邱爽,董有靜,段麗芳,孫越
七氟烷與異丙酚對(duì)老年肺癌患者局部腦氧飽和度及術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能的影響
邱爽,董有靜,段麗芳,孫越
(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院麻醉科,沈陽 110004)
目的比較七氟烷與異丙酚對(duì)老年患者局部腦氧飽和度及術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能的影響。方法選擇于胸腔鏡下行肺癌根治術(shù)的患者60例,男女不限,年齡65~75歲,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者隨機(jī)分為2組:七氟烷組(S組)與異丙酚組(P組)。2組患者均于入室后持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)局部腦氧飽和度直至拔管,分別于術(shù)前1 d及術(shù)后7 d進(jìn)行神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測(cè)試,評(píng)價(jià)患者認(rèn)知功能,根據(jù)Z計(jì)分法計(jì)算術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙發(fā)生率。結(jié)果2組患者單肺通氣期間均發(fā)生局部腦氧飽和度降低。2組患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但與P組比較,術(shù)后7 d S組簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)量表(MMSE)評(píng)分、數(shù)字廣度測(cè)試(順背和逆背)評(píng)分、詞匯流暢性測(cè)試評(píng)分降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論七氟烷復(fù)合麻醉與異丙酚復(fù)合麻醉對(duì)單肺通氣期間局部腦氧飽和度的影響無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異;S組術(shù)后7 d認(rèn)知功能較P組有所降低(P<0.05)。
術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙;異丙酚;七氟烷;局部腦氧飽和度;麻醉
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址
術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(postoperative cognitve dys?function,POCD)是麻醉與手術(shù)后常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥。老年患者存在不同程度的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性改變,是POCD發(fā)生的高危人群[1]。在胸腔鏡下行肺癌根治術(shù)時(shí)需要單肺通氣(one?lung ventila?tion,OLV)技術(shù),這種非生理性的通氣方式會(huì)造成通氣/血流比值失調(diào),引起動(dòng)脈血氧分壓下降,嚴(yán)重影響全身各組織器官氧供。局部腦氧飽和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2)監(jiān)測(cè)是一種無創(chuàng)的腦氧供需平衡監(jiān)測(cè)手段,七氟烷復(fù)合麻醉與異丙酚復(fù)合麻醉是臨床上常用的2種麻醉方法,但2種麻醉藥物是否會(huì)對(duì)rSO2及認(rèn)知功能產(chǎn)生影響尚不清楚。本研究擬探討七氟烷復(fù)合麻醉與異丙酚復(fù)合麻醉對(duì)老年肺癌手術(shù)患者rSO2及術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能的影響。
1.1臨床資料
選擇全麻下行胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù)的患者60例,性別不限,年齡65~75歲,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),無心肺功能不全,無嚴(yán)重肝腎功能障礙。術(shù)前合并有中樞或外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、術(shù)前簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)量表(mini?mental state examination,MMSE)評(píng)分≤23分、有嚴(yán)重的聽覺或理解障礙、長(zhǎng)期服用抗精神病藥物、酗酒、文盲、帕金森病、譫妄等認(rèn)知疾病的患者被排除研究。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者隨機(jī)分為2組:七氟烷組(S組)及異丙酚組(P組),每組30例。本研究獲醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),與患者及家屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2麻醉方法
入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖(electrocardiograph,ECG)、血壓(blood pressure,BP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、脈搏氧飽和度(blood oxygen saturation,SpO2),麻醉誘導(dǎo)前進(jìn)行橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管,行有創(chuàng)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)。全麻誘導(dǎo)分別給予舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg,依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,羅庫(kù)溴銨0.6 mg/kg,面罩通氣2 min后進(jìn)行雙腔支氣管插管,仰臥位及側(cè)臥位分別用聽診法及纖維支氣管鏡檢查來確定導(dǎo)管的位置正確。插管后連接Drager Primus麻醉機(jī)控制呼吸,吸入100%純氧,雙肺通氣時(shí)VT 8~10 mL/kg,通氣頻率12次/min,吸呼比為1∶2,單肺通氣時(shí)VT 6~8 mL/kg,通氣頻率15~18次/min,維持PETCO235~40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。S組吸入2.5%~3.5%七氟烷,P組以6~10 mg/(kg·h)異丙酚持續(xù)泵入,維持腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)值為35~45,由麻醉醫(yī)生靜脈推注順阿曲庫(kù)胺維持適當(dāng)肌松,瑞芬太尼0.1~0.3 μg/(kg·min)靜脈泵入以維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定??p皮結(jié)束時(shí)停止七氟烷吸入或異丙酚泵入,同時(shí)停止瑞芬太尼靜脈泵入。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
從患者入室至清醒拔管行腦氧飽和度監(jiān)測(cè),分別記錄2組患者清醒仰臥位rSO2值(T0)、插管后雙肺通氣rSO2值(T1)、側(cè)臥位單肺通氣rSO2最低值(T2)、拔管后清醒時(shí)的rSO2值(T3)及不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的HR、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、BIS值,并在對(duì)應(yīng)時(shí)間點(diǎn)行血?dú)夥治觥?/p>
于手術(shù)前1 d及術(shù)后7 d行MMSE評(píng)分,數(shù)字廣度測(cè)試順背和逆背評(píng)分,數(shù)字符號(hào)測(cè)試評(píng)分,循跡連線測(cè)試A評(píng)分、詞匯流暢性測(cè)試和單詞辨認(rèn)測(cè)試等神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測(cè)驗(yàn)。因?yàn)樯窠?jīng)心理學(xué)測(cè)試在重復(fù)測(cè)量過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生學(xué)習(xí)效應(yīng),所以本研究選擇了10名與實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者年齡、性別、受教育水平匹配的同期住院的非手術(shù)患者作為對(duì)照組,將正常對(duì)照組每項(xiàng)測(cè)試術(shù)前術(shù)后變化差值定義為該項(xiàng)測(cè)試的學(xué)習(xí)效應(yīng)。由同一名工作人員在相同時(shí)間對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組患者進(jìn)行神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測(cè)試,每個(gè)測(cè)試的得分減去該患者術(shù)前的測(cè)試結(jié)果,再減去對(duì)照組變化值的均數(shù),其差值除以對(duì)照組變化值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,即得到Z計(jì)分。若出現(xiàn)2項(xiàng)或2項(xiàng)以上測(cè)試的Z計(jì)分絕對(duì)值≥1.96時(shí),即認(rèn)為該患者出現(xiàn)了POCD。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.12組患者一般情況及術(shù)中情況比較
2組患者的一般資料及手術(shù)時(shí)間、單肺通氣時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、補(bǔ)液量、尿量比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,見表1。
表1 2組患者一般情況及術(shù)中情況比較(n=30)Tab.1 Demographic and intraoperative data between the two groups(n=30)
2.22組患者rSO2變化比較
麻醉誘導(dǎo)插管后rSO2較清醒狀態(tài)明顯增高(P<0.05),OLV期間2組患者均發(fā)生rSO2的明顯降低,但2組間比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),見表2。
2.32組患者血?dú)夥治霰容^
分別在觀察的4個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)行動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治?,進(jìn)行PaO2、SaO2和PaCO2比較。結(jié)果表明2組患者在相應(yīng)時(shí)間點(diǎn)組間比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。與T0比較,T1時(shí)間點(diǎn)PaO2明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.42組患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)及麻醉深度比較
表2 2組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)rSO2比較Tab.2 Comparison of regional cerebral oxygen saturation in different time points between two groups
表2 2組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)rSO2比較Tab.2 Comparison of regional cerebral oxygen saturation in different time points between two groups
1)P<0.05 vs T0.
30 69.5±4.5 76.8±3.91) 60.3±4.71) 68.3±2.9 P 30 70.3±4.2 77.4±4.11) 59.6±4.91) 68.9±2.3 Group n T0 T1 T2 T3 S
表3 2組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治霰容^Tab.3 Comparison of arterial blood gas analysis in different points between two groups
表3 2組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治霰容^Tab.3 Comparison of arterial blood gas analysis in different points between two groups
1)P<0.05 vs T0.
Item n T0 T1 T2 T3 PaO2S group 30 85.3±7.7 336.7±57.41) 80.9±7.0 84.3±8.5 P group 30 84.7±7.6 332.6±54.61) 79.9±5.2 85.1±8.7 SaO2S group 30 98.6±3.1 99.6±1.1 94.7±1.9 98.1±3.7 P group 30 98.3±3.2 99.4±1.0 94.6±1.8 97.8±3.5 PaCO2S group 30 36.6±2.1 35.4±2.9 36.9±3.3 39.6±3.9 P group 30 36.2±2.3 35.8±2.7 37.3±2.8 38.7±3.8
2組患者的MAP及HR在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)組內(nèi)及組間比較均未見統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。2組患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)BIS值組間比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。組內(nèi)比較,T1及T2較T0明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。
表4 2組患者M(jìn)AP、HR及BIS值比較?Tab.4 Comparison of MAP,HR and BIS between two groups
表4 2組患者M(jìn)AP、HR及BIS值比較?Tab.4 Comparison of MAP,HR and BIS between two groups
1)P<0.05 vs T0.
Item n T0 T1 T2 T3 MAP S group 30 92.8±9.7 89.7±9.5 88.8±9.3 89.5±9.4 P group 30 92.6±9.9 88.9±10.1 88.6±9.9 90.6±9.3 HR S group 30 71.3±11.2 69.9±12.6 69.7±11.5 71.8±12.5 P group 30 70.8±12.1 70.6±11.9 71.2±11.1 71.3±11.6 BIS S group 30 89.3±5.7 41.3±6.51) 38.7±4.91) 85.6±3.1 P group 30 88.6±5.5 42.7±5.91) 38.6±5.11) 84.7±2.9
2.52組患者POCD發(fā)生率及神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測(cè)試結(jié)果比較
按Z計(jì)分法計(jì)算POCD發(fā)生率,S組有9例患者出現(xiàn)POCD,發(fā)生率為30%,P組有8例患者出現(xiàn)POCD,發(fā)生率27%。2組患者POCD發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。術(shù)前1 d 2組患者神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測(cè)試評(píng)分無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),與術(shù)前1 d比較,術(shù)后7 d S組患者在MMSE、數(shù)字廣度測(cè)試(順背和逆背)、詞匯流暢性測(cè)試中評(píng)分較P組明顯降低(P<0.05),見表5。
POCD主要表現(xiàn)為定向、記憶、思維、注意力、自知力等中樞神經(jīng)功能改變。這種改變可影響疾病的恢復(fù)和延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間,導(dǎo)致患者自理能力下降及康復(fù)延遲[2]。本研究中S組與P組術(shù)后7 d POCD的發(fā)生率分別為30%及27%,2組間比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。1項(xiàng)以1 218例非心臟大手術(shù)60歲以上老年患者為研究對(duì)象的多中心調(diào)查研究[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),60歲以上的患者行非心臟大手術(shù)后7 d POCD的發(fā)生率為25.8%,術(shù)后3個(gè)月的發(fā)生率為9.9%。研究[4]報(bào)道,單肺通氣的胸科手術(shù)患者POCD的發(fā)生率可達(dá)26%。
表5 2組患者神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測(cè)試結(jié)果比較Tab.5 Neuropsychological test results for the two group patients at 1 day before operation and 7 days after operation
丙泊酚具有快速、短效、強(qiáng)效、不污染環(huán)境等優(yōu)點(diǎn),而七氟烷吸入麻醉可控性好,誘導(dǎo)蘇醒迅速,對(duì)心肌抑制作用小。丙泊酚的作用機(jī)制主要是激活γ?氨基丁酸受體(GABAA),促進(jìn)氯離子內(nèi)流,產(chǎn)生超極化從而發(fā)揮抑制作用,離體實(shí)驗(yàn)證明丙泊酚能夠抑制海馬LTP的形成而影響記憶功能[5]。七氟烷可通過抑制NMDA受體阻斷突觸后膽堿能神經(jīng)元的突觸傳遞及抑制海馬突觸的長(zhǎng)時(shí)程增強(qiáng),影響學(xué)習(xí)和記憶[6]。rSO2監(jiān)測(cè)是運(yùn)用近紅外光譜學(xué)方法,對(duì)大腦局部區(qū)域混合血液進(jìn)行氧飽和度測(cè)定,以評(píng)估腦組織氧代謝狀況的一種非創(chuàng)傷性監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)[7]。既往研究[8]表明單肺通氣后的rSO2降低是胸科手術(shù)患者發(fā)生POCD的危險(xiǎn)因素。
研究[9]表明,在使用七氟烷或異丙酚麻醉的胸科手術(shù)中,OLV期間頸靜脈球的血氧飽和度(jugu?lar bulb venous oxygen saturation,SjO2)降低。與rSO2不同,SjO2反映全腦的氧供需平衡,而rSO2反映大腦局部的氧供需平衡。ABDUL?KHALIQ等[10]采用經(jīng)典的頸靜脈球部采血與rSO2監(jiān)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性相比,發(fā)現(xiàn)rSO2與SjO2呈線性相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=0.93,P<0.01)。但SjO2的監(jiān)測(cè)屬有創(chuàng)操作,限制了其在臨床上的應(yīng)用。但rSO2與SaO2或SpO2無明顯相關(guān),常規(guī)的臨床監(jiān)測(cè)正常的情況下,可發(fā)現(xiàn)rSO2已出現(xiàn)明顯降低[11]。故rSO2作為一種連續(xù)且無創(chuàng)的監(jiān)測(cè)手段,在臨床工作中具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。目前,rSO2還沒有準(zhǔn)確的界值,本研究只是對(duì)rSO2進(jìn)行了動(dòng)態(tài)觀察,也未獲得準(zhǔn)確的下降閾值以預(yù)測(cè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的損傷。但是大量研究[12]表明術(shù)中給予一定的干預(yù)措施防止rSO2降低,有利于降低POCD的發(fā)生率。
本研究按照國(guó)際POCD研究小組推行的原則進(jìn)行了POCD發(fā)生率的統(tǒng)計(jì),雖然所得的發(fā)生率與以往的一些研究結(jié)果一致,但還存在不足之處。例如,關(guān)于重復(fù)測(cè)量過程中的學(xué)習(xí)效應(yīng),只是設(shè)立了對(duì)照組校正學(xué)習(xí)效應(yīng),并沒有使用平行版本的測(cè)試量表,在一定程度上也會(huì)導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生。另外,所選患者均為老年人,受教育水平偏低,胸科手術(shù)后恢復(fù)相對(duì)較慢,一些較復(fù)雜的測(cè)試量表無法實(shí)施,認(rèn)知功能測(cè)試的結(jié)果并不完全。由于受到醫(yī)療環(huán)境的制約只進(jìn)行了術(shù)后7 d的認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估,未觀察麻醉恢復(fù)室停留時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。本研究中,由于受到人力、物力及患者意愿的影響,無法進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期的認(rèn)知功能隨訪。未來需要大樣本多中心的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)以進(jìn)一步闡述這一問題。
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(編輯于溪)
Comparison of Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Sevoflurane?based versus Propofol?based Anesthesia
QIU Shuang,DONG Youjing,DUAN Lifang,SUN Yue
(Department of Anesthesiology,ShengJing Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China)
ObjectiveTo compare the regional cerebral oxygen saturation and early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients under?going sevoflurane?based anesthesia versus propofol?based anesthesia.MethodsSixty patients of both genders,aged 65?75 yr,ASA physical sta?tusⅠtoⅡ,were randomly allocated to either sevoflurane?based anesthesia group(group S,n=30)or propofol?based anesthesia group(group P,n=30).Cerebral oximeter was used to measure regional cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2)from the awake state to extubation.At 1 day before op?eration and 7 days after operation,cognitive dysfunction was assessed by a battery of six neuropsychological tests,and the scores were recorded.Re?sultsThere were significant decrease of rSO2in both groups.The total incidence of POCD showed no differences between the two groups.Com?pared to group P,mini?mental state examination scores,digit?span test(foreward and backward)scores and word recognition test scores were sig?nificantly decreased at 7 days after operation in group S.ConclusionThere was no significant difference in rSO2under sevoflurane?based anesthe?sia versus propofol?based anesthesia,postoperative cognitive function was decreased under sevoflurane?based anesthesia when compared with that under propofol?based anesthesia in the elderly patients.
postoperative cognitive dysfunction;propofol;sevoflurane;regional cerebral oxygen saturation;anesthesia
R614.2
A
0258-4646(2016)09-0797-05
10.12007/j.issn.0258?4646.2016.09.007
遼寧省自然科學(xué)基金(2014021023)
邱爽(1989-),女,碩士研究生.
董有靜,E-mail:dyj1cn@163.com
2015-11-30
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:
中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2016年9期