武超,王玲紅,劉麗萍
心血管整體評(píng)分評(píng)估胎兒心功能不全的價(jià)值
武超,王玲紅,劉麗萍
目的:探討心血管整體評(píng)分(CVPS)對(duì)胎兒心功能不全評(píng)估的價(jià)值。方法:對(duì)2013年1月—2016年1月來天津市中心婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院超聲中心就診的孕婦行常規(guī)超聲檢查,檢出其中有心功能異常表現(xiàn)(心臟增大、心肌收縮乏力)的胎兒,記錄CVPS評(píng)分結(jié)果,同時(shí)行胎兒超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,確定有無心內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)異常。依據(jù)追訪結(jié)果,將病例分為2組:活產(chǎn)組和不良妊娠結(jié)局組。結(jié)果:共檢出心功能不全胎兒38例,其中單胎35例,雙胎3例?;町a(chǎn)組12例,均為單胎,出生后體健10例,2例合并先心?。?例肺動(dòng)脈瓣輕度狹窄,1例法樂四聯(lián)癥。不良妊娠結(jié)局組21例。單胎不良妊娠結(jié)局共18例,其中宮內(nèi)死胎9例,死產(chǎn)2例,引產(chǎn)7例:CVPS持續(xù)降低心功能逐漸惡化直至心力衰竭5例,合并難治型先心病2例。雙胎中2例為雙胎輸血綜合征(TTTS)宮內(nèi)死胎,1例為胎兒腦積水、顱內(nèi)出血引產(chǎn)。失訪5例。活產(chǎn)組胎兒CVPS的中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)[M(Q)]為7.62(7.00),不良妊娠結(jié)局組胎兒CVPS的M(Q)為5.67(3.50)。受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析,曲線下面積(AUC)0.823,Cut-off值為6.5,P=0.002,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。活產(chǎn)組胎兒臍動(dòng)脈頻譜評(píng)分、靜脈頻譜評(píng)分和心臟瓣膜功能評(píng)分均高于不良妊娠結(jié)局組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論:隨著胎兒心功能不全加重直至心力衰竭,CVPS逐漸降低,CVPS危險(xiǎn)臨界值為6.5,CVPS是連續(xù)動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估胎兒心功能不全的有效指標(biāo)。胎兒臍動(dòng)脈頻譜、靜脈頻譜及心臟瓣膜功能評(píng)分對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)不良妊娠結(jié)局具有一定價(jià)值。
超聲檢查,產(chǎn)前;超聲檢查,多普勒,彩色;胎兒心臟;心臟缺損,先天性;心血管整體評(píng)分
(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2016,43:315-317)
胎兒心功能不全占產(chǎn)前超聲檢查妊娠婦女總數(shù)的0.17%,占高危妊娠患者的2%[1],胎兒心功能不全是高危妊娠胎兒宮內(nèi)死亡的重要原因之一,胎兒心力衰竭的常見原因有胎兒心律失常、貧血、先天性心臟病伴瓣膜返流、心外畸形(如先天性膈疝、畸胎瘤等)、胎兒系統(tǒng)性感染、雙胎輸血綜合征(twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome,TTTS)中受血者的血容量及血壓超負(fù)荷[2-3]。準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估胎兒心臟功能對(duì)早期作出正確臨床診斷、預(yù)測(cè)妊娠結(jié)局有很大幫助。心血管整體評(píng)分(cardiovascular profile score,CVPS)是胎兒心功能不全半定量評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),由胎兒水腫、心胸(C/T)比值、心臟瓣膜功能、臍靜脈和靜脈導(dǎo)管血流頻譜(Doppler)以及臍動(dòng)脈血流頻譜組成。
1.1 研究對(duì)象2013年1月—2016年1月來天津市中心婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院超聲科常規(guī)超聲檢查的孕婦檢出其中胎兒有心功能異常表現(xiàn)(心肌收縮乏力、心臟增大)者,行CVPS,記錄評(píng)分值。同時(shí)行胎兒超聲心動(dòng)檢查,以確定有無合并胎兒心內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)異常,同時(shí)記錄胎兒心外結(jié)構(gòu)異常。
1.2 儀器與方法應(yīng)用GE voluson 730 EXPERT、E8全數(shù)字實(shí)時(shí)彩色超聲診斷儀,經(jīng)腹3.5~5.0 MHz探頭,在胎兒矢狀切面或橫斷面等多切面掃查,觀察所有心功能異常的胎兒水腫、C/T比值、心臟瓣膜功能、臍靜脈和靜脈導(dǎo)管血流頻譜以及臍動(dòng)脈血流頻譜。CVPS評(píng)分表,見表1,每個(gè)項(xiàng)目2分,總分10分。
將5項(xiàng)評(píng)分相加得到CVPS評(píng)分值。對(duì)所有心功能異常胎兒行超聲心動(dòng)檢查,以確定有無胎兒心內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)異常。同時(shí)記錄胎兒常規(guī)超聲檢查所發(fā)現(xiàn)的心外結(jié)構(gòu)異常。CVPS持續(xù)降低心功能惡化直至心力衰竭的胎兒以及合并嚴(yán)重難治型心內(nèi)、心外異常的胎兒,在胎兒家屬充分知情同意并經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)討論通過基礎(chǔ)上引產(chǎn)。根據(jù)追訪結(jié)果,將病例分為2組:活產(chǎn)組和不良妊娠結(jié)局組。其中不良妊娠結(jié)局組包括死胎、死產(chǎn)、引產(chǎn)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,定量資料呈正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示;非正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)用中位數(shù)(M)和四分位數(shù)間距(Q)表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn);CVPS評(píng)分表效能檢驗(yàn)采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)的受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 CVPS的ROC曲線分析共檢出心功能不全胎兒38例,孕婦年齡22~40歲,平均(28.27±4.81)歲,孕18~40周。其中單胎35例,雙胎3例。足月活產(chǎn)12例,均為單胎,出生后體健10例,2例合并先天性心臟病:1例肺動(dòng)脈瓣輕度狹窄,1例法樂四聯(lián)癥,出生后手術(shù)治療。單胎不良妊娠結(jié)局共18例:其中宮內(nèi)死胎9例;死產(chǎn)2例;引產(chǎn)共7例(5例連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)CVPS持續(xù)降低,心功能逐漸惡化直至心力衰竭,CVPS評(píng)分由最高7分降至最低2分,平均下降3.8分;2例合并先天性心臟病重度肺動(dòng)脈狹窄、右心發(fā)育不良綜合征)。雙胎中2例為TTTS宮內(nèi)死胎,1例為胎兒腦積水、顱內(nèi)出血引產(chǎn)。失訪5例。根據(jù)追訪結(jié)果,將病例分為2組:活產(chǎn)組(12例)和不良妊娠結(jié)局組(21例)。活產(chǎn)組胎兒的CVPS為7.62 (7.00),不良妊娠結(jié)局組胎兒的CVPS為5.67 (3.50)。ROC曲線分析,曲線下面積(AUC)0.823,見圖1,活產(chǎn)組與不良妊娠結(jié)局組之間Cut-off值為6.5,P=0.002,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。敏感度:61.9%,特異度:91.7%。
圖1 CVPS的ROC曲線分析
2.2 不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率本研究中出現(xiàn)臍動(dòng)脈D波達(dá)基線6例、舒張期頻譜反向2例均為死胎,不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率100%。出現(xiàn)胎兒臍靜脈搏動(dòng)共6例,1例復(fù)查時(shí)臍靜脈搏動(dòng)消失后足月活產(chǎn)出生后體健、4例死胎、1例TTTS宮內(nèi)死胎引產(chǎn),不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率83.3%。靜脈導(dǎo)管a波反向者共11例,6例死胎,2例合并重度肺動(dòng)脈狹窄、右心發(fā)育不良綜合征引產(chǎn),1例CVPS持續(xù)降低心功能惡化引產(chǎn),1例合并肺動(dòng)脈瓣重度狹窄死產(chǎn),1例足月活產(chǎn)出生后體健,不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率90.9%。胎兒皮膚水腫3例,2例為死胎,1為雙胎TTTS之一宮內(nèi)死胎引產(chǎn),不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率100%。胎兒心臟瓣膜功能異常(出現(xiàn)二尖瓣返流及心室單向充盈者)共6例,其中死胎5例、死產(chǎn)1例,不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率100%。
表1 CVPS評(píng)分表[4]
2.32 組CVPS評(píng)分值比較2組胎兒孕周、C/T比值評(píng)分和胎兒水腫評(píng)分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);胎兒臍動(dòng)脈頻譜評(píng)分、靜脈頻譜(包括靜脈導(dǎo)管和臍靜脈)評(píng)分和心臟瓣膜功能評(píng)分活產(chǎn)組均高于不良妊娠結(jié)局組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05),見表2。
表2 2組孕周及CVPS評(píng)分值比較M(Q)
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)和超聲心動(dòng)圖技術(shù)的發(fā)展,胎兒心功能評(píng)價(jià)方法不斷推陳出新。目前應(yīng)用較多的主要包括通過M型超聲心動(dòng)圖計(jì)算心室縮短分?jǐn)?shù)(FS)、Tei指數(shù),應(yīng)用時(shí)間-空間相關(guān)成像技術(shù)(STIC)計(jì)算心室舒張末、收縮末容積從而計(jì)算出心功能相關(guān)數(shù)值等,但各種方法的參考值差別很大,有些測(cè)量耗時(shí)長(zhǎng)、可重復(fù)性差,有些受孕周及胎兒心律影響,在孕周小、心律不齊時(shí)獲得數(shù)據(jù)困難。在對(duì)胎兒心功能進(jìn)行評(píng)定時(shí)往往有偏差,因此還不能單一用某個(gè)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確判斷。CVPS是較為完善的胎兒心功能不全半定量評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),國(guó)外已有相關(guān)研究證明其是連續(xù)評(píng)價(jià)胎兒心功能的有效工具,低CVPS與胎兒不良妊娠結(jié)局相關(guān),且此方法具有更容易操作、獲得數(shù)據(jù)可靠等特點(diǎn)[5]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道CVPS一旦降低提示胎兒心功能受損,應(yīng)當(dāng)給予干預(yù),CVPS≤7分,應(yīng)給予針對(duì)病因?qū)W的治療[3-4,6-7]。本研究表明胎兒心功能惡化直至心力衰竭,CVPS持續(xù)降低。胎兒CVPS危險(xiǎn)臨界值為6.5。不良妊娠結(jié)局組胎兒靜脈頻譜評(píng)分、臍動(dòng)脈頻譜評(píng)分和心臟瓣膜功能低于活產(chǎn)組,對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)不良妊娠結(jié)局具有一定價(jià)值,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[4]。由于本研究中皮膚水腫僅出現(xiàn)3例,故此因素與不良妊娠結(jié)局的相關(guān)性尚待積累病例進(jìn)一步總結(jié)。
目前CVPS對(duì)小孕周胎兒心功能不全的評(píng)估尚無定論[8]。本研究中胎兒心功能不全出現(xiàn)最早時(shí)間為孕18周,對(duì)中孕早期(早于孕18周)的病例CVPS的診斷價(jià)值尚需繼續(xù)積累病例。綜上所述,CVPS可以全面、動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估胎兒心功能不全的持續(xù)時(shí)間、嚴(yán)重程度,為臨床早期診斷、動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)、結(jié)局預(yù)測(cè)提供可靠依據(jù)。
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The Value of Cardiovascular Profile Score to Assess Fetal Cardiac Insufficiency
WU Chao,WANG Ling-hong,LIU Li-ping.Department of Ultrasound,Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics,Tianjin 300100,China
Objective:To explore the value of cadiovascular profile score(CVPS)to estimate fetal cadiac insufficiency. Methods:All pregnant women in ultrasound department,Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics proceeded routine examinations between Jan.2013 and Jan.2016.Fetal cardiac insufficiency(enlarged heart and myocardial contraction fatigue)were found out.CVPS were recorded.Meanwhile fetal cadiography were performed to define if congenital heart disease were accompanied.All cases divided in two groups based on the follow up results:live birth group and adverse pregnancy outcome group.Results:38 cases of fetal cardiac insufficiency were found out.35 cases were singleton pregnancy.3 cases were twins pregnancy.12 cases were in live birth group(all of them were singleton pregnancy),10 cases were healthy children,2 cases were accompanied by congenital heart disease:1 case was mild pulmonicstenosis,1 case was tetralogy of Fallot.21 cases were in adverse pregnancy outcome group.18 cases were singleton pregnancies:9 cases were intrauterine fetal demise,2 cases were stillbirth,7 cases were induced labour:5 cases progressed to heart failure because of CVPS declined continuously and fetal cadiac insufficiency worsen,2 cases were accompanied by fatal congenital heart disease.2 cases of twins pregnancy were intrauterine fetal demise because of twin to twin transfusion syndrome(TTTS).1 case of twins pregnancy was induced labour because of hydrocephaly and intracranial hemorrhage.5 cases were loss to follow up.CVPS of live birth was 7.62(7.00)and CVPS of adverse pregnancy outcomes was 5.67(3.50).Statistics analysis:ROC curve analysis,area under ROC:0.823,cut off value was 6.5,P=0.002,difference was statistically significant.The score of umbilical artery doppler spectrum,vein doppler spectrum and cardiac valve function in two groups were significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusions:CVPS declined when fetal cardiac insufficiency worse,dangerous cut off value of CVPS was 6.5,CVPS is an effective index for continuous dynamic assessment of fetal cardiac insufficiency.The score of umbilical artery doppler spectrum,vein doppler spectrum and cardiac valve function were valuable to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Ultrasonography,prenatal;Ultrasonography,Doppler,color;Fetal heart;Heart defects,congenital;Cadivascular profile score
2016-04-29)
[本文編輯 王琳]
婦科腫瘤研究
300100天津市中心婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院超聲科