王 樂,楊 月△,賈 園,苗 恒,周云杉,張曉盈
(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院 1.風(fēng)濕免疫科, 2.眼科, 北京 100044)
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·病例報告·
系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡并發(fā)鞏膜炎4例臨床分析
王 樂1,楊 月1△,賈 園1,苗 恒2,周云杉1,張曉盈1
(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院 1.風(fēng)濕免疫科, 2.眼科, 北京 100044)
紅斑狼瘡, 系統(tǒng)性;鞏膜炎;自身免疫疾病
系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一種全身性自身免疫病,因多種自身抗體及血管炎的存在,患者可出現(xiàn)多器官、系統(tǒng)的受累。除腦、肺、心、腎等重要臟器外,還可出現(xiàn)眼部病變。眼部受累表現(xiàn)形式多樣,從眼表到眼底疾病均可出現(xiàn),其中以視網(wǎng)膜受累最為常見,也可出現(xiàn)鞏膜受累。廣義的鞏膜炎包括表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎,其作為臨床上一種相對少見的眼部疾病,發(fā)病率僅占眼部疾病總數(shù)的0.5%左右[1]。因SLE合并鞏膜受累發(fā)病率低,多為個案報道,臨床重視不足。但因鞏膜受累可作為SLE的首發(fā)表現(xiàn),且其常可引起多種急、慢性眼部并發(fā)癥,如治療不當(dāng)可導(dǎo)致視力下降或眼球破壞,因此,識別表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎背后的SLE并盡早開始規(guī)范診治尤其重要。本研究復(fù)習(xí)了4例于北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院住院期間診斷為SLE繼發(fā)表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎的病例,對其臨床特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,并進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí),為臨床工作提供一定參考。
2005年9月至2016年7月北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科收治的4例診斷SLE繼發(fā)表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎的住院患者,其中女性3例、男性1例,年齡15~70歲,平均年齡(49.0±23.8)歲,初次發(fā)作表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎時SLE平均病程(2.1±1.4)年。4例病例均符合美國風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會1997年推薦的SLE分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中1例(病例3)同時伴發(fā)干燥綜合征。患者一般資料、臨床表現(xiàn)及實驗室檢查如表1所示。
SLE的臨床表現(xiàn)方面,表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎發(fā)作同時,3例患者均有關(guān)節(jié)腫痛癥狀,脫發(fā)1例,頰部紅斑3例(其中2例伴光過敏),口腔潰瘍1例,肌炎1例。器官系統(tǒng)受累方面,4例患者中1例患狼瘡性腎炎;3例有呼吸系統(tǒng)受累,分別表現(xiàn)為肺間質(zhì)病變(病例1、3)及胸腔積液(病例4),其中1例(病例4)患者同時存在心包積液及左側(cè)睪丸鞘膜積液?;颊呒韧〕讨械钠渌憩F(xiàn)見表1。4例中2例患者既往曾有血液系統(tǒng)受累,1例(病例2)為白細(xì)胞、血小板減少,另1例(病例3)為白細(xì)胞減少。輔助檢查方面,全部4例患者均存在高滴度的抗核抗體(antinuclear antibody,ANA);2例發(fā)作表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎時抗雙鏈DNA(double-stranded DNA,dsDNA)抗體升高;3例抗核小體抗體(anti-nucleosome antibody,ANuA)陽性,另1例未檢測此指標(biāo);2例患者血清免疫球蛋白IgG升高,3例補(bǔ)體減低。
4例患者眼部受累情況、眼科并發(fā)癥、治療及預(yù)后如表2所示。患者均完成眼科??撇轶w(包括鞏膜、結(jié)膜、角膜、虹膜睫狀體及前房情況),測定視力及眼壓,并進(jìn)行常規(guī)裂隙燈和眼底鏡檢查。通過裂隙燈顯微鏡對鞏膜病灶詳細(xì)觀察以確定診斷:10%(體積分?jǐn)?shù))新福林滴眼后進(jìn)行觀察,表層鞏膜炎時鞏膜表層血管充血可減輕、顏色變淡,鞏膜組織并不受累;鞏膜炎時鞏膜水腫,且鞏膜深部血管叢劇烈擴(kuò)張并不消退。鞏膜受累伴隨“眼部并發(fā)癥”的診斷:(1)視力下降:住院或隨訪期間復(fù)查視力下降≥2行或者視力≤0.25;(2)角膜炎:主要包括邊緣硬化性及潰瘍性角膜炎;(3)葡萄膜炎:前葡萄膜炎,眼前節(jié)出現(xiàn)1個以上浮游細(xì)胞;(4)眼壓升高:眼壓高于21 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);(5)視網(wǎng)膜和視神經(jīng)炎:后極部視網(wǎng)膜水腫、滲出性脫離、視網(wǎng)膜絮狀滲出、視乳頭和/或黃斑部水腫及缺血性視神經(jīng)病變。疑診感染的患者完成眼部刮片細(xì)菌學(xué)及病毒免疫學(xué)檢查。4例患者中,3例為表層鞏膜炎,1例為鞏膜炎;2例(病例2、4)為首次發(fā)作,另2例曾有反復(fù)發(fā)作。4例患者主要眼部表現(xiàn)包括眼痛、眼紅、流淚,眼科查體主要發(fā)現(xiàn)包括球結(jié)膜充血水腫、表層鞏膜或鞏膜血管擴(kuò)張,伴或不伴壓痛。4例患者中,2例患者存在眼科并發(fā)癥,包括1例葡萄膜炎(病例1)及1例視力下降(病例4)。眼科局部治療方面,全部4例患者均接受糖皮質(zhì)激素點(diǎn)眼治療,其中1例患者接受非甾體抗炎藥(nonsteroidalantiinflammatory drug,NSAID)點(diǎn)眼治療,1例罹患鞏膜炎的患者同時接受糖皮質(zhì)激素球旁注射治療;全身治療方面,4例患者均接受糖皮質(zhì)激素及免疫抑制治療。表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎在治療1周至2個月后消退。病例3患者治療1周后眼部癥狀明顯好轉(zhuǎn),治療前后眼表情況對比見圖1。以上患者長期在北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科門診隨診,未再出現(xiàn)眼部不適主訴。
表1 4例患者的人口資料、臨床表現(xiàn)及實驗室檢查
SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; ANA, antinuclear antibody; ENA, extractable nuclear antigen; Sm, Smith; U1RNP, U1 ribonuclear protein; SSA, Sj?gren’s syndrome A; SSB, Sj?gren’s syndrome B; ANuA, anti-nucleosome antibody; SLEDAI, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index; NA, not applicable. a,past manifestations.
表2 4例患者的眼部受累情況及治療隨訪情況
OD, right eye; OS, left eye; GC, glucocorticoid; HCQ, hydroxycloroquine; CTX,cyclophosphamide; LEF, leflunomide.
A,before the treatment, diffuse congestion of the superficial scleral and the conjunctiva was observed; B, after the treatment, the diffuse congestion lessened significantly.
圖1 表層鞏膜炎治療前后眼表情況對比
Figure1 Comparison of ocular surface before and after the treatment of episcleritis
廣義上的鞏膜炎是一種相對少見的眼部疾病。Watson等[2]基于受累解剖部位的不同,又將廣義鞏膜炎分為表層鞏膜炎和鞏膜炎。兩者均與自身免疫性疾病關(guān)系密切,有文獻(xiàn)報道,30%~50%的病例可繼發(fā)于自身免疫病,其中以類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎最為常見,其次是肉芽腫性多血管炎,此外還可見于強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、SLE、炎性腸病等[3-5]。我們回顧性分析2005年9月至2016年7月于北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科住院期間確診表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎的患者共20例,其中除本文報道的SLE患者4例外,還有類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者10例、系統(tǒng)性血管炎2例、復(fù)發(fā)性多軟骨炎1例、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎合并復(fù)發(fā)性多血管炎1例、強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎1例及未分化結(jié)締組織病1例。
盡管SLE合并表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎較為少見,且其危害多不及視網(wǎng)膜、葡萄膜或角膜病變,但從以下幾個方面來看,對這一疾病的認(rèn)知仍存在重要意義。首先,表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎可以作為SLE的首發(fā)表現(xiàn)存在,因此,眼科醫(yī)師在接診此類患者時,需注意詢問SLE的相關(guān)表現(xiàn),并完善血清學(xué)檢查,以早期發(fā)現(xiàn)鞏膜受累背后潛在的全身系統(tǒng)性疾病。其次,表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎易反復(fù)出現(xiàn),且可作為SLE全身病情活動的一部分,因此,在鞏膜病變再次出現(xiàn)時,需注意警惕SLE的復(fù)發(fā)及病情活動。此外,鞏膜病變雖較視網(wǎng)膜、葡萄膜或角膜病變危害小,但其容易并發(fā)以上部位受累,出現(xiàn)眼部并發(fā)癥,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致視力下降及眼球破壞。周玉梅等[6]對90例眼科門診就診的表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎患者進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)64.4%的患者出現(xiàn)視力下降、葡萄膜炎、角膜炎、眼壓升高、白內(nèi)障等多種眼部并發(fā)癥,因此,早期診治表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎對預(yù)防這些眼部并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生亦存在重要意義。北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院收治的4例患者中,2例患者伴發(fā)眼部并發(fā)癥、4例患者均伴隨SLE的其他器官系統(tǒng)受累表現(xiàn),系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡病變活動指數(shù)(systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index,SLEDAI)評分7~16分,提示病情活動。
表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎的病理生理機(jī)制較復(fù)雜,SLE患者出現(xiàn)鞏膜受累的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確。目前認(rèn)為,血管炎在發(fā)病中發(fā)揮主要作用。在SLE繼發(fā)壞死性鞏膜炎的活檢標(biāo)本中,可觀察到血管炎及肉芽腫性炎癥,提示在疾病早期及后期的遲發(fā)型高敏反應(yīng)中,存在免疫復(fù)合物的參與。此外,多種細(xì)胞包括Th17細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞等[7]亦被認(rèn)為參與炎癥的啟動及維持。臨床表現(xiàn)方面,表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎兩者均以眼痛、眼紅、流淚等非特異表現(xiàn)為主,可單眼發(fā)病或雙眼同時發(fā)病,雙眼發(fā)病率約為40%。表層鞏膜炎多呈現(xiàn)自限性、易復(fù)發(fā)、良性病程的特點(diǎn)。相比之下,前鞏膜炎癥狀多更為劇烈,而后鞏膜炎在臨床上則多缺乏明顯的癥狀特征,但因其炎癥區(qū)接近黃斑、視網(wǎng)膜和視神經(jīng),所以潛在危害性更大,如未規(guī)范診治可迅速導(dǎo)致失明。本文中觀察到的4例患者中3例為表層鞏膜炎(其中1例并發(fā)葡萄膜炎),1例為鞏膜炎,并發(fā)視力下降。
在SLE相關(guān)表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎的治療方面,需同時兼顧眼部病變及SLE全身病情,并借鑒眼科非感染性鞏膜炎的相關(guān)經(jīng)驗。表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎的治療可分為局部及全身治療。局部治療包括外用糖皮質(zhì)激素及NSAID類藥物點(diǎn)眼,以及眶周或球后注射糖皮質(zhì)激素。外用藥物點(diǎn)眼常用于病情較輕的表層鞏膜炎及前鞏膜炎,優(yōu)點(diǎn)是使用方便及副作用較小。局部注射曲安奈德適用于鞏膜炎,尤其是壞死性鞏膜炎的患者。不良反應(yīng)是可導(dǎo)致結(jié)膜出血及眼壓升高,并增加鞏膜壞死和穿孔的風(fēng)險,因此其應(yīng)用需謹(jǐn)慎。繼發(fā)于風(fēng)濕免疫病(包括SLE)的鞏膜受累患者較少單獨(dú)使用局部治療,因為雖有文獻(xiàn)報道單獨(dú)外用糖皮質(zhì)激素治療的成功率可達(dá)47%,但其定義的時間范圍為2個月內(nèi)[8]。繼發(fā)于SLE的鞏膜受累易反復(fù)發(fā)作,局部治療失敗率較高,絕大多數(shù)患者需要同時進(jìn)行全身治療。全身治療包括口服非甾體抗炎藥、激素及免疫抑制劑或生物制劑??诜﨨SAID是治療表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎的一線用藥,但SLE患者多同時口服糖皮質(zhì)激素,故繼發(fā)消化道潰瘍的風(fēng)險較大,需慎用此類藥物,必要時可選擇環(huán)氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase,COX-2)抑制劑??诜瞧べ|(zhì)激素治療是公認(rèn)的NSAID治療無效的非壞死性鞏膜炎患者的一線治療方案,起始劑量以1 mg/(kg·d)為宜。合并表層鞏膜炎的SLE患者多同時伴有全身其他器官、系統(tǒng)受累,因此糖皮質(zhì)激素亦為首選藥物,其劑量根據(jù)眼部病變性質(zhì)及全身病情個體化決定。如經(jīng)口服糖皮質(zhì)激素治療1個月仍無反應(yīng),則可加用免疫抑制劑。目前廣泛應(yīng)用的免疫抑制劑包括抗代謝藥如甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤及霉酚酸酯,烷化劑如環(huán)磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)、苯丁酸氮芥,T細(xì)胞抑制劑如CsA及他克莫司[9-10],而對以上治療仍效果不佳的患者,則可考慮選擇生物制劑[包括腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)抑制劑[11-12]及CD20單抗[13]治療]。有文獻(xiàn)報道,在1例ANA陽性的非壞死性前鞏膜炎患者中,使用英夫利昔單抗治療后,鞏膜炎病情一度好轉(zhuǎn),但隨即出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā),伴發(fā)熱、血細(xì)胞減少、心包炎、抗dsDNA抗體陽性,確診SLE,最終在更換為激素聯(lián)合利妥昔單抗治療后病情好轉(zhuǎn)[14]。本文報道的4例患者均接受局部糖皮質(zhì)激素點(diǎn)眼及全身糖皮質(zhì)激素口服治療;免疫抑制劑方面,其中2例接受CTX靜脈注射,1例接受口服來氟米特,另1例沒有加免疫抑制劑,只用了抗瘧藥羥氯喹。經(jīng)以上治療后患者眼科癥狀很快好轉(zhuǎn)。
綜上所述,SLE繼發(fā)表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎報道的較少,繼發(fā)于SLE的表層鞏膜炎及鞏膜炎可與SLE病情活動相關(guān),甚至可能早于其他的系統(tǒng)性損害之前作為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)出現(xiàn),因此早期診斷、積極治療無論對于視力的保護(hù)或是SLE的全身治療均意義重大。在本文報道的4例SLE繼發(fā)表層鞏膜炎的病例中,患者均在病程初期或激素、免疫抑制劑減量后病情復(fù)發(fā)時出現(xiàn)眼部疼痛、發(fā)紅表現(xiàn),同時伴有其他器官、系統(tǒng)的SLE活動表現(xiàn),經(jīng)全身激素及免疫抑制劑聯(lián)合局部眼部激素及非甾體抗炎藥治療效果良好,因此,對于繼發(fā)表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎的SLE患者,建議積極評估全身受累情況,盡早開始積極的干預(yù)(包括糖皮質(zhì)激素以及免疫抑制劑的使用)。通過積極治療,系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡繼發(fā)表層鞏膜炎或鞏膜炎的患者一般預(yù)后良好,隨著SLE全身疾病的控制,鞏膜炎也多隨之緩解。
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(2016-08-15收稿)
(本文編輯:劉淑萍)
SUMMARY Episcleritis and scleritis are relatively rare ocular diseases, which are commonly associated with rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To investigate clinical and laboratory features of SLE-associated episcleritis and scleritis, we now report 4 cases of inpatients who were diagnosed with episcleritis or scleritis secondary to SLE from September 2005 to July 2016 in the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology in Peking University People’s Hospital. Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics were summarized together with the treatment regimen and the prognosis; the literature was reviewed. There were 3 female and 1 male patients. The average age was (49.0±23.8) years and the mean duration of SLE at the onset of episcleritis or scleritis was (2.1±1.4) years. In addition to the eye involvement, the patients had mucocutaneous manifestations, serositis, lupus nephritis and interstitial pneumonia simultaneously; in the past, 1 patient experienced arthritis, 2 presented Raynaud’s phenomenon, and 2 had hematologic involvement. All the patients had antinuclear antibody (ANA) of high titer. The anti double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) antibody titers were increased in 2 patients. Three patients had positive anti-nucleosome antibody (ANuA) while the other 1 patient did not test it. The complement levels were decreased in 3 patients. The systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) scores were more than 4 points in all the patients (ranging from 7-16), suggesting active disease. Ocular symptoms included pain, redness of the eye and tears. Ophthalmic examinations revealed 3 cases of episcleritis and 1 case of scleritis. Among the 4 patients, 2 patients expe-rienced ocular complications including decrease in vision and uveitis. All the patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids combined with hydroxycloroquine; 3 patients were treated with immunosuppres-sants (cyclophosphamide in 2 patients and leflunomide in 1 patient). All of the 4 patients received topical steroid and 1 patient received periocular injection of triamcinolone acetonide; 1 patient received topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).No recurrence of episcleritis or scleritis was observed during the follow-ups. As a conclusion, scleritis and episcleritis, although uncommon, may occur in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases including SLE. The occurrence of episcleritis and scleritis may suggest active disease of SLE. Ocular complications need to be aware of in the patients. Prompt diagnosis and treatment was associated with good visual outcomes in the follow-ups.
Clinical characteristics of 4 cases of scleritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus
WANG Le1, YANG Yue1△, JIA Yuan1, MIAO Heng2, ZHOU Yun-shan1, ZHANG Xiao-ying1
(1. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, 2. Department of Ophtalmology,Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China)
Lupus erythematosus, systemic; Scleritis; Autoimmune diseases
國家自然科學(xué)基金(31300721)、高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)專項科研基金新教師類(20130001120066)資助Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31300721) and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20130001120066)
R593.24
A
1671-167X(2016)06-1081-05
10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2016.06.028
時間:2016-10-31 16:04:18
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.4691.R.20161031.1604.010.html
△ Corresponding author’s e-mail, yyang216@icloud.com
北京大學(xué)學(xué)報(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2016年6期