經(jīng)取代了許多膽胰疾病的外科手術(shù)治療[1]。因?yàn)楹芏嗟腅RCP技術(shù)都涉及選擇膽管插管及胰管插管,所以通過十二指腸乳頭的膽胰管插管技術(shù)成為了ERCP臨床成功的基礎(chǔ),而且多數(shù)的ERCP是以治療為目的,插管失敗將導(dǎo)致整個(gè)操作過程的失敗,這就更強(qiáng)調(diào)了插管的重要性。臨床上常常會(huì)因?yàn)榻馄首儺?,胃腸道手術(shù)后,乳頭形態(tài)異常,憩室內(nèi)或憩室旁乳頭等各種因素造成插管困難,困難插管的失敗率有報(bào)道甚至達(dá)到6.00%~22.00%[2]。本研究對(duì)西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科插管困難病例常采用的胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法與經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法兩種方法進(jìn)行比較,探討兩種方法的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
1.1 一般資料
選取西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科2014年4月-2016年4月膽總管結(jié)石患者,由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)術(shù)者(超過200例ERCP操作者)行困難性ERCP反復(fù)插入胰管患者258例,因術(shù)者困難插管的個(gè)人操作習(xí)慣將258例患者分為行胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法(導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組,128例)和經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法(預(yù)切開組,130例),術(shù)前均經(jīng)通過臨床表現(xiàn)、體格檢查及影像學(xué)檢查如B超、磁共振胰膽管成像(magnetic resonance cholangio pancreatography,MRCP)等檢查確診。入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①選擇兩組患者均為膽總管結(jié)石患者;②既往未行ERCP檢查治療;③既往無胃腸道手術(shù)史;④患者無精神及心理疾病,可配合ERCP檢查治療;⑤通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)切開刀超過5~10次插管不能順利插入膽管。行胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法患者128例,男66例,女62例,年齡13~46歲。經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法組130例,男67例,女63例;年齡12~54歲。對(duì)兩組的年齡、性別構(gòu)成、膽總管內(nèi)徑(通過對(duì)比十二指腸鏡外徑測(cè)量)進(jìn)行比較分析,兩組數(shù)據(jù)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
表1 兩組手術(shù)病例的一般臨床資料
1.2 圍手術(shù)期處理
1.2.1 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備及手術(shù)設(shè)備術(shù)前完善相關(guān)常規(guī)檢查在手術(shù)允許的范圍內(nèi),術(shù)前禁飲食,術(shù)前30 min應(yīng)用抗生素。手術(shù)設(shè)備有十二指腸鏡、導(dǎo)絲、弓式切開刀和高頻電設(shè)備等。
1.2.2 手術(shù)方法①胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法:將十二指腸鏡插入到十二指腸乳頭處,經(jīng)乳頭常規(guī)插管,常規(guī)插管5~10次失敗,導(dǎo)絲反復(fù)進(jìn)入胰管者,將導(dǎo)絲留置于胰管,并占據(jù)胰管,另進(jìn)一根導(dǎo)絲在胰管導(dǎo)絲的指引下插入膽管成功;②經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法:將十二指腸鏡插入到十二指腸乳頭處,經(jīng)乳頭常規(guī)插管,常規(guī)插管5~10次失敗,導(dǎo)絲反復(fù)進(jìn)入胰管者,將導(dǎo)絲留置于胰管,經(jīng)過此導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)將切開刀插入胰管,向膽管方向做小切開,切開膽胰隔膜后膽管再次插管成功。
1.2.3 術(shù)后處理術(shù)后禁食48 h,抑酸,抑酶,抗感染,支持對(duì)癥治療,48 h后進(jìn)低脂流食,逐漸過渡到正常飲食。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
對(duì)兩組手術(shù)病例觀察記錄兩種方法插管成功率、選用膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法或胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法兩種方案的插管用時(shí)和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
通過SPSS 19.0軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,比較用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
表2 導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組和預(yù)切開組患者臨床項(xiàng)目結(jié)果的比較
所有手術(shù)均順利完成,無死亡病例,無中轉(zhuǎn)開腹病例。兩組患者的術(shù)前臨床資料差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組插管成功率93.75%(120/128),預(yù)切開組成功率93.85%(122/130),兩組患者插管成功率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.21,P>0.05),導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組插管比經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開法插管用時(shí)更短[(5.92±0.69)vs(12.81±3.67)min],兩組患者插管時(shí)間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.27,P<0.05)。258例患者中出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥25例,其中導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組急性胰腺炎6例,無術(shù)后出血病例,膽道感染2例;預(yù)切開組急性胰腺炎8例,術(shù)后出血3例,膽道感染6例。導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開組(6.25% vs 13.08%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=3.27,P<0.05),其中急性胰腺炎發(fā)生率導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)組對(duì)比經(jīng)膽胰管隔膜預(yù)切開組(4.69% vs 6.15%),兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.87,P>0.05)。兩組患者臨床項(xiàng)目結(jié)果的具體比較見表2。通過電話隨訪方式,隨訪1~24個(gè)月,平均(17.14±3.23)個(gè)月,兩組患者中無結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)病例,無膽管狹窄及膽管炎發(fā)作病例。
隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,ERCP技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用于膽胰外科的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域[3],ERCP技術(shù)的難點(diǎn)往往被一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的術(shù)者反復(fù)提出,他們認(rèn)為主要是在插管,插管時(shí)間可能在ERCP技術(shù)中比其他任何操作用時(shí)都多[4],插管過程中,不單單應(yīng)該關(guān)注到是否插管成功,更重要的是關(guān)注插管過程的安全性和有效性,并將損傷控制到最低[5]。
本研究對(duì)行困難性ERCP反復(fù)插入胰管患者經(jīng)胰管插入導(dǎo)絲,通過胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)指導(dǎo)插管及經(jīng)胰管導(dǎo)絲膽胰隔膜預(yù)切開兩種方法提高插管成功率。大部分患者壺腹部僅僅有一個(gè)開口通向共同通道,該通道被膽胰隔膜分為膽管和胰管,僅通過肉眼很難了解乳頭內(nèi)的情況,是否存在著解剖變異及共同通道的情況不甚清楚。因?yàn)槟[瘤導(dǎo)致乳頭變形、乳頭隱藏在腸管皺襞下、乳頭水腫、乳頭位于十二指腸憩室旁或憩室內(nèi)和十二指腸水腫等多種原因均可導(dǎo)致插管困難,常導(dǎo)致導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入胰管[6]。對(duì)于這類病例往往因操作者個(gè)人習(xí)慣不同會(huì)常常選擇胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)指導(dǎo)膽管插管或經(jīng)胰管導(dǎo)絲預(yù)切開膽胰隔膜兩種方法進(jìn)行膽管插管以提高成功率。經(jīng)胰管導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)插管或預(yù)切開創(chuàng)傷往往很小,因?qū)Ыz為親水性,反復(fù)進(jìn)入胰管后并不會(huì)增加胰管內(nèi)靜水壓,引起術(shù)后胰腺炎的發(fā)生率低于傳統(tǒng)插管術(shù)[7]。導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入胰管若非暴力操作損傷胰管則術(shù)后很少發(fā)生胰腺炎,在胰管內(nèi)導(dǎo)絲的引導(dǎo)下,并且胰管被一個(gè)導(dǎo)絲占據(jù),這樣膽管插管變得更加容易、快捷。同時(shí)若行預(yù)切開膽胰隔膜還可降低乳頭內(nèi)穿孔的發(fā)生率,并暴露出膽管利于膽管插管。目前還有研究胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)或指導(dǎo)預(yù)切開后放置胰管內(nèi)支架,這種方法的支撐理論可能是胰管支架給胰管起了支撐和引流的作用,但本研究表明若非操作中出現(xiàn)術(shù)后胰腺炎的高危因素,胰管內(nèi)導(dǎo)絲置入并不增加術(shù)后胰腺炎發(fā)生率,故一般導(dǎo)絲胰管占據(jù)法和經(jīng)胰管導(dǎo)絲膽胰隔膜預(yù)切開法無需常規(guī)放置胰管內(nèi)支架。
GOFF最早提出了困難性ERCP反復(fù)插入胰管患者經(jīng)胰管插入導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo),經(jīng)胰管向膽管方向切開5 mm,拔出切開刀,沿導(dǎo)絲向左上方重新膽管插管,此種方法創(chuàng)傷小,方向更容易控制,并且切開了膽胰隔膜,使膽管插管阻力降低,讓膽管內(nèi)插管變得更加容易,同時(shí)也降低了并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[8]。程周揚(yáng)等[9]的報(bào)道中,經(jīng)胰管導(dǎo)絲的膽胰隔膜預(yù)切開術(shù)和傳統(tǒng)的針狀刀預(yù)切開術(shù)相比,進(jìn)入膽管的成功率更高,并發(fā)癥更低;WEBER等[10]研究108例困難插管選用此種方法,膽管深插成功率達(dá)到95.40%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率11.10%。目前此種方法的隨機(jī)研究較多,但報(bào)道中公認(rèn)的因?yàn)轭A(yù)切開發(fā)生在膽胰匯合處,肉眼無法觀察到切開程度,發(fā)生出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)增加,并且會(huì)導(dǎo)致操作較為麻煩,插管時(shí)間增加。胰管占據(jù)法則更容易掌握和使用,植入胰管的導(dǎo)絲所成的角度可以作為膽管插管的提示,并占據(jù)了胰管,在X線透視下可以觀察到胰管內(nèi)占據(jù)的導(dǎo)絲,無需注射造影劑,降低了造影劑進(jìn)入胰管導(dǎo)致的術(shù)后胰腺炎發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11]。與膽胰隔膜預(yù)切開組比較插管成功率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,術(shù)后急性胰腺炎發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但總的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率則明顯降低,并且插管時(shí)間也大大縮短,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
綜上所述,本研究說明了胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法在行困難性ERCP中插管有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),相比胰管導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)下膽胰隔膜預(yù)切開術(shù),具有操作簡便、安全、創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)勢(shì)。胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法作為雙導(dǎo)絲法已經(jīng)被大家所熟知多年,但國內(nèi)外關(guān)于此技術(shù)的隨機(jī)研究仍然較少,但本隨機(jī)研究表明結(jié)果是積極的,因?yàn)楣P者認(rèn)為胰管導(dǎo)絲占據(jù)法在行困難性ERCP中插管具有臨床推廣前景,但其臨床應(yīng)用效果尚期待多中心的,前瞻性的、長期的研究報(bào)道。
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(曾文軍 編輯)
Application of pancreatic duct guide wire and transpancreatic septotomy with precutting techniques in diffi cult endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Shang-bo Jin1, Yi-min Liu1, Ji-dong He1, Zhi-hua Guo1, Hao Sun2
(1.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baoji People’s Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi 721000, China; 2.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the application value of pancreatic duct guide wire and transpancreatic septotomy with precutting technique in difficult endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Method 258 patients who underwent difficult endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography from April 2014 to April 2016 were selected as study subject, 128 patients among them received the technique of pancreatic duct guide wire, the other 130 patients received transpancreatic septotomy with precutting techniques. The success rate, intubation time and incidence of complications were compared between these twoMethodsfor cannulation. Result There was no signifi cant difference in preoperative clinical data between the two groups, the success rate did not differ signifi cantlybetween the two groups (93.75 % vs 93.85 %). Compared with transpancreatic septotomy with precutting techniques group, pancreatic duct guide wire group is less intubation time consuming (5.92 ± 0.69 vs 12.81 ± 3.67) min, the difference was statistically significant (t= -2.27,P< 0.05). 25 patients experienced complications, with 6 cases of acute pancreatitis, 2 cases of biliray tract infection in pancreatic duct guide wire group, and 8 cases of acute pancreatitis, 3 cases of hemorrhage,6 cases of biliray tract infection in transpancreatic septotomy with precutting techniques group. The pancreatic duct guide wire group had a signifi cantly lower incidence of complications (6.25 % vs 13.08 %). the difference was statistically signifi cant (χ2= 3.27,P< 0.05). The incidence of acute pancreatitis did not differ signifi cantly between the two groups (4.69 % vs 6.15 %).ConclusionsPancreatic duct guide wire and transpancreatic septotomy with precutting techniques both can further improve the success rate of bile duct cannulation with ERCP. The incidence of acute pancreatitis did not differ significantly between two groups. But pancreatic duct guide wire group is less intubation time consuming, and had a significantly lower incidence of complications. Because of the convenience and safety of the pancreatic duct guide wire technique, and the insertion of the pancreatic duct does not increase the risk of postoperative acute pancreatitis. We think that this method is more worthy of Clinical promotion.
diffi cult endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograph; pancreatic duct guide wire technique; transpancreatic septotomy with precutting technique; acute pancreatitis
R657.42
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-1989.2016.12.015
1007-1989(2016)12-0075-04
2016-06-03
孫昊,E-mail:sunhao@163.com
第一作者金上博曾在西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院進(jìn)修